Abstract
Background
Despite the importance of local markets as a source of medicinal plants in Colombia, comparatively little comparative research reports on the pharmacopoeiae sold. This stands in contrast to wealth of available information for other components of plant use in Colombia and other countries. The present provides a detailed inventory of the medicinal plant markets in the Bogotá metropolitan area, hypothesizing that the species composition, and medicinal applications, would differ across markets of the city.
Methods
From December 2014 to February 2016, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 plant vendors in 24 markets in Bogotá in order to elucidate more details on plant usage and provenance.
Results
In this study, we encountered 409 plant species belonging to 319 genera and 122 families. These were used for a total of 19 disease categories with 318 different applications. Both species composition and uses of species did show considerable differences across the metropolitan area—much higher in fact than we expected.
Conclusions
The present study indicated a very large species and use diversity of medicinal plants in the markets of Bogotá, with profound differences even between markets in close proximity. This might be explained by the great differences in the origin of populations in Bogotá, the floristic diversity in their regions of origin, and their very distinct plant use knowledge and preferences that are transferred to the markets through customer demand. Our study clearly indicated that studies in single markets cannot give an in-depth overview on the plant supply and use in large metropolitan areas.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Markets, Colombia, Globalization
Background
Like in many tropical countries, traditional knowledge in Colombia is still under-documented [1–3], despite the fact that the country could be called the “cradle of modern ethnobotany”, due to the decade long research of Richard Evans Schultes [4]. General ethnobotanical studies in Colombia have frequently focused on individual interesting species [5–13], specific medicinal applications (e.g., antiviral and antitumor activity) [14, 15], leishmaniasis [16], snake bites [17–21], crops and economically important plants [10, 22–25], or specific plant families [26–33]. Individual ethnic groups were recently treated by a variety of authors [34–38]. Columbian medicinal plant use has even been studied overseas [39].
However, in contrast to neighboring countries like Peru and Bolivia [31, 40–50], although Lima et al. [51] provided a comparison of markets in the wider Amazon.
Thus, for Colombia there is very little comparative information available about which plants are sold in Colombian markets, under which vernacular name at any given time, for which indication, which dosage information, and what kind of information about side effects vendors provide to their clients. The present study attempts to remedy this situation by providing a detailed inventory of medicinal plant markets in the Bogotá metropolitan area. We hypothesized that, on the one hand, like in Peru and Bolivia [31, 40–50] the plant and use composition of different markets would vary depending on their location and customer population, but that, on the other hand, there would overall be a large overlap in plants between markets, and larger markets would comprise an almost complete inventory of all species available.
Methods
Ethnobotanical inventory
From December 2014 to February 2016, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 plant vendors in 24 markets in Bogotá in order to elucidate more details on plant usage and provenance. The markets were chosen to cover as many neighborhoods of Bogotá as possible, thus trying to represent the complete geography of the city and its ethnically diverse population. Plants were always sold in the regular mercados de abasto—the regular food supply markets. Within a neighborhood, we always chose the main market, in order to make data comparable. Semi-structured interviews following [49] are under consideration of the collection standards established by [52]. During the interviews, a complete sample of all plants sold in a respective market stall was bought and all available information for each species elucidated from the vendor. Vendor participants were self-selected: every vendor in the studied markets was asked if they wanted to participate in the study, and the vendors who agreed were then interviewed. Overall about one third of the vendors in the markets participated in the interviews. Interviews were conducted only after explaining the study to all participants and obtaining their oral prior informed consent. No further ethics approval was required. All work was carried out following the International Society for Ethnobiology Code of Ethics [53] and under the framework provided by the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use of the Convention on Biological Diversity; the interviewed vendors retain the copyright of their traditional knowledge. Any commercial use of any of the information requires prior consensus with the informants involved, and an agreement on the distribution of benefits.
Twenty-six of the participants were women, and 12 men, with ages ranging from 25 to 70 years. The ethnicity of the vendors was not disclosed. All interviews were conducted in Spanish.
Vouchers of all species were collected, and all plant material was identified at the National Herbarium of Colombia. No material whatsoever was exported from Colombia. The nomenclature of all species follows www.tropicos.org, under APG III [54].
Statistical analysis
Among markets we compared plant species reported as being used (unique Latin binomials, e.g., Aloe vera), plant uses (unique combinations of a species used for an ailment or illness, e.g., Aloe vera for eye irritation), and plant categories (unique combinations of a species used for a category of ailments, e.g., Aloe vera sensory system).
To compare the geographic/market structure of plants and plant uses, we extracted lists of unique and shared plants, plant uses, and plant categories in each market [55]. In addition to these raw counts, we also used Euclidian distance as a metric of the difference among markets.
To evaluate plant importance, we used the logarithmic informant consensus (LIC) index of [56]. Here, we considered markets as “occurrences,” so for a species:
where for each use of a species ICu = (FCu − NSu)/(FCu − 1), FCu is the total reports of that use and NSu is the number of species reported for the use.
To evaluate the diversity of uses across markets, we calculated, for each plant that occurs in at least two markets, the percent of its uses that are unique to each market.
All analyses were performed using the R program package [57].
Results
In this study, we encountered 409 plant species belonging to 319 genera and 122 families in all markets studied (Table 1). In all markets, the most common plant families used were Fabaceae (43 species, 10.5%), Asteraceae (34 species, 8.3%), Lamiaceae (24 species, 5.8%), Malvaceae (16 species, 3.9%), Solanaceae (15 species, 3.7%), and Euphorbiaceae (13 species, 3.1%). Almost all of all species were known only by their Spanish names.
Table 1.
ᅟ
| Family / Scientific name | Vernacular name | Medicinal Use categories (Ailment / Illness) *= non medicinal uses | Market |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | |||
| Aphelandra pilosa Leonard | Cajeto | Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Obesity); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Santander |
| Hygrophila tyttha Leonard | Amansaguapos / Dominio | Nervous system and mental health (Anxiety, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Seizures) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de San Benito |
| Justicia pectoralis Jacq. | Amansatoros | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant); Nervous system and mental health (Anxiety) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Justicia xanthostachya Leonard | Pulmonaria | Dental health (Mouth infections); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscle relaxant); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Fever, Inflammation); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Flu, Help breathing); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Healing) | Plaza de Las Ferias |
| Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees | Cajeto / Nacedero / Quiebrabarrigo / Quiebrabarriga / Cafeto | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Hernia, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Syphilis, Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea, Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Sores); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection); Veterinary (Hernia in cows) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Adoxaceae | |||
| Sambucus peruviana Kunth | Sauco | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses (Purifies the body); Dental health (Mouth diseases); Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea); Infections and infestations (Measles); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Neuralgia, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Apena, Fever, Headache, Promotes sweating); Others (Sunstroke, Tonic); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Bronchitis, Cough, Expectorant, Flu, Respiratory tract, Sinusitis, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Algae | |||
| Caulerpa sp. | Caulerpa | Animal food (Animal food)*; Human food (Water purifier)* | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Gracilaria sp. | Gelosa | Digestive system (Constipation); Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Amaranthaceae | |||
| Amaranthus spinosus L. | Bledo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Menstrual colic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds, Sores) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Beta vulgaris L. | Acelga | Digestive system (Constipation, Liver problems); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de Fontibón |
| Chenopodium quinoa Willd. | Quinua / Quinua roja | Infections and infestations (Tuberculosis); Muscular-skelettal system (Fractures, Luxation, Sprain); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Stomach ache)Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea)Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Concordia |
| Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants | Flor del Paico / Paico / Payco | Blood and circulatory system (Tachycardia); Digestive system (Cholera, Colic, Diarrhea, Digestive problems, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Malaria, Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation, Spasms); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough, Flu) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Gomphrena globosa L. | Siempreviva | Digestive system (Dysentery); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea)Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Calluses, Skin diseases, Skin spots, Warts) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Gomphrena serrata L. | Abrojo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough, Lung diseases, Pneumonia) | Plaza de Fontibón |
| Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | Penicilina | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Amaryllidaceae | |||
| Allium sativum L. | Ajo / Ajo macho / Flor de ajo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, Circulatory stimulant, High blood pressure); Cultural illnesses (Good luck, Witchcraft); Digestive system (Gastritis, Intestinal infections, Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Infections and infestations (Infections, Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism)Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Hemorrhage)Others (Tonic); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze | Duende | Cultural illnesses (Witchcraft) | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Anacardiaceae | |||
| Anacardium occidentale L. | Cajú / Marañón | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Cultural illnesses (Strengthen); Dental health (Mouth infections); Digestive system (Constipation); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Scurvy)Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant)Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (General malaise); Others (Memory, Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility, Sexual potency); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Calluses, Healing, Skin diseases, Warts); Urinary system (Prostate); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Mangifera indica L. | Mango | Dental health (Afts, Mouth infections, Strengthen the gums, Toothache); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Inflammation) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Schinus molle L. | Pimiento | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Urinary system (Diuretic); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Spondias purpurea L. | Ciruela del País | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Annonaceae | |||
| Annona cherimola Mill. | Chirimoyo | Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Annona muricata L. | Guanábana / Guanábano | Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados"); Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms, Stomach ache); Respitarory system (Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises); Urinary system (Urinary infection); Human food (Beberage, Food)* | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Annona squamosa L. | Anón | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises); Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. | Malagusta | Digestive system (Strengthens digestive system); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Apiaceae | |||
| Anethum graveolens L. | Eneldo | Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant);Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Angelica archangelica L. | Angélica | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Spasms) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Apium graveolens L. | Apio | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Colic, Diarrhea, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Indigestion, Liver problems); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Inflammation, Stomach ache); Others (Sunstroke); Reproductive system and sexual health (Menstrual colic); Respitarory system (Aphonia); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero |
| Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr. | Arracacha | Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Eryngium foetidum L. | Cilantrón / Cilantrón / Piurená | Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Smallpox, Vermifuge); Respitarory system (Flu);Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Hinojo | Digestive system (Colic, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dizziness, Headache, Hemorrhage, Lack of appetite, Spasms); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Galactogogue, Infected breasts); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Cough, Expectorant, Flu); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney stones); Human food (Condiment, Food)* | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Niphogeton ternata (Willd. ex Schltr.) Mathias & Constance | Apio de monte | Digestive system (Colitis, Diarrhea, Dysentery)Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill | Perejil | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Flatulence); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea, Emenagogue);Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | Anís | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant, Circulatory stimulant); Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Others (Sunstroke); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Galactogogue); Respitarory system (Help breathing); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Apocynaceae | |||
| Allamanda cathartica L. | Capitana / Copa de Oro / Capitana / Copa de Oro / Jazmín | Anti-venom (Antidote); Digestive system (Constipation); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache); Respitarory system (Flu) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg. | Quimulá / Cumulá | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Apena); Respitarory system (Asthma, Expectorant) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl. | Quebracho Blanco | Respitarory system (Asthma, Expectorant) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Couma macrocarpa Barb. Rodr. | Jansoco | Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Care umbilical cord) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. | Mirto | Anti-venom (Antidote); Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure) | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de San Benito |
| Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. | Pepa de cabrito / Caucho | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Vinca major L. | Amor antioqueño | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Araceae | |||
| Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | Papachina / Pipachin | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Weakness in children); Human food (Food)* | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Monstera deliciosa Liebm. | Balazo | Human food (Food)*; Cultural (Anti theft)* | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Philodendron dyscarpium R.E. Schult. | Odoká | Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott | Mafafa | Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Arecaceae | |||
| Phoenix dactylifera L. | Datilera | Digestive system (Constipation); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Respitarory system (Expectorant);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Aristolochiaceae | |||
| Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. | Bejuco de Carare | Anti-venom (Antidote); Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscular paralysis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Infertility); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Stinging) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Aristolochia maxima Jacq. | Bejuco de Carare / Carare / Guaco | Anti-venom (Antidote); Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Stinging) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Aristolochia ringens Vahl | Guaco | Anti-venom (Antidote); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Stinging) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Aristolochia triangularis Cham. | Bejuco Carare | Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Abortive); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue) | Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Asclepiadaceae | |||
| Asclepias curassavica L. | Jalapa | Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Gonorrhea, Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Funastrum clausum (Jacq.) Schltr. | Bejuco sapo | Digestive system (Vomitive); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Asparagaceae | |||
| Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. | Palma morada / Palma real | Urinary system (DiureticUrinary infection) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Furcraea cabuya Trel. | Fique / Penca de Fique / Pulque | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Hepatic stimulant, Indigestion, Liver problems, Stomach problems); Respitarory system (Flu); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin spots); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Furcraea macrophylla Baker | Fique | Digestive system (Liver problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dropsy); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Sansevieria trifasciata Prain | Culebrilla | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Menopause); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Herpes) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Asteraceae | |||
| Achillea millefolium L. | Altamisa / Milenrama | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Gallbladder, Gastritis, Indigestion, Strengthens digestive system); Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage, Inflammation, Lack of appetite, Nosebleed, Spasms); Others (Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Boils, Bruises, Healing, Healing wounds, Skin ulcers, Sores); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Ferias |
| Achyrocline bogotensis (Kunth) DC. | Vira Vira | Reproductive system and sexual health (Ovarian diseases); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Prostate, Urethral infections) | Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. | Vira Vira | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin diseases) | Plaza de San Benito |
| Ambrosia peruviana Willd. | Altamisa / Artemisa | Cultural illnesses (Witchcraft); Digestive system (Gallbladder, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage, Spasms, Tumors); Others (Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic); Veterinary (Udder inflammation) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Plaza Santander |
| Arnica montana L. | Arnica | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Dental health (Strengthen the gums); Digestive system (Gallbladder); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Cramps, Fractures, Luxation, Sprain); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Dizziness, Inflammation, Promotes sweating, Tumors); Respitarory system (Pharyngitis, Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Astringent, Bruises, Fungicide, Healing, Healing wounds, Skin diseases, Stretch marks) | Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Artemisia absinthium L. | Ajenjo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses (Affright); Dental health (Halitosis, Toothache); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Gallstones, Indigestion, Liver problems, Stomach problems, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Headache, Lack of appetite, Stomach ache); Others (Sunstroke, Tonic); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Respitarory system (Cough, Lung diseases, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Deafness, Otitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Stinging); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Artemisia vulgaris L. | Artemisa / Altamisa | Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. | Salvia Amarga | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Liver problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer); Respitarory system (Pharyngitis) | Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Baccharis tricuneata (L. f.) Pers. | Sanalotodo | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Bidens pilosa L. | Amor Seco / Chipaca / Masiquia | Cultural illnesses (Witchcraft); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gallbladder, Indigestion, Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection) | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Calendula officinalis L. | Caléndula | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia, Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Colon inflammation, Constipation, Duodenum problems, Gastritis, Gastrointestinal disorders, Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Dandruff, Hemorrhage, Inflammation, Promotes sweating, Stomach cancer); Reproductive system and sexual health (Menstrual colic); Sensory system (Otitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin and subcutaneous tissue, Bruises, Burns, Calluses, Healing, Pustules, Skin diseases, Skin ulcers, Sores, Warts) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Plaza Santander |
| Chaptalia nutans (L.) Pol. | Lechuguita | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Others (Sunstroke) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. | Rompesaragüey | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Inflammation, Tumors); Others (Tonic) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Chromolaena scabra (L. f.) R.M. King & H. Rob. | Salvia Amarga | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Dental health (Mouth diseases); Digestive system (Liver problems, Stomach problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Mosquito bites, Tumors); Respitarory system (Pharyngitis) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Clibadium sylvestre (Aubl.) Baill. | Barbasco | Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscular pain);Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cynara cardunculus L. | Alcachofa | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia, Arteriosclerosis, Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Constipation, Gallbladder, Hepatic stimulant, Indigestion); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Goiter, Restorative); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Weakness in children); Respitarory system (Asthma); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney infection, Prostate) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Espeletia aff. corymbosa Bonpl. | Frailejón | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados"); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed) | Plaza de Las Ferias |
| Espeletia argentea Bonpl. | Frailejón | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Post partum care); Respitarory system (Asthma, Lung diseases); Sensory system (Otitis) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Espeletiopsis garciae (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. | Frailejón | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados", Incense for cleanising); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea); Respitarory system (Lung diseases); Sensory system (Otitis); Cultural(Detergent)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Galinsoga parviflora Cav. | Guasca / Guascas | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Gastrointestinal disorders, Indigestion, Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Hyperglycemia, Scurvy); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises, Healing, Sores); Urinary system (Kidney infection) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. | Vira Vira | Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Post partum care); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Lung diseases); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabrera | Vira Vira | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Expectorant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Gnaphalium elegans Kunth | Vira Vira | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Hemorrhage, Inflammation); Sinusitis (Prostate, Urinary infection) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Gomphrena serrata L. | Abrojo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses (Affright); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Digestive problems, Dysentery, Gastritis, Intestinal infections); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Stomach ache); Others (Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Vaginal discharge); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Koanophyllon solidaginoides (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. | Abrecaminos | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Flatulence); Respitarory system (Flu, Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin diseases) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | Manzanilla / Matricaria | Human food (Beberage)*; Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant); Digestive system (Colic, Diarrhea, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Infections); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Stress, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Tranquilizer, Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses, Alopecia, Analgesic, Fever, Headache, Inflammation, Promotes sweating, Spasms, Stomach ache); Others (Tonic); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing, Skin allergies) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Plaza de Kennedy |
| Mikania guaco Bonpl. | Guaco | Anti-venom (Antidote); Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Pentacalia corymbosa (Benth.) Cuatrec. | Guasquín | Respitarory system (Pharyngitis, Throat inflamation) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Senecio formosus Kunth | Arnica | Muscular-skelettal system (Fractures); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Carlos |
| Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. | Cardo Mariano | Digestive system (Liver problems) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob. | Yacón | Digestive system (Constipation, Gastrointestinal disorders, Indigestion, Intestinal infections, Regenerate intestinal flora); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Hyperglycemia, Lower cholesterol, Obesity, Strengthen inumosystem); Muscular-skelettal system (Osteoporosis); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Colon cancer); Others (Tonic); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Spilanthes oppositifolia (Lam.) D'Arcy | Botón de oro / Botoncillo / Guaca / Chisaca | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Dental health (Mouth diseases, Mouth infections, Toothache); Digestive system (Gallbladder, Liver problems); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing, Skin spots) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni | Estevia | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant, Circulatory stimulant, High blood pressure); Dental health (Cavities); Digestive system (Gastritis, Indigestion); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Appetite suppressant, Gout, High cholesterol, Hyperglycemia, Obesity); Nervous system and mental health (Anxiety); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Fungicide, Healing, Skin care); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. | Diente de León | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Constipation, Gallbladder, Gastritis, Indigestion, Liver problems, Stomach problems); Metabolism and nutrition (Gout, High cholesterol,Obesity); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Improve health, Stomach ache); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection); Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Basellaceae | |||
| Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis | Insulina | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Hyperglycemia); Muscular-skelettal system (Fractures); Respitarory system (Cough); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Ullucus tuberosus Caldas | Chugua / Ulluco | Digestive system (Constipation); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Berberidaceae | |||
| Berberis glauca DC. | Tachuelo | Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Hemorrhage, Promotes sweating); Others (Tonic) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Berberis goudotii Triana & Planch. ex Wedd. | Espino | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Bignoniaceae | |||
| Crescentia cujete L. | Totumo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, Varicose veins); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Headache, Hemorrhage); Others (Sunstroke); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Respitarory system (Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed, Asthma, Bronchial dilator, Bronchial diseases, Cough, Expectorant, Respiratory tract, Sinusitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Delostoma integrifolium D. Don | Cajeto / Crecedor | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Handroanthus barbatus (E. Mey.) Mattos | Palo de Arco | Digestive system (Gallbladder) | Plaza de La Concordia; Jacaranda caucana Pittier |
| Jacaranda caucana Pittier | Gualanday | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Dental health (Mouth infections); Digestive system (Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Syphilis, Venereal diseases); Muscular-skelettal system (Bone pain); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Sensory system (Mouth ulcers); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin diseases) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don | Gualanday | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Infections and infestations (Syphilis, Venereal diseases); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Neuralgia, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Skin allergies, Skin ulcers); Urinary system (Urethral infections) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don | Gualanday | Infections and infestations (Syphilis) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Bixaceae | |||
| Bixa orellana L. | Bija / Achiote | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Indigestion, Liver problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Mosquito bites); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Expectorant, Tonsillitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Eczema, Healing, Skin diseases); Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del Quirigua |
| Bombacaceae | |||
| Herrania nitida (Poepp.) R.E. Schult. | Otonasaré | Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Boraginaceae | |||
| Borago officinalis L. | Borraja | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados"); Infections and infestations (Measles); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Inflammation, Promotes sweating); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea, Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough, Expectorant, Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken | Laurel | Infections and infestations (Infections); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cordia dentata Poir. | Uvito | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Cough, Expectorant) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Heliotropium arborescens L. | Heliotropo | Digestive system (Vomitive); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Symphytum officinale L. | Confrey | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, Circulatory stimulant, Varicose veins); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gastritis); Metabolism and nutrition (Gout, Restorative); Muscular-skelettal system (Bone pain, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Others (Healthy hair); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Decongestant, Expectorant, Respiratory tract, Sinusitis); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Brassicaceae | |||
| Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch | Mostaza | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Indigestion); Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Pneumonia) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Brassica rapa L. | Nabo | Digestive system (Intestinal inflammation); Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough, Respiratory tract) | Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Draba litamo L. Uribe | Lítamo real | Cultural illnesses (Longevity); Digestive system (Gastrointestinal disorders); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Lepidium bipinnatifidum Desv. | Mastuerzo / Chisgo | Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Others (Alcoholism); Respitarory system (Asthma, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton | Berros / Mastuerzo | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Digestive system (Indigestion, Liver problems); Urinary system (Diuretic);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Raphanus sativus L. | Rábano | Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity) | Plaza Boyacá |
| Bromeliaceae | |||
| Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. | Melena / Barba de Viejo | Digestive system (Hernia); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Burseraceae | |||
| Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. | Palo Santo / Sasafrás / Tatamaco | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, Circulatory stimulant); Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Hernia); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Muscular pain, Sprain); Nervous system and mental health (Stress); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dizziness, Headache, Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough, Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Remove thorns, Skin allergies); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. | Indio Desnudo / Caratero | Anti-venom (Antidote); Digestive system (Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Gangrene); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity, Thyroid); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Remove thorns) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Cactaceae | |||
| Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. | Nopal / Tuna | Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Lower cholesterol, Obesity); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Spurs on feet); Urinary system (Diuretic);Human food (Food, Water purifier)* | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Pereskia guamacho F.A.C. Weber | Cactus | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant); Digestive system (Liver decongestion); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Tephrocactus molinensis (Speg.) Backeb. | Tuna | Urinary system (Diuretic); Human food (Food coloring, Water purifier)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Calophyllaceae | |||
| Mammea americana L. | Mamey | Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Cannabaceae | |||
| Cannabis sativa L. | Marihuana | Cultural illnesses (Hallucinogen); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Stomach cramp); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Caprifoliaceae | |||
| Valeriana officinalis L. | Valeriana | Cultural illnesses (Hypochondria, Vertigo); Dental health (Mouth infections, Toothache); Digestive system (Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Anxiety, Epilepsy, Sedative, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache, Menopause, Seizures, Spasms); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Cough, Throat inflamation) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Caricaceae | |||
| Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC. | Papayuela | Respitarory system (Cough, Tonsillitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Warts) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del Quirigua |
| Celastraceae | |||
| Maytenus laevis Reissek | Chuchuguaza / Chuchuhuaza | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Digestive system (Diarrhea); Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation, Spasms, Tumors); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Chrysobalanaceae | |||
| Chrysobalanus icaco L. | Icaco | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de San Benito |
| Clusiaceae | |||
| Clusia alata Planch. & Triana | Gaque / Vencedora | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Flu); Human food (Water purifier)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de San Benito |
| Clusia multiflora Kunth | Chagualo | Digestive system (Constipation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Commelinaceae | |||
| Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. | Sueldo / Suelda con suelda | Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Commelina erecta L. | Suelda con Suelda | Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Dislocation, Fractures, Luxation, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Convolvulaceae | |||
| Cuscuta partita Choisy | Hilo de oro | Digestive system (Constipation, Liver problems) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Ipomoea carnea Jacq. | Batatilla / Kasisé / Ojo de sapo | Anti-venom (Antidote); Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Ipomoea hederifolia L. | Jalapa | Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Coriariaceae | |||
| Coriaria ruscifolia L. | Reventadera / Sansú | Cultural illnesses (Hallucinogen); Digestive system (Diarrhea) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del Restrepo |
| Costaceae | |||
| Costus villosissimus Jacq. | Insulina | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Lung diseases) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Crassulaceae | |||
| Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier | Aranto | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier | Lengua de Suegra | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Diarrhea); Infections and infestations (Abscesses); Metabolism and nutrition (Strengthen inumosystem); Nervous system and mental health (Relaxant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Hemorrhage, Inflammation, Tumors); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Reduces uterine contractions); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Astringent (Healing, Skin care); Urinary system (Kidney infection) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. | Hoja Santa | Digestive system (Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscle relaxant); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Inflammation, Mosquito bites); Respitarory system (Cough); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises, Burns, Healing wounds, Skin diseases, Skin ulcers) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Cucurbitaceae | |||
| Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Ahuyama | Digestive system (Constipation, Liver cleaning); Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis) | Plaza de El Carmen |
| Momordica charantia L. | Balsamina / Bocado de Culebra / Subicogé / Balsamina | Cultural illnesses (Good luck, Witchcraft); Digestive system (Constipation, Indigestion, Vomitive); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Infections and infestations (Malaria, Venereal diseases, Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (Hyperglycemia); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Hemorrhage); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. | Cidra / Guatila | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Digestive system (Stomach problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Reproductive system and sexual health (Diuretic); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Cunoniaceae | |||
| Weinmannia tomentosa L. f. | Encenillo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Cyclanthaceae | |||
| Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. | Iraca | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Cyperaceae | |||
| Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler | Tote | Respitarory system (Cough, Flu); Animal food (Bait)* | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Dilleniaceae | |||
| Curatella americana L. | Chaparro | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Gallstones); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Hyperglycemia); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Healing wounds, Rashes) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Dioscoreaceae | |||
