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. 2018 Jan 18;23(1):199. doi: 10.3390/molecules23010199

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole-Coumarin Derivatives

Priscila López-Rojas 1, Monika Janeczko 2, Konrad Kubiński 2, Ángel Amesty 1,*, Maciej Masłyk 2,*, Ana Estévez-Braun 1,*
PMCID: PMC6017388  PMID: 29346325

Abstract

A new series of coumarin-1,2,3-triazole conjugates with varied alkyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties at C-4 of the triazole nucleus were synthesized using a copper(I)-catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of corresponding O-propargylated coumarin (3) or N-propargylated coumarin (6) with alkyl or aryl azides. Based on their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against selected microorganisms, six out of twenty-six compounds showed significant antibacterial activity towards Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 12.5–50 µg/mL). Moreover, the synthesized triazoles show relatively low toxicity against human erythrocytes.

Keywords: triazoles, coumarin, antibacterial activity, Enterococcus faecalis, biofilm

1. Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance has been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the biggest threats to global health today [1]. The antibiotic resistance crisis has been attributed to the overuse and misuse of these medications, as well as a lack of new drug development by the pharmaceutical industry due to reduced economic incentives and challenging regulatory requirements [2,3,4,5,6]. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that several highly resistant bacterial pathogens have acquired clever mechanisms to negate the effectiveness of numerous therapeutic agents [7]. Staphylococcus aureus is one bacterial pathogen that has emerged as a significant concern to healthcare professionals worldwide. In this sense, isolated strains of S. aureus have exhibited resistance to several classes of antibacterial drugs, including β-lactam antibiotics [8], macrolides [9], fluoroquinolones [10,11,12], glycopeptides [13] and oxazolidinones [14]. Enterococci were previously considered commensal organisms of little clinical importance but have emerged as serious nosocomial pathogens responsible for e.g. endocarditis and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream, meninges, wounds and the biliary tract [15]. Recent surveillance data indicate that Enterococcus is the third most commonly isolated nosocomial pathogen (12% of all hospital infections), only behind coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus [16]. The clinical importance of the genus Enterococcus is directly related to its antibiotic resistance, which contributes to the risk of colonization and infection. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents (penicillins, ampicillins, cephalosporins, clindamycin) and exhibit native resistance to clinically achievable concentrations of aminoglycosides. Although E. faecalis is naturally resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin, this combination is highly active against E. faecium strains that lack specific resistance determinants. Enterococci are tolerant to the (normally) bactericidal activity of cell-wall active agents, such as β-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin. Tolerance implies that the bacteria can be inhibited by clinically achievable concentrations of the antibiotic but will only be killed by concentrations far in excess of the inhibitory concentration [17]. The emergence of multi-resistant E. faecalis strains, complicating the treatment, means that it is important to search for and identify new treatment strategies.

All the information mentioned above highlights the urgent need to develop novel antibacterial agents devoid of cross-resistance to marketed antibiotics.

The use of privileged structures in drug discovery has proven to be an effective strategy allowing the generation of innovative hits⁄leads and successful optimization processes [18,19]. Coumarins are considered to be privileged structures due to their broad range of biological properties including anticoagulant [20], anti-neurodegenerative [21], antioxidant [22], anticancer [23] and antimicrobial activities [24,25,26,27,28]. These interesting properties of coumarins can be ascribed to the chemical attributes of the 2H-chromen-2-one core; its aromatic ring can establish a series of hydrophobic, π–π, CH–π and cation–π interactions and the two oxygen atoms in the lactone ring can hydrogen-bond to a series of amino acid residues in different classes of enzymes and receptors. Additionally, the double bond in the lactone helps to make the planar system, allows charge delocalization between the carbonyl group of the lactone and the aromatic ring and confers the characteristic fluorescence of this class of compounds.

