Table 4.
Relationship between participant and prenatal care characteristics and influenza vaccination during pregnancy, bivariate and multivariable analysis, Managua, Nicaragua, June – August 2016 (n = 1223).
| Vaccinated in 2016 (1 = Yes; 0 = No) | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR** | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | ||||
| Age group (Ref=<25 years) | ||||
| 25–34 vs Ref | 0.99 | (0.76, 1.29) | 0.67 | (0.31, 1.45) |
| ≥35 vs Ref | 0.86 | (0.54, 1.38) | 0.40 | (0.10, 1.62) |
| Ethnicity (Ref = Mixed) | ||||
| White/(Native American/ African descendent vs Ref | 1.23 | (0.78, 1.94) | 2.01 | (0.64, 6.31) |
| Education (Ref = None/Incomplete primary school) | ||||
| Complete primary school vs Ref | 1.39 | (0.85, 2.29) | 2.25 | (0.67, 7.5) |
| Incomplete secondary school vs Ref | 0.92 | (0.62, 1.35) | 1.11 | (0.41, 2.99) |
| Completed secondary school vs Ref | 0.75 | (0.49, 1.15) | 1.34 | (0.44, 4.1) |
| Technical education/University studies vs Ref | 0.47 | (0.28, 0.79)* | 0.99 | (0.26, 3.78) |
| Employment (Ref = In Payroll/Self-employed) | ||||
| Unemployed/Cannot work vs Ref | 0.81 | (0.35, 1.86) | 0.46 | (0.06, 3.24) |
| Housewife vs Ref | 1.32 | (0.94, 1.84) | 1.52 | (0.62, 3.74) |
| Student vs Ref | 0.91 | (0.54, 1.53) | 1.90 | (0.48, 7.57) |
| Civil status (Ref = Married) | ||||
| Living with partner vs Ref | 0.88 | (0.65, 1.2) | 0.73 | (0.32, 1.69) |
| Single/Separated vs Ref | 0.87 | (0.57, 1.33) | 0.40 | (0.13, 1.26) |
| Number of children (Ref = 1) | ||||
| 2–4 vs Ref | 1.04 | (0.80, 1.34) | 1.17 | (0.53, 2.54) |
| >4 vs Ref | 1.10 | (0.65, 1.86) | 1.21 | (0.25, 5.98) |
| Number of antenatal visits (Ref = 1–2 visits) | ||||
| 3–4 vs Ref | 1.22 | (0.89, 1.67) | 1.28 | (0.59, 2.77) |
| >4 vs Ref | 1.26 | (0.52, 3.06) | 2.29 | (0.25, 21.36) |
| High-risk obstetric conditions (yes vs no) | 0.66 | (0.51, 0.84)* | 0.78 | (0.41, 1.48) |
| Previously vaccinated during pregnancy (yes vs no) | 2.82 | (2.11, 3.78)* | 1.07 | (0.50, 2.31) |
| Received recommendation for influenza vaccination from provider (yes vs no) | 398.29 | (224.75, 705.81)* | 74.11 | (36.63, 149.94)* |
| Received offer of influenza vaccination from provider (yes vs no) | 164.53 | (102.56, 263.95)* | 15.69 | (7.45, 33.03)* |
*
p-value < 0.01.
**
Adjusted for age group, ethnicity, education, employment, civil status, number of children, number of antenatal visits, presence of high-risk obstetric conditions, previous vaccination during pregnancy, receipt of recommendation for influenza vaccination from provider and receipt of offer of influenza vaccination from provider.