Bacterial Cellulose |
Mannosylated |
Membranes |
Enhanced fibroblast growth [76] |
Cationisation and oxidation |
Membranes |
Protein free cell attachment [76] |
Silanisation |
Lyophilised membranes |
Wound dressing [77] |
TEMPO-mediated oxidation |
Hydrogel with hydroxyapatite and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde |
Bone tissue [78] |
RGD and xyloglucan-peptide grafting |
Membranes |
Engineering blood vessels [79] |
Modified with heparin |
3D porous scaffold loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
Tissue regeneration [80] |
Peptides fused to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3) |
Membranes |
Promoting neuronal and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion [81] |
Tri-calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite blend |
Hydrogel |
Bone tissue implants [82] |
Collagen and hydroxyapatite blend |
Hydrogel crosslinked by procyanidins |
Bone tissue [83] |
Hydroxyapatite and glycosaminoglycan blends |
Layered scaffolds |
Repair of osteochondral defects [84] |
Alginate blend |
Porous scaffold crosslinked with Ca2+
|
Biocompatibility and porous [85] |
Nanocrystalline Cellulose |
Dialdehyde cellulose crosslinked with collagen |
3D porous scaffold |
Dielectric behaviour relevant to neural tissue engineering [86] |
Acetate esterification |
Interconnected highly porous scaffold |
Hydrophobic and lipophilic scaffolds [87] |
Phosphorylation |
Thin films |
In vitro cell culture and in vivo tissue regeneration [88] |
Oxidised cellulose grafted with soybean protein isolate |
Scaffold soaked in doubly concentrated simulated body fluid |
Biomimetic calcium phosphate mineralisation [89] |
Copolymer dispersed with cellulose nanocrystals |
3D nanocomposites |
Biomedical and tissue engineering applications [90] |
CNC and reduced graphene oxide blended in PLA matrix |
Nanocomposite film |
Antibacterial activity [91] |
Nanocellulose blended with nanochitin |
CAD generated porous structure |
Biomimetic tissue engineering [64] |
Microfibrillated Cellulose |
Cationisation and glyoxalation |
Regenerated modified cellulose films |
Tailoring scaffold properties to regulate cell response [92] |
Cellulose-chitosan infusions |
Hydrogels |
Cell attachment [93] |
Oxidation followed by sulfonation |
Electrospun fibre meshes |
Bone tissue [94] |
Decellularisation followed by glutaraldehyde crosslinking |
3D cellulose scaffolds |
In vitro culture of mammalian cells in a 3D environment [66] |
Dopamine coated |
Electrospun PLA/CNF composite nanofibres |
Enhance cell biocompatibility [95] |
Polyurethane coated in a CNF dispersion |
Electrospun nanofibres |
Tissue engineering [96] |
Cellulose Derivatives |
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) crosslinked by methyl acrylate |
Biocompatible and hydrolytically degradable scaffold |
Long term cell culture [97] |
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) crosslinked with citric acid |
Electrospun nanofibres |
Drug delivery and as scaffolds in tissue engineering [98] |
HPC modified with methacrylic anhydride |
3D hydrogel constructed with interconnecting pores |
Adipose tissue [99] |
Crosslinked gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blend |
Hydrogel with perfusable vascular networks |
Engineering vascularised and cell-dense 3D tissues and organs [100] |
CMC/MFC/pectin blend |
Lyophilised hydrogels |
Biocompatible composite scaffolds [101] |
Cellulose acetate with polymer graft and polydopamine (PDA) coating |
Electrospun nanofibre mats |
Antifouling surface [102] |
Cellulose acetate blended with PLA or PDO |
Electrospun nanofibre mats |
Biomineralisation [103] |