| Dioscorea alata L. | Ñame | Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Dryopteridaceae | |||
| Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. | Helecho macho | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (Rickets, Scurvy); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Lucero |
| Equisetaceae | |||
| Equisetum bogotense Kunth | Cola de caballo | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, Blood cleansing, Circulatory stimulant, Varicose veins); Dental health (Halitosis); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Indigestion, Liver problems); Metabolism and nutrition (Rickets); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscular pain); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Hemorrhage, Inflammation); Reproductive system and sexual health (Vaginal infections); Respitarory system (Flu, Laryngitis, Lung diseases, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing, Sores, Sweating); Urinary system (Cystitis, Diuretic, Kidney infection, Urinary infection) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Equisetum giganteum L. | Cola de caballo | Digestive system (Dysentery); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Hemorrhage); Respitarory system (Lung diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Ericaceae | |||
| Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. f. | Pegapega | Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Cavendishia bracteata (Ruiz & Pav. ex J. St.-Hil.) Hoerold | Quereme / Uva de Anís / Uvito | Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de La Concordia |
| Cavendishia quereme (Kunth) Benth. & Hook. f. | Quereme | Cultural illnesses (Witchcraft); Dental health (Toothache); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Erythroxylaceae | |||
| Erythroxylum coca Lam. | Kaji / Coca | Nervous system and mental health (Sedative, Stimulant, Tranquilizer); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Euphorbiaceae | |||
| Croton funckianus Müll. Arg.. | Drago | Digestive system (Duodenum problems, Gallbladder); Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Malaria); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. | Sangre de Drago | Digestive system (Heartburn); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Others (Tonic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Fungicide, Healing, Skin ulcers) | Plaza de El Carmen |
| Croton malambo H. Karst. | Malambo | Digestive system (Colitis, Diarrhea, Stomach problems); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Croton schiedeanus Schltdl. | Almizclillo | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Liver problems); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Euphorbia hypericifolia L. | Pimpinela | Infections and infestations (Gangrene) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Euphorbia tithymaloides L. | Ipecacuana / Itamorreal | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Liver problems, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility); Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Hura crepitans L. | Ceibo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores); Urinary system (Diuretic);Animal food (Bait)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Jatropha curcas L. | Piñón / Purga / Purga de Fraile | Digestive system (Constipation, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Venereal diseases); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Rashes, Skin diseases) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Jatropha gossypiifolia L. | Higuerillo | Digestive system (Constipation); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic);Food(Food)*; Cosmetic (Shampoo)* | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Manihot esculenta Crantz | Yuca | Cultural illnesses (Against of Pedrohernández); Digestive system (Diarrhea); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Phyllanthus niruri L. | Viernes Santo | Digestive system (Constipation); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Infections and infestations (Bot fly, Lice); Urinary system (Diuretic);Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Ricinus communis L. | Higuerilla / Higuerillo | Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea, Gastritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Sensory system (Stye); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Dry skin, Stinging);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza Santander |
| Fagaceae | |||
| Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. | Encina / Roble | Cultural illnesses (Bed-wetting); Dental health (Inflammation of the gums, Mouth infections, Toothache); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Flatulence, Gastritis, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Bot fly); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache, Hemorrhage, Nosebleed, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Vaginal discharge); Respitarory system (Pharyngitis, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Mouth ulcers); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Flacourtiaceae | |||
| Casearia sylvestris Sw. | Ratón | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Skin diseases, Skin ulcers, Sores) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Gentianaceae | |||
| Gentiana sedifolia Kunth | Teresita / Alegría de Páramo | Digestive system (Strengthens digestive system) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Gentianella corymbosa (Kunth) Weaver & Ruedenberg | Genciana | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Digestive system (Colic, Flatulence, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Cramps); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite, Sickness) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Geraniaceae | |||
| Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér. | Geranio | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility); Respitarory system (Throat inflamation); Urinary system (Kidney infection) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Gesneriaceae | |||
| Columnea kalbreyeriana Mast. | Sanguinaria / Sangre de Cristo | Anti-venom (Antidote); Digestive system (Colon); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Human food (Food coloring)* | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Drymonia serrulata (Jacq.) Mart. | Destrancadera | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Gastrointestinal washes); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Breast cancer, Inflammation, Lung cancer, Prostate cancer, Uterine cancer); Reproductive system and sexual health (Uterine cysts); Urinary system (Prostate) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Kohleria spicata (Kunth) Oerst. | Tusilla | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Hamamelidaceae | |||
| Hamamelis virginiana L. | Hamamelis | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Muscular-skelettal system (Sprain); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Heliconiaceae | |||
| Heliconia hirsuta L. f. | Bijao | Anti-venom (Antidote); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Heliconia psittacorum L. f. | Gallito | Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Muscular paralysis, Rheumatism) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Hepaticae-Marchantiaceae | |||
| Marchantia polymorpha L. | Hepática de las Fuentes | Digestive system (Liver problems); Urinary system (Kidney stones) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Hypericaceae | |||
| Hypericum androsaemum L. | Hypérico | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de El Carmen |
| Hypericum licopodioides Triana & Planch. | Escobo | Cultural illnesses (Against shyness, Bed-wetting); Muscular-skelettal system (Cramps); Nervous system and mental health (Depression); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Menopause); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Acne, Burns, Eczema, Healing, Skin care, Skin diseases, Sores) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Iridaceae | |||
| Sisyrinchium tinctorium Kunth | Espadilla / Ispaguilla | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Respitarory system (Flu, Pneumonia) | Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Juglandaceae | |||
| Juglans neotropica Diels. | Nogal | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia, Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Constipation, Indigestion, Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Lower cholesterol); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Anti-agin, Dandruff, Promotes sweating); Others (Healthy hair); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal infections); Sensory system (Mouth ulcers); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Fungicide, Skin Tonic); Urinary system (Urethral infections, Urinary infection) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Lamiaceae | |||
| Cantinoa colombiana (Epling) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore | Cardo Santo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Hyptis capitata Jacq. | Botón Negro | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing) | Plaza de Las Ferias |
| Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Alhucema / Lavándula Espliego | Digestive system (Indigestion); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Marrubium vulgare L. | Marrubio / Marrubio blanco | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Gangrene, Tuberculosis); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Cough, Expectorant) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Melissa officinalis L. |
| Melissa officinalis L. | Melissa / Toronjil | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Digestive problems, Flatulence, Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Sedative, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms) | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Mentha spicata L. | Sígueme-Sígueme / Querendona / Yerbabuena | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Flatulence, Gallbladder, Indigestion, Liver, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Cramps, Muscle relaxant); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Dizziness, Inflammation, Spasms); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns); Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Plaza Santander |
| Mentha x piperita L. | Hierbabuena / Menta / Yerbabuena | Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Digestive problems, Flatulence, Indigestion, Strengthens digestive system); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Sedative, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage, Stomach ache, Vomit); Reproductive system and sexual health (Menstrual colic); Respitarory system (Asthma) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. | Tusilago / Poleo grande | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache); Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough, Expectorant, Throat inflamation) | Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Ocimum americanum L. | Albahaca | Digestive system (Colon); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Stomach ache); Urinary system (Kidney stones) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Albahaca / Albahaca morada | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, Heart diseases); Cultural illnesses (Bed-wetting, Good luck); Digestive system (Colitis, Flatulence, Hepatic stimulant, Indigestion, Intestinal infections); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Stimulant, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Headache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Bronchitis, Flu, Respiratory tract, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis, Ear inflammation, Otitis,Strengthens vision); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urethral infections, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Ocimum campechianum Mill. | Albahaca | Cultural illnesses (Bed-wetting); Digestive system (Flatulence, Gastrointestinal disorders, Intestinal infections); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Respiratory tract); Sensory system (Otitis, Strengthens vision); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Origanum majorana L. | Mejorana | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems, Strengthens digestive system); Nervous system and mental health (Migraine, Nerves, Stimulant, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms, Swollen glands); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Expectorant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Origanum vulgare L. | Orégano | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Phyla dulcis (Trevir.) Moldenke | Orozú / Orozul | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Gastrointestinal disorders, Liver problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Inflammation); Respitarory system (Cough, Respiratory tract) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Romero | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia, Heart diseases); Cultural illnesses (Good luck, Hypochondria, Vertigo); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gastritis); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Stimulant, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Headache, Spasms,Stomach ache); Others (Memory); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough); Sensory system (Strengthens vision); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds); Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Salvia cf. carnea Kunth | Salvia | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Salvia hispanica L. | Semilla de Chía | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Appetite suppressant, Obesity) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Salvia officinalis L. | Salvia | Dental health (Mouth diseases); Digestive system (Stomach problems); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Pharyngitis, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Salvia palifolia Kunth | Mastranto | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis, High blood pressure); Digestive system (Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Salvia scutellarioides Kunth | Mastranto | Blood and circulatory system (Arteriosclerosis); Dental health (Inflammation of the gums); Digestive system (Flatulence, Gastritis, Indigestion); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Muscular-skelettal system (Lumbago); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Altitude sickness, Analgesic, Menopause, Mosquito bites); Others (Sunstroke); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Vaginal infections); Respitarory system (Pharyngitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Burns, Healing, Healing wounds, Skin ulcers, Sores, Stinging, Sweating); Urinary system (Cystitis, Diuretic) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq. | Poleo | Cultural illnesses (Bed-wetting); Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Respitarory system (Flu); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids);Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Satureja montana L. | Hierba de San Juan | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Flatulence, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Spasms) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Scutellaria incarnata Vent. | Alegría | Nervous system and mental health (Depression) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | Tomillo | Dental health (Gum pain, Halitosis, Toothache); Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Gastritis, Indigestion, Strengthens digestive system); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Fatigue, Lack of appetite, Spasms, Stomach cramp); Others (Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Sexual potency, Vaginal discharge); Respitarory system (Cough, Flu, Sinusitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Cultural illnesses, Fungicide, Skin diseases); Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Lauraceae | |||
