Table 2.
Spectrum of Congenital Heart Defects Phenotypes in African Countries
| Country | City | Study cohort | Study | Chd phenotypes and clinical prevalence (%) | Genetic study results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | Luanda | Children Adolescents |
Clinical | CoA (2.1), TGA (2.1) PDA (35), PS (16.8), TOF (1.4), TA (1.4), VSD (49), DORV (1.4) | ND | Manuel et al. (2014) |
| Luanda | Children | Clinical | ASD (6.2), VSD (39.5), AVSD, AVCDD, TGA, PDA (33.8) | ND | Nunes et al. (2017) | |
| Burkina Faso | Bobo-Dioulasso | Children | Clinical | ASD, AVSD, DORV, TGA, TO, VSD | ND | Tougouma et al. (2016) |
| Cameroon | Children | Genetic | TOF, TA | 22q11.2 deletion | Wonkam et al., (2017) | |
| Yaoundé | Children Adult |
Clinical | i-VSD (38.8), TOF (26.1), i-PS (2.6), DORV (2.1), i-ASD (2.8), AVSD (7.3) | ND | Tantchou Tchoumi et al. (2011); Tantchou Tchoumi and Butera (2013) | |
| Yaoundé | Adolescent | Clinical | Shone's anomaly | ND | Nkoke et al. (2014) | |
| Yaoundé | Children Adolescent |
Clinical | VSD (37.2), PS (15.0), PDA (13.7), ASD (11.1), TOF (8.2), AVCD (5.3), TA (1.5), TGA + ASD (0.6) | ND | Chelo et al. (2016) | |
| Yaoundé | Children Adolescent |
Clinical | ASD (17.0), VSD (30.0), PDA (18.9), AV-Canal (2.3), TOF (5.3), PS (29.1) TGA (<1.0) | ND | Nkoke et al. (2017) | |
| Egypt | Children Adults (Mothers) |
Genetic | ASD (28.7), VSD (32.5), PDA (17.5) | MTHFR 677TT, 1298CC | Zidan et al. (2013) | |
| Cairo | Neonates infants | Clinical | PAVSD (6.2), VSD (50.8), TOF (4.6), AVSD (6.2), DORV (1.5) | ND | Udink ten Cate et al. (2013) | |
| Cairo | Adults | Clinical | ASD, VSD, TOF | ND | Farouk et al. (2015) | |
| Children??? | Genetic | ASD, VSD, AVSD, AVCDD | GATA4 gene variants | Al-Azzouny et al. (2016) | ||
| Genetic | VSD (47.3), ASD (16.4), TOF (7.3), PS (3.6) | GATA4 gene exon 1 (P193H) | Shaker et al. (2017) | |||
| Ghana | Accra | Adults | Clinical | ASD (26.0), VSD (34.0), PDA (12.0), TOF (12.0) | ND | Edwin et al. (2017) |
| Accra | Children | Clinical | TOF, PA-VSD, DORV | ND | Edwin et al. (2016) | |
| Libya | Tripoli | Children Adolescent |
Clinical | ASD (23.0), AVSD (19.0), VSD (14.0) | ND | Elmagrpy et al. (2011) |
| Malawi | Blantyre | Pediatric | Clinical | ASD (2.0), AVSD (5.2), DORV/TGA (4.4), TOF (10.0), VSD (24.0), PDA (7.2), PS (1.2) | ND | Kennedy and Miller (2013) |
| Morocco | Casablanca | Pediatric Adolescents |
Clinical | AVSD (29.0), ASD (19.9), TOF (5.4), VSD (21.5), PDA (16.7) | ND | Benhaourech et al. (2016) |
| Nigeria | Abidjan | Children Adolescents Adults |
Clinical | ASD (13.8), AVSD (7.7), CoA (2.3), TGA (3.8), PDA (7.7), PS (8.1), TOF (8.8), VSD (38.6), | ND | Métras et al. (1979) |
| Ibadan | Pediatric | Clinical | VSD (35.0), PDA (22.0), TOF (10.0), ASD (7.5), PS (9.0), CoA (2.0) | ND | Jaiyesimi and Antia (1981) | |
| Kano | Children | Clinical | i-VSD | ND | Asani et al. (2005) | |
| Ilesa | Pediatric Children |
Clinical | TOF | ND | Okeniyi and Kuti (2008) | |
| Lagos | Children | Clinical | TOF (16.9), PDA with ASD (8.3) | ND | Animasahun et al. (2015); Animasahun et al.(2016) | |
| Enugu | Children Adults |
Clinical | ASD, VSD, TOF, | ND | Ejim et al. (2013) | |
| Lagos Abuja |
Children | Clinical | ASD (8.7), AVSD (8.2), DORV (0.6), PDA (12.1), TGA (1.5), TOF (7.8), VSD (46.6), TA (1.2), Tricuspid atresia (2.1) | ND | Sadoh et al. (2013) | |
