Table 2.
A summary of the recent literature on modified cellulose for tissue culture applications.
| Cellulose Type | Modification | Scaffold Form | Tissue Culture Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial Cellulose | Mannosylated | Membranes | Enhanced fibroblast growth [76] |
| Cationisation and oxidation | Membranes | Protein free cell attachment [76] | |
| Silanisation | Lyophilised membranes | Wound dressing [77] | |
| TEMPO-mediated oxidation | Hydrogel with hydroxyapatite and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde | Bone tissue [78] | |
| RGD and xyloglucan-peptide grafting | Membranes | Engineering blood vessels [79] | |
| Modified with heparin | 3D porous scaffold loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Tissue regeneration [80] | |
| Peptides fused to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3) | Membranes | Promoting neuronal and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion [81] | |
| Tri-calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite blend | Hydrogel | Bone tissue implants [82] | |
| Collagen and hydroxyapatite blend | Hydrogel crosslinked by procyanidins | Bone tissue [83] | |
| Hydroxyapatite and glycosaminoglycan blends | Layered scaffolds | Repair of osteochondral defects [84] | |
| Alginate blend | Porous scaffold crosslinked with Ca2+ | Biocompatibility and porous [85] | |
| Nanocrystalline Cellulose | Dialdehyde cellulose crosslinked with collagen | 3D porous scaffold | Dielectric behaviour relevant to neural tissue engineering [86] |
| Acetate esterification | Interconnected highly porous scaffold | Hydrophobic and lipophilic scaffolds [87] | |
| Phosphorylation | Thin films | In vitro cell culture and in vivo tissue regeneration [88] | |
| Oxidised cellulose grafted with soybean protein isolate | Scaffold soaked in doubly concentrated simulated body fluid | Biomimetic calcium phosphate mineralisation [89] | |
| Copolymer dispersed with cellulose nanocrystals | 3D nanocomposites | Biomedical and tissue engineering applications [90] | |
| CNC and reduced graphene oxide blended in PLA matrix | Nanocomposite film | Antibacterial activity [91] | |
| Nanocellulose blended with nanochitin | CAD generated porous structure | Biomimetic tissue engineering [64] | |
| Microfibrillated Cellulose | Cationisation and glyoxalation | Regenerated modified cellulose films | Tailoring scaffold properties to regulate cell response [92] |
| Cellulose-chitosan infusions | Hydrogels | Cell attachment [93] | |
| Oxidation followed by sulfonation | Electrospun fibre meshes | Bone tissue [94] | |
| Decellularisation followed by glutaraldehyde crosslinking | 3D cellulose scaffolds | In vitro culture of mammalian cells in a 3D environment [66] | |
| Dopamine coated | Electrospun PLA/CNF composite nanofibres | Enhance cell biocompatibility [95] | |
| Polyurethane coated in a CNF dispersion | Electrospun nanofibres | Tissue engineering [96] | |
| Cellulose Derivatives | Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) crosslinked by methyl acrylate | Biocompatible and hydrolytically degradable scaffold | Long term cell culture [97] |
| Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) crosslinked with citric acid | Electrospun nanofibres | Drug delivery and as scaffolds in tissue engineering [98] | |
| HPC modified with methacrylic anhydride | 3D hydrogel constructed with interconnecting pores | Adipose tissue [99] | |
| Crosslinked gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blend | Hydrogel with perfusable vascular networks | Engineering vascularised and cell-dense 3D tissues and organs [100] | |
| CMC/MFC/pectin blend | Lyophilised hydrogels | Biocompatible composite scaffolds [101] | |
| Cellulose acetate with polymer graft and polydopamine (PDA) coating | Electrospun nanofibre mats | Antifouling surface [102] | |
| Cellulose acetate blended with PLA or PDO | Electrospun nanofibre mats | Biomineralisation [103] |