| Persea americana Mill. | Aguacate / Hoja de aguacate | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant, Heart diseases); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Flatulence, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Abscesses, Vermifuge); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Headache); Others (Healthy hair); Reproductive system and sexual health (Mouth infections, Sexual potency, Sterilize, Vaginal discharge, Vaginal infections); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Boils, Fungicide, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic, Hemorrhoids, Urethral infections); Animal food (Animal food)*; Human food (Food)*; Toxic (Rat poison)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae | |||
| Bauhinia tarapotensis Benth. | Casco de vaca | Digestive system (Regenerate intestinal flora) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Bauhinia ungulata L. | Casco de vaca | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Brownea ariza Benth. | Palo de cruz | Cultural illnesses (Witchcraft); Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Brownea rosa-de-monte P.J. Bergius | Palo de cruz | Digestive system (Constipation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cassia fistula L. | Cañafístula | Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cassia grandis L. f. | Casia | Digestive system (Digestive problems); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic); Urinary system (Kidney stones) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip | Cargarrocío | Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza Santander |
| Copaifera pubiflora Benth. | Copaiba | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Venereal diseases); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Bronchitis); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | Bálsamo de Tolú | Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Myroxylon peruiferum L. f. | Bálsamo del Perú | Infections and infestations (Tuberculosis); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Laryngitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Parkinsonia aculeata L. | Retamo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Human food (Mead preservation)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Concordia |
| Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. | Casco de Vaca / Pata de Buey | Digestive system (Constipation, Dysentery); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | Monteyoco | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Bot fly) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Senna alexandrina Mill. | Sen | Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Bicho de café | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gallstones, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Others (Tonic); Urinary system (Kidney stones) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | Bicho / Chilinchile / Brusca | Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Asthma); Urinary system (Prostate); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Kennedy |
| Senna pallida (Vahl) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Escobito | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Infections and infestations (Syphilis) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Martín Galvis | Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Tamarindus indica L. | Tamarindo | Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Abortive); Respitarory system (Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers); Urinary system (Urinary infection); Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Tara spinosa (Feuillée ex Molina) Britton & Rose | Dividivi | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Sinusitis, Tonsillitis) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de San Benito |
| Leguminosae-Mimosoideae | |||
| Acacia dealbata Link | Acacia de la India | Digestive system (Constipation); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity) | Plaza de Fontibón |
| Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. | Niopo | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Hemorrhage, Tumors); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Herpes) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Entada polystachya (L.) DC. | Ojo de buey | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Inga densiflora Benth. | Guamo | Digestive system (Dysentery) | Plaza de Fontibón |
| Inga ynga (Vell.) J.W. Moore | Guaba / Guamo Bejuco / Guamo Santafereño | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Intestinal inflammation); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dropsy); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza del Lucero |
| Mimosa pudica L. | Dormidera | Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy, Tranquilizer) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Piptadenia flava (Spreng. ex DC.) Benth. | Zarza | Cultural illnesses (Hallucinogen) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. | Samán | Digestive system (Constipation); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer);Animal food (Animal food)*; Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy |
| Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. | Acacia de la India | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Typhus); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Laryngitis); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de El Carmen |
| Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. | Acacia de la India | Digestive system (Gastrointestinal disorders); Infections and infestations (Scabies); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Respitarory system (Laryngitis, Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Leguminosae-Papilionoideae | |||
| Abrus precatorius L. | Chochito de Indio / Bejuco Pronia / Pionía / Chochos | Digestive system (Appendicitis); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Expectorant); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis, Stye);Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth | Guandul / Fríjol quinchoncho | Digestive system (Gastritis, Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. | Pega-Pega | Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. (Reproductive system and sexual health) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Erythrina edulis Triana ex Micheli | Chachafruto | Urinary system (Diuretic); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook | Búcaro / Cámbulo | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Cultural illnesses (Hallucinogen); Digestive system (Constipation); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Others (Sunstroke); Respitarory system (Flu); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Erythrina rubrinervia Kunth | Eritrina / Siriguay | Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. | Mata ratón | Others (Sunstroke); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases);Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Soya | Animal food (Animal food)*; Human food (food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. | Curí | Dental health (Salivation control); Infections and infestations (Gonorrhea);Human food (Food coloring)* | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Medicago sativa L. | Alfalfa | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, High blood pressure); Dental health (Cavities, Dental health, Gum pain); Digestive system (Skin and subcutaneous tissue); Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity, Restorative, Rickets); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Urinary system (Urinary infection);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Mucuna mutisiana (Kunth) DC. | Ojo de venado / Pica pica | Digestive system (Cholera, Constipation); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dropsy); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy |
| Spartium junceum L. | Retama | Digestive system (Constipation); Endocrine system (Diabetes) | Plaza de San Benito |
| Vicia faba L. | Habas | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Healing wounds) | Plaza Santander |
| Liliaceae | |||
| Lilium candidum L. | Azucena | Infections and infestations (Abscesses); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Cracked breasts); Sensory system (Otitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises, Calluses, Skin spots) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Linaceae | |||
| Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaza | Digestive system (Constipation, Intestinal inflammation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (General malaise); Respitarory system (Cough); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Loganiaceae | |||
| Spigelia anthelmia L. | Lombricera | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Loranthaceae | |||
| Oryctanthus alveolatus (Kunth) Kuijt | Pajarito | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Muscular-skelettal system (Fractures, Luxation); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Lung diseases, Tonsillitis) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don | Muérdago / Visco | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Cultural illnesses (Vertigo); Metabolism and nutrition (Gout, High cholesterol, Lower cholesterol); Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy, Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Hemorrhage, Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Lycoperdaceae | |||
| Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan | Pedo de Bruja | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds) | Plaza Santander |
| Lycopodiaceae | |||
| Lycopodium clavatum L. | Cacho de Venado | Cultural illnesses (To make children walk (1-3 years)); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin care, Skin Tonic) | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Lythraceae | |||
| Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr. | San Antonio | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cuphea dipetala (L.f.) Koehne | Moradita | Dental health (Mouth diseases); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Respitarory system (Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Malpighiaceae | |||
| Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth | Peralejo / Barbasco | Anti-venom (Antidote); Digestive system (Diarrhea); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Heteropterys riparia Cuatrec. | Saca-sal / Sígalo | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Infections and infestations (Gonorrhea); Urinary system (Cystitis) | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Malpighia glabra L. | Ciruelo de perro | Infections and infestations (Gonorrhea); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent); Urinary system (Urethral infections) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Malvaceae | |||
| Alcea rosea L. | Malva real | Dental health (To help teething, Toothache); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Lung diseases, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Gossypium hirsutum L. | Algodonero / Algodón morado | Digestive system (Dysentery); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Lung diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Guacimo / Guásimo | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation); Others (Healthy hair); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Healing wounds, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de San Carlos |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Té de Ibisco / Cayeno | Digestive system (Constipation, Indigestion); Metabolism and nutrition (Scurvy); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Spasms); Others (Tonic); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Expectorant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Skin allergies) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | Abutilón | Digestive system (Gallbladder); Metabolism and nutrition (Scurvy); Urinary system (Diuretic);Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Malachra rudis Benth. | Malvavisco | Digestive system (Gastritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough, Expectorant, Flu) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Malva parviflora L. | Malva | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Malva sylvestris L. | Malva / Malva común | Digestive system (Colic, Constipation, Diarrhea, Intestinal inflammation); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Respitarory system (Cough, Flu, Lung diseases) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Malvaviscus penduliflorus DC. | Resucitado | Human food (Food)* | Plaza Santander |