On the other hand, 1,2,3-triazoles are nitrogen heterocycles capable of forming hydrogen bonds, which improves their solubility and ability to interact with biomolecular targets [29]. The 1,2,3-triazoles are highly stable to metabolic degradation, compared to other compounds containing three adjacent nitrogen (N) atoms [29]. The triazoles have been used for broad therapeutic applications due to their diverse biological activities [30], i.e. antimicrobial [31,32,33], antiviral [34], anti-inflammatory [35], analgesic [35], anticancer [36,37,38], antifungal [39] and anticonvulsant [40] activities.

Taking into consideration the antimicrobial activity shown by some coumarins and 1,2,3-triazols mentioned above and as a continuation of our project on searching for new antibacterial molecules [41,42,43,44,45], we envisaged that the linkage of coumarin and 1,2,3-triazole pharmacophores through –OCH2– or –NCH2– linkers would generate novel hybrid molecules with promising antibacterial activities.

Therefore, we herein report the synthesis and antibacterial activity of coumarin-1,2,3-triazole conjugates with varied alkyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties at C-4 of the triazole nucleus in order to evaluate their contribution to the antimicrobial activity.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The required acetylenic dipolarophiles 3 and 6 were obtained as shown in Scheme 1. Thus, the treatment of 4-hydroxy-coumarin (1) with 3-bromoprop-1-yne (2) employing potassium carbonate in anhydrous acetone yielded the O-propargylated coumarin (3) in 55% yield. The N-propargylated coumarin (6) was obtained in 63% yield from 4-bromo-coumarin (4) through nucleophilic substitution with prop-2-yn-1-amine (5) in dimethylformamide (DMF).

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

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Formation of O-propargylated coumarin (3) and N-propargylated coumarin (6).

The 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin derivatives were synthesized using a copper(I)-catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction [46] of the corresponding O-propargylated coumarin (3) or N-propargylated coumarin (6) with alkyl or aryl azides (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

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Formation of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin derivatives 8 and 9.

Azides 7a–7j were prepared from the corresponding boronic acids and sodium azide, in the presence of CuSO4 in ethanol (EtOH), at room temperature (Table 1 and Scheme 3) [47,48].

Table 1.

Synthesized azides 7a–7j.

Entry Azide Ar Yield a
1 7a Ph 58
2 7b 2-OMe–Ph 61
3 7c 3-OMe–Ph 97
4 7d 4-OMe–Ph 96
5 7e 3-F, 4-OMe–Ph 96
6 7f 4-F–Ph 41
7 7g 3-CF3–Ph 31
8 7h 3-NO2–Ph 82
9 7i 5-1H-indol 35
10 7j 3-furyl - b
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a Isolated yield; b It was not isolated but was reacted in situ.

Scheme 3.

Scheme 3

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Preparation of azides 7a–7j.

Azides 7k–7m were obtained from the corresponding alkyl bromide or aryl bromide and sodium azide in DMF (Table 2 and Scheme 4) [49,50].

Table 2.

Synthesized azides 7k–7m.

Entry Azide R Yield a
1 7k (CH2)10CH3 86
2 7l (CH2)13CH3 73
3 7m CH2Ph 82
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a Isolated yield; b MW irradiation at 120 °C for 35 min was used.

Scheme 4.

Scheme 4

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Preparation of azides 7k–7m.

Following the reaction shown in Scheme 2 and using azides 7a–7m, compounds 8a–8m and 9a–9m were obtained as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Figure 1

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Structures of 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-coumarin derivatives (8a–8n) and (9a–9n).

As can be seen, two isosteric series of coumarin derivatives were obtained (X=O, X=NH). Each series presents different substituents at the triazole moiety in order to evaluate their influence on the antimicrobial activity. Thus, coumarin derivatives with an aromatic ring having electron-donating groups or electron-withdrawing groups were prepared (8a–8h, 9a–9h). Coumarin-triazole derivatives with alkyl moieties (8k, 9k, 8l, 9l) and coumarin-indole hybrids (8i, 9i) were synthesized as well. Moderate yields were obtained with aromatic azides while the use of the more stable aliphatic azides (7k, 7l and 7m) led to high yields, in agreement with the more favourable HOMO of the dipole in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The structures of all adducts were determined by spectroscopic studies. All of them showed the characteristic proton of the triazol ring in the 1H-NMR spectral region between δ 7.63 and 9.31. The hydrogen of the coumarin nucleus was detected as a singlet at δ 5.18–6.22 and the methylene hydrogens in the oxygenated series appeared as a singlet at δ 5.35–5.59 and as a doublet at δ 4.66–4.46 (J = 5.6 Hz) in the nitrogenated series.