| Enugu | Children | Clinical | i-VSD (21.5), TOF (9.2), AVSD (4.2), TA (4.2), i-ASD (2.8), DORV (2.8), PDA (2.8) | ND | Chinawa et al. (2013) | |
| Port Harcourt | Children | Clinical | ASD (2.5), AVSD (2.4), DORV (0.9), PDA (14.5), TGA (3.6), TOF (8.6), TA (0.9), VSD (27.1), Tricuspid atresia (0.9) | ND | Otaigbe and Tabansi (2014) | |
| Benin City | Children | Clinical | VSD (50.0), PDA (14.29), TA (21.43), Tricuspid atresia (7.17), | ND | Sadoh and Osarogiagbon (2013) | |
| Lagos | Children | Clinical | Single ventricle physiology hearts (15.7), ASD/VSD/PDA (13.9), TGA (13.9), TA (12.6), PS (12.2), VSD/PS (4.8), CoA 94.8) | ND | Ekure et al. (2017) | |
| Rwanda | Kigali | Children | Clinical | PDA (53.3), ASD (3.0), PV (23.3) | ND | Senga et al. (2013) |
| Kirehe, Southern Kayonza districts |
Children Adults |
Clinical | ND | ND | Kwan et al. (2013) | |
| Kigali | Children Adolescents |
Clinical Genetic | ASD, AVSD, CoA, Dextrocardia, MVP, PDA, PS, TOF, TA, VSD | 7q11.23, deletion, 22q11.2 deletion, 13qter deletion | Teteli et al. (2014) | |
| Senegal | Clinical | VSD (25.0), TOF (13.0) | ND | Diop et al. (1996) | ||
| South Africa | Soweto | Children | Clinical | VSD (2.07), PS (0.17), ASD (0.42) | ND | McLaren et al. (1979) |
| Cape Town | Children | Genetics | 22q11.2 deletion (4.8) | De Decker et al. (2016) | ||
| Bloemfontein | Adults | Clinical | Septal defects (ASD, VSD, AVSD)- (41.2), TOF (1.3), CoA (9.0), PDA (3.9) | ND | Long et al. (2016) | |
| Sudan | Khartoum | Pediatric adolescent |
Clinical | AVSD (48.0), VSD (23.0), TOF (6.0), PDA (7.0) | ND | Ali (2009) |
| Tunisia | Consanguineous Family | Clinical Genetic | ASD, AVCD | PMM D5S394 & D5S2069 overlapping NKX2-5 gene | Nouira et al. (2008) | |
| Sfax | Children | Clinical | ASD (12.9), VSD (31.0), TOF (6.2), TGA (2.7), CoA (4.3), | ND | Abid et al. (2014) | |
| Togo | Lomé | Pediatric Adolescents |
Clinical | VSD (24.0), PDA (21.0), AVSD (9.0), ASD (18.0), TOF (19.5) | ND | Kokou et al. (1996) |
| Uganda | Kampala | Pediatric Adolescents |
Clinical | VSD (36.3), PDA (27.2), TGA (4.5), TOF (2.27), PS (4.5) | ND | Caddell and Connor (1966) |
| Kampala | Children | Clinical | ASD (20.0), VSD (15.0), PDA (6.6), TOF (3.3), CoA (1.6) | ND | Wood et al. (1969) | |
| Kampala | Children | Clinical | VSD, PDA, TOF, ASD | ND | Freers et al. (1996) | |
| Children | Clinical | VSD, PDA, TOF, ASD | ND | Ellis et al. (2007) | ||
| Kampala | Pediatric Adolescents |
Clinical | Cyanotic (28.9), Acyanotic (71.1) | ND | Batte et al. (2017) | |
| Kampala | Adults | Clinical | VSD (23), AVSD (13), TOF (13) | ND | Grimaldi et al. (2014) |
22qDS, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; PMM, polymorphic microsatellite markers; AVCD, atrioventricular conduction defect; NS-CHD, non-syndromic congenital heart defects; NR, not reported; MTHFR, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase; AVCDD, A-V canal disturbance defect; DCMP, dilated cardiomyopathy; EMF, endomyocardial fibrosis; HTN HD, hypertensive heart disease; RHD, rheumatic heart disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CoA, coarctation of the aorta; DORV, double-outlet right ventricle; PFO, patent foramen ovale; PA, pulmonary atresia; HDC, hypokinetic dilated cardiomyopathy; PT, pericardial tamponade; PAVSD, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septum defect; ND, not determined; RAA, right aortic arch; MD, mirror dextrocardia; AS, aortic stenosis; PVS, pulmonary valve stenosis.