| Matisia cordata Bonpl. | Zapote / Chupachupa | Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don | Patechulo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. | Balso | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache); Respitarory system (Flu) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Sida cordifolia L. | Yerba Amarga | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Sida glomerata Cav. | Escoba | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Sparrmannia africana L. f. | Tilo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Muscular-skelettal system (Feet pain, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Sedative, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fatigue, Headache, Promotes sweating, Spasms, Stomach cramp); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Decongestant, Flu); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst. | Majao | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant); Nervous system and mental health (Tonic); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Melastomataceae | |||
| Arthrostemma ciliatum Pav. ex D. Don | Caña Agria | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza de San Benito |
| Menispermaceae | |||
| Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandw. | Vibuajeiria | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Monimiaceae | |||
| Peumus boldus Molina | Boldo | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Indigestion, Liver cleaning, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Migraine, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dropsy, Headache, Lack of appetite); Sensory system (Strengthens vision); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney infection) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Moraceae | |||
| Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg | Hoja del Pan / Frutapán | Endocrine system (Diabetes); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Warts);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Brosimum utile (Kunth) Oken | Avichurí | Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Lung diseases); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Cecropia peltata L. | Guarumo / Yarumo | Respitarory system (Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Lung diseases) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Ficus carica L. | Brevo | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Cultural illnesses (Meanness); Digestive system (Constipation); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin care, Warts) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Quirigua |
| Ficus insipida Willd. | Higuerón | Infections and infestations (Infections and infestations (Anthelmintic, Vermifuge) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza del Lucero |
| Ficus maxima Mill. | Higuerón | Infections and infestations (Infections and infestations (Vermifuge) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. | Dinde / Mora | Dental health (Dental health (Tooth extraction) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Moringaceae | |||
| Moringa oleifera Lam. | Moringa / Hierba de la Vida | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia,Heart diseases, High blood pressure); Dental health (Inflammation of the gums); Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea, Gastritis); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Dandruff, Dropsy, General malaise, Headache, Inflammation, Stomach ache); Others (Tonic); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Galactogogue); Respitarory system (Asthma); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds); Urinary system (Kidney stones); Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Muntingiaceae | |||
| Muntingia calabura L. | Chitato | Dental health (Mouth infections); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Vomitive); Infections and infestations (Measles); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Stomach ache); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Musaceae | |||
| Musa x paradisiaca L. | Colicero / Plátano hartón / Topocho | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Tuberculosis); Metabolism and nutrition (Lactose intolerance, Restorative);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca) |
| Myricaceae | |||
| Morella parvifolia (Benth.) Parra-Os. | Laurel Cruz | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Respitarory system (Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Myristicaceae | |||
| Otoba novogranatensis Moldenke | Otoba | Digestive system (Flatulence, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Leprosy, Scabies, Tuberculosis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Dermatitis, Skin diseases) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón |
| Myrtaceae | |||
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Ocal / Eucalipto | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Cultural illnesses (Sahumerio); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough, Decongestant, Expectorant, Flu, Laryngitis, Lung diseases, Respiratory tract, Sinusitis, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Sores); Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Eugenia uniflora L. | Nuez moscada | Digestive system (Stomach problems); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Myrcianthes leucoxyla (Ortega) McVaugh | Arrayán / Palo de arrayán | Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Digestive problems, Dysentery, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative, Stimulant); Others (Tonic); Sensory system (Deafness); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Quirigua |
| Myrtus communis L. | Mirto | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Lung diseases) | Plaza Santander |
| Psidium guajava L. | Guayaba / Guayaba Biche | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Indigestion); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Dropsy, Spasms); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds, Skin ulcers, Sores) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Psidium guineense Sw. | Guayabo cimarrón | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin ulcers) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston | Pomarroso | Digestive system (Flatulence, Indigestion) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del Lucero |
| Onagraceae | |||
| Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara | Clavito | Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchial diseases, Lung diseases, Pneumonia) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Oenothera multicaulis Ruiz & Pav. | Flor de muerto / Yerba de las 3 flores / Injerta | Muscular-skelettal system (Fractures); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Orchidaceae | |||
| Vanilla planifolia Andrews | Vainilla | Blood and circulatory system (Anemia); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Urinary system (Urinary infection);Human food (Condiment, Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Oxalidaceae | |||
| Oxalis corniculata L. | Acedera | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza Boyacá |
| Oxalis tuberosa Molina | Ibias u Ocas | Digestive system (Gallbladder, Gastritis); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Urinary system (Diuretic);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Papaveraceae | |||
| Fumaria officinalis L. | Fumaria | Metabolism and nutrition (Scurvy); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Papaver somniferum L. | Flor de amapola / Adormidera | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Inflammation, Promotes sweating, Spasms, Stomach ache); Others (Sunstroke); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Respiratory tract); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Passifloraceae | |||
| Passiflora ligularis Juss. | Granadilla | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Back pain); Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Bruises) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Turnera ulmifolia L. | Damiana | Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility, Sexual potency); Respitarory system (Expectorant); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Phyllanthaceae | |||
| Phyllanthus niruri L. | Viernes Santo | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Bot fly, Lice) | Plaza de Kennedy |
| Phytolaccaceae | |||
| Petiveria alliacea L. | Anamú | Dental health (Cavities, Gum pain, Toothache); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Inflammation, Promotes sweating, Seizures, Spasms, Tumors); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Childbed); Respitarory system (Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth | Cargamanta / Guaba | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Scabies, Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Inflammation, Tumors); Respitarory system (Decongestant); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Pinaceae | |||
| Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. | Pino / Pino silvestre | Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Respitarory system (Cough, Expectorant, Respiratory tract); Urinary system (Diuretic, Prostate) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Piperaceae | |||
| Peperomia garcia-barrigana Trel. & Yunck. | Siempreviva | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Indigestion); Respitarory system (Flu) | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Piper aduncum L. | Cordoncillo | Digestive system (Dysentery, Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Sores) | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Piper arboreum Aubl. | Cordoncillo | Digestive system (Dysentery, Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Piper obtusilimbum C. DC. | Desvanecedora | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Inflammation, Tumors) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Plantaginaceae | |||
| Digitalis purpurea L. | Digital | Blood and circulatory system (Cardiac stimulant); Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy in children, Tranquilizer); Respitarory system (Asthma); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de La Perseverancia |
| Plantago australis Lam. | Llantén | Dental health (Mouth inflammations); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Liver cleaning); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Plantago major L. | Llantén | Dental health (Inflammation of the gums, Mouth inflammations); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Dysentery, Gastritis, Indigestion, Liver problems); Infections and infestations (Bot fly, Erysipelas, Gangrene); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Fever,Hemorrhage, Inflammation); Others (Tonic); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Respiratory tract, Throat inflamation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Healing, Skin ulcers); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids, Kidney infection) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Scoparia dulcis L. | Escobilla | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Poaceae | |||
| Axonopus scoparius (Flüggé) Kuhlm. | Micay / Pasto Micay / Pimckay / Yerba micay | Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Galactogogue); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Limoncillo / Limonaria | Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados"); Dental health (Cavities, Tooth cleaning); Digestive system (Flatulence); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Promotes sweating); Respitarory system (Flu); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic); Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Grama | Digestive system (Constipation); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Anti-abortive); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Imperata contracta (Kunth) Hitchc. | Vende agujas | Urinary system (Cystitis, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán |
| Oryza sativa L. | Arroz | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Intestinal inflammation); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. | Grama | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Digestive system (Liver problems); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney infection, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Polygalaceae | |||
| Monnina salicifolia Ruiz & Pav. | Tinto | Cultural illnesses ("Fríos encajados", Good luck); Respitarory system (Sinusitis) | Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Polygala paniculata L. | Sarpoleta / Yerba de la Virgen | Infections and infestations (Malaria) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Polygonaceae | |||
| Rheum officinale Baill. | Ruibarbo | Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Stomach problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite, Stomach ache) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Rheum palmatum L. | Ruibarbo | Digestive system (Constipation, Digestive problems, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Indigestion,Stomach problems); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache; Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility)) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de San Carlos |
| Rumex crispus L. | Lengua de Vaca / Romaza / Lengüevaca | Digestive system (Constipation, Gallbladder, Liver problems, Stomach problems); Metabolism and nutrition (Scurvy); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility); Skin and sub-cutaneous tissue (Adstringent); Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Rumex obtusifolius L. | Lengua de Vaca | Digestive system (Constipation, Digestive problems, Gallbladder, Stomach problems); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Ruprechtia ramiflora (Jacq.) C.A. Mey. | Cargamuchacho / Higuerón | Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Improve health) | Plaza Boyacá |
| Polypodiaceae | |||
| Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. | Calaguala | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, High blood pressure); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer) | Plaza de Fontibón |