The best yields were obtained from the N-propargylated coumarin (6) and from the aliphatic azides (7k, 7l and 7m).

2.2. Biology

Since some coumarins and 1,2,3-triazoles have shown potential as antibacterial drugs [41,42,43,44,45,51], these combined pharmacophores could offer some advantages e.g. in overcoming drug resistance as well as improving their biological potency.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the novel coumarin-1,2,3-triazole conjugates was tested against the yeast Candida albicans, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and given in Table 3. As can be seen, most of the coumarin-triazole hybrids did not exhibit considerable activity against the tested microorganisms. The best results were obtained with conjugates 8a, 8b, 8f, 9h and 9k, which displayed promising activity against Enterococcus faecalis at MICs ranging from 12.5 to 50.0 µg/mL. Compound 8b having a 2-OMe–Ph group attached at the triazol nucleus and an –OCH2– linker was the best of the series, while the corresponding isoster 9b (–NHCH2–) turned out to be 64-fold less active than 8b. The position of the OMe group in the phenyl ring also plays an important role in the activity, since compounds 8c (3-OMe–Ph) and 8d (4-OMe–Ph) showed an 8- and 16-fold lower antibacterial activity, respectively, than 8b. In the nitrogenated series, compounds 9h (3-NO2–Ph) and 9k having an undecyl chain showed the best activities.

Table 3.

Antimicrobial activity (MIC µg/mL) of the synthesized compounds.

Compound Candida albicans Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8a 1600 400 50 1600 - 1600
8b 800 200 12.5 1600 1600 1600
8c 1600 800 100 1600 800 1600
8d - - 200 1600 800 1600
8e 400 400 100 200 800 800
8f 1600 1600 50 1600 400 800
8g 800 1600 100 800 400 800
8h 800 400 400 1600 800 1600
8i 1600 1600 200 1600 1600 1600
8j 1600 800 800 1600 1600 1600
8k - - 400 1600 1600 1600
8l - - 400 1600 1600 800
9a 1600 1600 400 1600 1600 -
9b - 1600 800 1600 800 1600
9c 200 800 400 1600 1600 800
9d 200 400 100 800 800 800
9e 200 200 100 800 800 800
9f 200 - 1600 1600 1600 -
9g - 200 - - - -
9h 1600 100 50 800 800 800
9i 1600 1600 100 1600 800 1600
9j - 800 800 1600 1600 -
9k 1600 200 50 - - -
9l 1600 - 800 1600 1600 1600
CAM n.d. 5 5 1.2 5 5
KET 8 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
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no activity; n.d.—not determined, CAM—chloramphenicol; KET—ketoconazole.

In other studies, menthyl 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of hydroxybenzaldehydes, phenols and bile acids showed a strong inhibitory effect against E. faecium with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 1–3 μM [52]. Kant and co-workers reported that 1,2,3-triazole linked chalcone and flavone hybrids showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella boydii, Klebsiella pneumoniae) with MIC values in the range of 6.25–100 µg/mL [53]. In turn, 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4a]phthalazine derivatives showed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 16–128 µg/mL) [54].

In order to verify if the newly synthesized triazoles could be considered as potential antimicrobial therapeutics, the most active compounds, namely 8a, 8b, 8f, 9h and 9k were examined in terms of their haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. The results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Haemolytic activity of compounds 8a, 8b, 8f, 9h and 9k. Tetracycline (TET) and chloramphenicol (CAM) in MIC concentrations were used as a control.

Compounds 8b, 8f and 9h exhibit minimal toxicity towards human blood cells (1.6–3.1% of lysed cells) in MIC. Although compound 8b appears to be the most active antimicrobial agent, simultaneously it moderately affects the erythrocytes (6.9% of lysed cells) in MIC. The presence of an undecyl chain in the triazole ring (9k) results in a drastic increase in the haemolytic activity (94% of lysed cells) in MIC.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Compounds Synthesis

3.1.1. General Experimental Procedures

IR spectra were obtained using a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 or DMSO at 500 or 600 MHz for 1H NMR and 125 or 150 MHz for 13C-NMR. Chemical shifts are given in (δ) parts per million and coupling constants (J) in hertz (Hz). 1H- and 13C-spectra were referenced using the solvent signal as an internal standard. Melting points were taken on a capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Microwave reactions were conducted in sealed glass vessels (capacity 5 mL) using a CEM Discover microwave reactor. HREIMS were recorded using a high-resolution magnetic trisector (EBE) mass analyser. The analytical thin-layer chromatography plates used were Polygram-Sil G/UV254. Preparative thin-layer chromatography was carried out with Analtech (Newark, NJ, USA) silica gel GF plates (20 × 20 cm, 1000 Microns) using appropriate mixtures of ethyl acetate and hexanes. All solvents and reagents were purified by standard techniques reported in [55] or used as supplied from commercial sources. All compounds were named using the ACD40 Name-Pro program, which is based on IUPAC rules. Azides 7a–7m were synthesized according to procedures previously described in the literature [47,48,49,50,56].

4-(Prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (3). 259 µL (2.4 mmol) of propargyl bromide were slowly added to a mixture of 330.9 mg (2.0 mmol) of 4-hydroxycoumarin and 552.8 mg (4.0 mmol) of K2CO3 in 15 mL of acetone. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h until disappearance of the starting coumarin. Then, the solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure, 30 mL of H2O were added and the mixture was extracted with AcOEt (3 × 30 mL). The organic phases were collected, washed with H2O (20 mL) and brine (20 mL) and dried over anhydrous MgSO4. After filtration and elimination of the solvent, the crude extract was purified by silica gel column chromatography using DCM as an eluent and 224.7mg (55%) of compound 3 were obtained as an amorphous white solid. Compound 3 showed identical spectroscopic data to those described in the literature [57].

4-(Prop-2-yn-1-ylamino)-2H-chromen-2-one (6). 47 µL (0.72 mmol) of prop-2-yn-1-amine were slowly added to 200 mg (0.89 mmol) of 4-bromocoumarin in 2 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) under argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. Then water was added and the N-propargylated coumarin precipitated. After filtration, 111.8 mg (63%) of compound (6) was obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 223–224 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, (CDCl3) δ 7.57 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.46 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.37 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.30 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 5.46 (1H, s), 5.28 (1H, bs), 4.11 (2H, dd, J = 5.5, 2.5 Hz), 2.41 (1H, t, J = 2.5 Hz); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, (CDCl3) δ 162.5 (C=O), 153.6 (C), 151.8 (C), 132.0 (CH), 123.6 (CH), 119.9 (CH), 118.1 (CH), 113.9 (C), 85.9 (CH), 77.6 (C), 73.6 (CH2), 32.9(CH) ppm; EIMS m/z 199 ([M+], 71); 198 (61); 197 (13); 171 (100); 170 (53); 144 (13); 143 (22); 142 (27); 119 (12); 118 (16); 115 (15); 90 (11); 77 (18); 63 (14); 51 (14); HREIMS 199.0638 (calcd. for C12H9NO2 [M+] 199.0633); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3325, 3259, 3093, 3074, 2934, 2122, 1807, 1668, 1612, 1552, 1484, 1445, 1389, 1354, 1328, 1271, 1192, 1147, 1045, 983, 937, 865, 811 cm−1.