| Polypodium fimbriatum Maxon | Helecho | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing) | Plaza de Las Ferias |
| Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R. Sm. | Helecho común | Digestive system (Constipation) | Plaza del Lucero |
| Portulacaceae | |||
| Portulaca oleracea L. | Verdolaga | Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns); Urinary system (Urinary infection);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Primulaceae | |||
| Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. | Espadero / Cucharo | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin allergies) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Pteridaceae | |||
| Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Culantrillo | Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Expectorant); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Ranunculaceae | |||
| Ranunculus nubigenus Kunth ex DC. | Oreja de ratón | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Warts) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Rhamnaceae | |||
| Rhamnus purshiana DC. | Cáscara Sagrada | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Digestive system (Constipation, Indigestion); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del Lucero |
| Rosaceae | |||
| Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Membrillo | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Strengthens digestive system); Respitarory system (Lung diseases); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Cracked lips); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Malus pumila Mill. | Manzana verde | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache) | Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Rubiaceae | |||
| Alibertia patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C.H. Perss. | Borojó | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer); Reproductive system and sexual health (Sexual potency); Urinary system (Urinary infection) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson | Ipecacuana | Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough, Expectorant, Lung diseases) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cinchona pubescens Vahl | Cascarilla / Quina | Digestive system (Diarrhea, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Fever) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de San Carlos |
| Morinda citrifolia L. | Noni | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Colon, Duodenum problems, Gastritis); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Bone pain, Muscular pain, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer, Fever, General malaise, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Infertility); Respitarory system (Cough, Decongestant, Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases); Human food (Food)* | Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. | Uña de Gato | Digestive system (Duodenum problems, Gastritis, Gastrointestinal disorders, Intestinal inflammation, Liver problems, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (HIV); Metabolism and nutrition (Strengthen inumosystem); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Cancer, Inflammation, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Contraceptives); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Fungicide, Healing wounds, Herpes); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney stones) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Rutaceae | |||
| Citrus aurantiifolia (igual a C. maxima) (Christm.) Swingle | Hoja del limón / Limón | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Cirrhosis, Flatulence, Gallbladder, Heartburn, Indigestion); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, General malaise, Headache); Respitarory system (Pleura inflamation, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis, Stye); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Pustules, Sores) | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Citrus aurantium (igual a C. maxima) L. | Naranja ácida / Naranja agria | Digestive system (Gallbladder, Liver problems); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Citrus limetta (igual a C. maxima) Risso | Lima | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Urinary system (Cystitis, Kidney stones, Urinary infection) | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Citrus sinensis (igual a C. maxima) (L.) Osbeck | Azahar / Naranjo | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Indigestion); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Headache, Spasms, Stomach ache);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Coleonema album (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L. Wendl. | Diosme | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Ruta graveolens L. | Ruda | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Erysipelas, Vermifuge); Muscular-skelettal system (Neuralgia); Nervous system and mental health (Epilepsy); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic, Strengthen uterus, Uterine diseases); Respitarory system (Cough); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza; Plaza Santander |
| Zanthoxylum rigidum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | Uña de Gato | Digestive system (Liver problems) | Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca); Plaza del Restrepo |
| Salicaceae | |||
| Salix humboldtiana Willd. | Sauce | Dental health (Cavities); Muscular-skelettal system (Bone pain, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Sedative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Analgesic, Fever) | Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Sapindaceae | |||
| Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Castaño de Indias | Metabolism and nutrition (Obesity); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation) | Plaza de San Benito |
| Paullinia yoco R.E. Schult. & Killip | Yocó | Metabolism and nutrition (Appetite suppressant); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Sapindus saponaria L. | Chumbimba | Anti-venom (Antidote); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic); Urinary system (Cystitis);Cultural (Detergent)*; Cosmetic (Shampoo)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Sapotaceae | |||
| Chrysophyllum cainito L. | Caimito | Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Hemorrhage); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Skin Tonic);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen | Níspero | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney infection) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn | Zapote | Respitarory system (Flu); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Scrophulariaceae | |||
| Alonsoa meridionalis (L. f.) Kuntze | Cascabelito | Respitarory system (Asthma) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Verbascum virgatum Stokes | Verbasco / Gordolobo | Digestive system (Diarrhea); Muscular-skelettal system (Cramps); Nervous system and mental health (Tranquilizer); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Cough, Expectorant, Flu, Throat inflamation) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Simaroubaceae | |||
| Quassia amara L. | Aguasio / Cuasia Amarga / Cuasia | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant); Cultural illnesses (Strengthen); Digestive system (Hepatic stimulant, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Malaria); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever, Lack of appetite); Urinary system (Kidney infection); Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Simarouba amara Aubl. | Simarruba / Tara | Digestive system (Constipation, Diarrhea); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Others (Alcoholism); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Sensory system (Ear) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Smilacaceae | |||
| Smilax officinalis Kunth | Zarzaparrila | Anti-venom (Antidote); Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, Circulatory stimulant); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Apena, Lack of appetite, Menopause, Promotes sweating); Reproductive system and sexual health (Virility); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchial diseases, Cough, Lung diseases); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Boils); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Smilax siphilitica Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. | Zarcilla | Anti-venom (Antidote); Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Infections and infestations (Syphilis); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Menopause); Reproductive system and sexual health (Virility) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Solanaceae | |||
| Brugmansia candida Pers. | Borrachero | Cultural illnesses (To go crazy); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids);Toxic (Intoxicant)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Ají | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Digestive system (Constipation, Flatulence, Indigestion); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Lumbago, Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Sprain); Nervous system and mental health (Depression, Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Heats up, Promotes sweating); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Flu, Laryngitis, Tonsillitis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Boils, Bruises) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Capsicum rhomboideum (Dunal) Kuntze | Ají | Infections and infestations (Abscesses); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite) | Plaza de San Carlos |
| Cestrum buxifolium Kunth | Tinto | Infections and infestations (Typhus); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases) | Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Cestrum mutisii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. | Tinto | Infections and infestations (Typhus) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Datura sanguinea Ruiz & Pav. | Borrachero | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Dropsy) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Datura stramonium L. | Chamico estramonio | Respitarory system (Asthma, Cough) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Mandragora officinarum Bertol. | Mandrágora | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Digestive system (Constipation, Vomitive); Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Scabies (Tetanus); Reproductive system and sexual health (Infertility, Sexual potency) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. | Tabaco | Infections and infestations (Bot fly, Scabies, Tetanus); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Mosquito bites); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Fungicide);Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Physalis peruviana L. | Uchuva / Capulí | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing); Infections and infestations (Vermifuge); Respitarory system (Cough, Throat inflamation); Sensory system (Conjunctivitis); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Solanum melongena L. | Berenjena | Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Obesity) | Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Solanum nigrum L. | Pepamora / Yerbamora | Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Inflammation, Promotes sweating); Others (Tonic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Burns, Herpes, Skin ulcers) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Solanum nigrum L. | Yerbamora | Digestive system (Duodenum problems); Infections and infestations (Gangrene); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Stomach cancer); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Eczema, Pustules, Rash, Rashes, Skin diseases, Stinging); Urinary system (Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Solanum pseudocapsicum L. | Mirto | Cultural illnesses (Good luck); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Solanum quitoense Lam. | Lulo de Castilla | Nervous system and mental health (Nerves); Others (Sunstroke); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin diseases, Stinging) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Sterculiaceae | |||
| Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Nacedero, Guásimo / Ñee au | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (General malaise);Human food (Food)* | Plaza de Mercado del Municipio de Pacho (Cundinamarca) |
| Symplocaceae | |||
| Symplocos theiformis (L. f.) Oken | Fruta de pava / Té de Bogotá | Metabolism and nutrition (Restorative); Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Tropaeolaceae | |||
| Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. | Cubios | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Eczema, Herpes); Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection);Human food (Food)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Paloquemao |
| Urticaceae | |||
| Cecropia peltata L. | Guarumo / Yarumo | Blood and circulatory system (Heart diseases); Digestive system (Gallbladder); Others (Sunstroke); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchial diseases, Bronchitis, Lung diseases, Respiratory tract); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Parietaria debilis G. Forst. | Palitaria | Urinary system (Diuretic, Urinary infection) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio |
| Parietaria officinalis L. | Parietaria | Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds); Urinary system (Cystitis, Urinary infection) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. | Pringamosa | Infections and infestations (Erysipelas); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Urinary system (Urethral infections) | Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex Griseb. | Pringamoza negra | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Hemorrhage) | Plaza de La Concordia |