3.1.2. General Procedures for the Preparation of 4-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole-Coumarin Derivatives

Method A. Corresponding boronic acid (0.24 mmol) and 78.5 mg (1.2 mmol) of sodium azide in 1.5 mL of H2O were added to a vigorously stirred mixture of 3.4 mg (0.0241 mmol) of Cu2O in 0.06 mL of 20% of NH3 and 0.12 mL of H2O. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature under an oxygen atmosphere. Then, 0.14 mmol of propargylated coumarin (3 or 6), 8.11 mg (0.041 mmol) of sodium ascorbate, 1.5 mL of H2O and 3 mL of acetone were added. The reaction was left at room temperature for 48h. Then, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The aqueous phase was acidified with 5% HCl until pH = 2 and extracted with EtOAc (3 × 15 mL). The organic phases were collected, dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and after elimination of the solvent, the corresponding residue was purified by silica gel CC or TLC-preparative with DCM or 5% DCM/MeOH.

Method B. To a solution of 0.28 mmol of the corresponding azide in 3 mL of DCM, 0.14 mmol of propargylated coumarin (3 or 6), 3.6 mg (0.02 mmol) of sodium ascorbate, 1.2 mg (0.004 mmol) of CuSO4·5H2O and 3 mL of H2O, were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 15 mL). The organic phases were collected, dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and after elimination of the solvent, the corresponding residue was purified by silica gel CC or TLC-preparative with DCM or 5% DCM/MeOH.

4-((1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8a). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 31.2 mg (0.24 mmol) of phenyl boronic acid and 28.0 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 10.9 mg (24%) of compound 8a were obtained as an amorphous orange solid [58]. m.p. 193–194 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.09 (1H,s), 7.95 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.83 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz), 7.65–7.63 (3H, m), 7.52 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 0.7 Hz), 7.34 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.21 (1H, s), 5.53 (2H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 164.4 (C=O), 161.6 (C), 152.8 (C), 142.3 (C), 136.5 (C), 132.9 (CH), 129.9 (2CH), 128.9 (CH), 124.2 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 120.3 (2CH), 116.5 (CH), 115.1 (C), 91.5 (CH), 62.8 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 319 ([M+], 26); 131 (11); 130 (100); 103 (11); 77 (47); 51 (12); HREIMS319.0967 (calcd. for C18H13N3O3 [M+] 319.0957); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3386, 3146, 3097, 1716, 1621, 1563, 1494, 1460, 1397, 1367, 1337, 1243, 1208, 1186, 1136, 1100, 1029, 925, 835 cm−1.

4-((1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8b). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 42.3 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-2-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 14.2 mg (27%) of compound 8b were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 200–201 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.33 (1H, s), 7.84 (2H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.3 Hz), 7.56 (1H, t, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.47 (1H, t, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 0.6 Hz), 7.25 (1H, td, J = 7.8, 1.1 Hz), 7.16–7.11 (2H, m), 5.93 (1H, s), 5.43 (2H, s), 3.93 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.2 (C=O), 162.8 (C), 153.4 (C), 151.1 (C), 140.8 (C), 132.6 (CH), 130.6 (CH), 126.0 (C), 125.9 (CH), 125.5 (CH), 124.0 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 121.4 (CH), 116.8 (CH), 115.6 (C), 112.4 (CH), 91.2 (CH), 62.8 (CH2), 56.2 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 349 ([M+], 37); 161 (12); 160 (100); 145 (28); 120 (14); 92 (11); 77 (16); HREIMS 349.1050 (calcd. for C19H15N3O4 [M+] 349.1063); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3400, 3129, 3093, 3009, 2942, 2841, 2287, 1707, 1617, 1563, 1507, 1493, 1477, 1460, 1410, 1368, 1233, 1186, 1136, 1103, 1052, 1018, 970, 930, 883, 868, 811 cm−1.