| Urtica dioica L. | Ortiga / Ortiga mayor | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, Circulatory stimulant); Digestive system (Stomach problems); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Heats up); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Uterus inflammation); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin allergies); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Urtica sp. | Poleo silvestre | Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin allergies, Skin diseases) | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Urtica urens L. | Ortiga / Ortiga blanca / Ortiga menor | Blood and circulatory system (Varicose veins); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gastritis); Metabolism and nutrition (Boddy cleansing); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Alopecia, Dandruff, Inflammation, Nosebleed); Reproductive system and sexual health (Uterus inflammation); Respitarory system (Asthma, Expectorant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Rashes, Skin allergies, Skin diseases); Urinary system (Diuretic, Kidney infection); Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Concordia; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo |
| Verbenaceae | |||
| Aloysia citriodora Paláu | Cidrón | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant, Heart diseases); Dental health (Toothache); Digestive system (Digestive problems, Flatulence, Gastrointestinal disorders, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Infections and infestations (Rabies); Nervous system and mental health (Depression, Nerves, Sedative, Stress, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Seizures, Spasms); Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Santander |
| Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze | Arrocillo | Digestive system (Rectal problems); Infections and infestations (Malaria, Typhus); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Lantana camara L. | Sanguinaria / Venturosa / Sanguinaria | Blood and circulatory system (Blood cleansing, High blood pressure, Varicose veins); Digestive system (Indigestion, Liver problems, Stomach problems); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Fever, Promotes sweating, Spasms); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Expectorant, Flu); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Lantana canescens Kunth | Zorrillo | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Uterine diseases); Respitarory system (Bronchitis) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío) |
| Lantana trifolia L. | Venturosa | Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Promotes sweating); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue) | Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson | Curalotodo / Pronto alivio / Prontoalivio | Digestive system (Colic, Digestive problems, Flatulence, Indigestion, Stomach problems); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis, Bone pain, Rheumatism); Nervous system and mental health (Nerves, Sedative, Tranquilizer); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Fever, Headache, Promotes sweating, Spasms, Stomach ache); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue, Menstrual colic); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchial diseases, Cough, Flu, Sinusitis) | Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Fontibón; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de La Perseverancia; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza del 12 de Octubre; Plaza del Lucero; Plaza Santander |
| Lippia hirsuta L.f. | Bunquín | Infections and infestations (Tuberculosis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Spasms); Reproductive system and sexual health (Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Asthma, Bronchitis, Expectorant, Lung diseases) | Plaza Central de Corabastos |
| Verbena officinalis L. | Verbena | Blood and circulatory system (High blood pressure); Digestive system (Diarrhea, Gallbladder, Stomach ache); Infections and infestations (Typhus); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Headache, Tumors); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds) | Plaza de San Carlos; Plaza del Restrepo; Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Violaceae | |||
| Viola odorata L. | Violeta | Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Fever); Respitarory system (Cough) | Plaza de Las Cruces |
| Vitaceae | |||
| Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis | Bejuco de Agua | Cultural illnesses (To make children walk (1-3 years)); Digestive system (Constipation, Digestive problems); Infections and infestations (Venereal diseases); Muscular-skelettal system (Muscular pain, Rheumatism); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Analgesic, Inflammation, Promotes sweating); Pregnancy, childbirth and child-bed (Breast care); Respitarory system (Flu, Respiratory tract); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing); Urinary system (Diuretic, Hemorrhoids) | Plaza de Mercado de Armenia (Quindío); Plaza Samper Mendoza |
| Winteraceae | |||
| Drimys granadensis L. f. | Canelón | Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Skin Tonic);Human food (Beberage)* | Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de San Carlos |
| Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. | Canelo | Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Others (Tonic) | Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | |||
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Sábila | Digestive system (Constipation); Infections and infestations (Leprosy); Reproductive system and sexual health (Dysmenorrhea, Emenagogue); Respitarory system (Bronchial diseases, Bronchitis, Cough, Expectorant, Pneumonia); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing, Healing wounds, Skin diseases, Sweating); Toxic (Insecticide)* | Plaza Central de Corabastos; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Kennedy; Plaza de Las Ferias; Plaza de San Benito; Plaza del 7 de Agosto |
| Zingiberaceae | |||
| Curcuma longa L. | Azafrán de raíz / Cúrcuma | Blood and circulatory system (Circulatory stimulant, Thrombosis); Digestive system (Indigestion, Liver cleaning); Endocrine system (Diabetes); Metabolism and nutrition (High cholesterol, Obesity, Strengthen inumosystem); Muscular-skelettal system (Arthritis); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Cancer); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Healing wounds); Urinary system (Kidney infection); Human food (Condiment)* | Plaza del Restrepo |
| Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | Cardamomo | Digestive system (Digestive problems); Nervous system and mental health (Stimulant); Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (Lack of appetite); Respitarory system (Expectorant) | Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 12 de Octubre |
| Zygophyllaceae | |||
| Bulnesia arborea (Jacq.) Engl. | Guayacán | Muscular-skelettal system (Rheumatism) | Plaza del Quirigua |
| Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn. | Abrojo de patio / Verdolaga / Abrojo | Digestive system (Colon, Indigestion); Infections and infestations (Abscesses, Vermifuge); Others (Ceas smoke); Respitarory system (Bronchitis, Cough); Skin and subcutaneous tissue (Astringent, Pustules); Urinary system (Diuretic) | Plaza Boyacá; Plaza de El Carmen; Plaza de Las Cruces; Plaza de Mercado de Girardot (Cundinamarca); Plaza de Mercado Trinidad-Galán; Plaza de Paloquemao; Plaza del 20 de Julio; Plaza del 7 de Agosto; Plaza del Quirigua; Plaza Santander |
Most remedies were taken orally as decoctions/infusions, and a much smaller number was applied as cataplasm. Applications involved preferentially leaves and aerial parts of the plant.
Four hundred two species were used for medicinal purposes. The most treated illness categories were Non-specific symptoms and general illnesses (223 species, 55.4%), Digestive system (208, 52%), Skin and subcutaneous tissue (142, 35.3%), Respiratory system (131, 32.6%), Urinary system (119, 29.6%), Blood and circulatory system (107, 26.6%), and Infections and infestations (100, 24.8%). Among the individual illnesses, indigestion (167 species, 41.5%) stood out as the most common illness, followed by diuretic uses (155, 38.5%), emmenagogues (125, 32%), and flatulence (123, 30.5%) and rheumatism, diarrhea, and use as laxative (120, 119, and 166 species, 30, 29.5, and 29%, respectively).
In the present study, almost without exception, the small markets contained much less species than the main markets. Markets in Bogotá had very large numbers of unique plants, and the difference between the plants they report is not explained by geographical factors (the main origin of a human population within different districts in Bogotá) (by 9 geographical zones: p = 0.37; by 15 localities: p = 0.41) or size (by number of species reported: p = 0.22) (Fig. 1). The proportion of unique plants in the markets of Bogotá was generally high and did not show relations to geography or market size (Fig. 2). Even the 11 plant species that were most widespread among all markets did in fact occurred only in relatively few markets (Fig. 3). Not surprisingly, while generally low informant consensus (IC) was highest for introduced species (Table 2).
Fig. 1.
Ordination of Colombian markets in plant-space (plant species and their respective uses). The difference between the plants venders report is not explained by geographical factors (by 9 geographical zones: p = 0.37; by 15 localities: p = 0.41) or size (by number of species reported: p = 0.22)
Fig. 2.
Proportion of unique plants in Colombian markets
Fig. 3.
The 11 most widespread species among Colombian markets (black squares)
Table 2.
Logarithmic informant consensus of Colombia species exceeding the 95%ile (3.0)
| Species | LIC |
|---|---|
| Sambucus nigra L. | 6.5 |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | 6.3 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | 5.7 |
| Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson | 5.2 |
| Calendula officinalis L. | 5.1 |
| Ruta graveolens L. | 5.0 |
| Aloysia citriodora Paláu | 4.9 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 4.4 |
| Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees | 4.2 |
| Juglans neotropica Diels | 4.2 |
| Persea americana Mill. | 4.0 |
| Allium sativum L. | 4.0 |
| Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. | 3.9 |
| Valeriana officinalis L. | 3.5 |
| Ambrosia peruviana Willd. | 3.5 |
| Equisetum bogotense Kunth | 3.5 |
| Columnea kalbreyeriana Mast. | 3.4 |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. | 3.3 |
| Petiveria alliacea L. | 3.2 |
| Lantana camara L. | 3.2 |
Introduced species in bold
Discussion
Overall, species richness encountered in Bogotá was considerably higher than reported in studies in Bolivia [50] but similar to what we encountered in Peru [40–49]. The numbers of species used for each illness was astonishingly high in comparison to the studies in Bolivia and Peru cited above. In contrast to studies in Peru [42, 43, 49], or even Bolivia [50], the species composition and plant use divergence in the markets of Bogotá were also very high. This was in contrast to both our initial hypotheses: While we had expected some discrepancy in plant composition and use in different markets, very much like in Peru [42, 43, 49] and Bolivia [50], the differences between the markets in Bogotá were much larger. Similarly, in contrast to the expectation that larger markets would contain all plant species found in smaller markets, essentially every market in Bogotá was unique. Rather than reflecting shared colonial heritage in plant use, the markets in Bogotá reflected much more the origin of the surrounding population, and each market focused more on the plant resources from the populations’ origin area. This might reflect that the human population of Bogotá, with migrants from all over Colombia, is much more diverse than the populations in the comparison areas (Trujillo-Chiclayo in Peru with mostly coastal population and Andean migrants; La Paz with a mixed population of Quechua and Mestizo origin).
Conclusions
The present study indicated a very large species and use diversity of medicinal plants in the markets of Bogotá, with profound differences existing even between markets in close proximity. This might be explained by the great differences in the origin of populations in Bogotá, the floristic diversity in their regions of origin, and their very distinct plant use knowledge and preferences that are transferred to the markets through customer demand. Our study clearly indicates that studies in single markets cannot give an in-depth overview on the plant supply and use in large metropolitan areas.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the participation of the market vendors in Bogotá, and the Herbario Nacional de Colombia for access to comparative plant material.
Funding
This study was funded endowment funds of the William L. Brown Center at Missouri Botanical Garden, for which we are grateful.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data without names of participants are available from the authors.
Abbreviations
- FCu
Use reports for a specific use
- IC
Informant consensus
- ICu
Informant consensus for a specific use
- LIC
Logarithmic informant consensus
- NSu
Species for a specific use
Authors’ contributions
RWB and NYPZ designed the study; CR conducted the fieldwork; RHE conducted the main statistical analysis; RBU, NYPZ, CM, and RHE analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, corrected, and approved the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Before conducting interviews, the individual prior informed consent was obtained from all participants. No further ethics approval was required. All work conducted was carried out under the stipulations of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The right to use and authorship of any traditional knowledge of all participants is maintained, and any use of this information, other than for scientific publication, does require additional prior consent of the traditional owners, as well as a consensus on access to benefits resulting from subsequent use.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Rainer W. Bussmann, Email: Rainer.Bussmann@savingknowledge.org, Email: rbussmann@gmail.com
Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Email: nyaroslava@yahoo.es
Carolina Romero, Email: Carolina.Romero@mobot.org.
Robbie E. Hart, Email: Robert.hart@mobot.org
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data without names of participants are available from the authors.