4-((1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8c). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 42.3 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-2-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 26.8 mg (51%) of compound 8c were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 188–189 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (1H, s), 7.82 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.56 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.45 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.37 (1H, s), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.30–7.21 (2H, m), 7.00 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 5.91 (1H, s), 5.43 (2H, s), 3.90 (3H, s) ppm;13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.7 (C), 160.8 (C), 153.5 (C), 142.2 (C), 137.9 (C), 132.7 (CH), 130.8 (CH), 124.1 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 121.9 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 115.6 (C), 115.2 (CH), 112.7 (CH), 106.7 (CH), 91.4 (CH), 62.7 (CH2), 55.8 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 349 ([M+], 49); 160 (100); 145 (18); 130 (16); 117 (12); 107 (14); 92 (18); 77 (21); HREIMS 349.1078 (calcd. for C19H15N3O4 [M+] 349.1063); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3401, 3148, 3093, 2933, 2838, 1719, 1620, 1610, 1565, 1493, 1456, 1400, 1368, 1337, 1237, 1189, 1158, 1103, 1044, 1004, 931, 833 cm−1.

4-((1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8d). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 42.3 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-4-methoxybenzene and 28.0 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 27.7 mg (53%) of compound 8d were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 195–196 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (1H, s), 7.83 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.66 (2H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 7.56 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.4 (1H, t, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.05 (2H, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 5.91 (1H, s), 5.42 (2H, s), 3.89 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.7 (C), 160.3 (C), 153.5 (C), 142.1 (C), 132.7 (CH), 130.3 (C), 124.1 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 122.5 (2CH), 121.9 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 115.6 (C), 115.0 (2CH), 91.4 (CH), 62.8 (CH2), 55.8 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 349 ([M+], 29); 161 (12); 160 (100); 145 (13); 92 (12); 77 (13); HREIMS 349.1061 (calcd. for C19H15N3O4 [M+] 349.1063); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3140, 3095, 3006, 2942, 2840, 2381, 2055, 1719, 1619, 1564, 1519, 1457, 1400, 1369, 1257, 1240, 1185, 1137, 1102, 1030, 927, 824 cm−1.

4-((1-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8e). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 47.4 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 25.3 mg (46%) of compound 8e were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 190–191 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07 (1H, s), 7.82 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.60–7.51 (2H, m), 7.48 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.24 (1H, t, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.11 (1H, t, J = 8.7 Hz), 5.91 (1H, s), 5.42 (2H, s), 3.97 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.7 (C), 153.4 (C), 152.3 (J1C–F = 249.1 Hz), 148.6 (C, J2C–F = 28.7 Hz), 142.4 (C), 132.8 (CH), 124.1 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 121.8 (CH), 117.0 (CH), 116.8 (CH, J3C–F = 3.6 Hz), 115.6 (C), 114.0 (CH, J3C–F = 1.9 Hz), 110.0 (CH, J2C–F = 22.6 Hz), 91.5 (CH), 62.7 (CH2), 56.7 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 367 ([M+], 27); 179 (12); 178 (100); 163 (21); HREIMS367.0898 (calcd. for C19H14N3O4F [M+] 367.0968); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3488, 3143, 3089, 2976, 2944, 2844, 2361, 1715, 1620, 1565, 1527, 1493, 1451, 1401, 1368, 1328, 1287, 1243, 1233, 1186, 1159, 1133, 1104, 1017, 952, 933, 880, 833, 808 cm−1.

4-((1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8f). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 34.8 mg (0.24 mmol) of 4-fluorophenyl boronic acid and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 22.1 mg (43%) of compound 8f were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 233–235 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.07 (1H, s), 8.02–7.98 (2H, m), 7.83 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz), 7.67 (1H, ddd, J = 8.7, 7.4, 1.6 Hz), 7.49 (2H, t, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.42 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 0.6 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.20 (1H, s), 5.52 (2H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 164.3 (C=O), 161.5 (C), 161.4 (C, J1C–F = 245.7 Hz), 152.7 (C), 142.3 (C), 133.0 (C, J4C–F = 3.4 Hz), 132.9 (CH), 124.2 (CH), 123.6 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 122.7 (2 CH, J3C–F = 8.6 Hz), 116.8 (2 CH, J2C–F = 24.1 Hz), 116.5 (CH), 115.1 (C), 91.5 (CH), 62.8 (CH2); EIMS m/z 337 ([M+], 23); 149 (11); 148 (100); 95 (25); HREIMS 337.0859 (calcd. for C18H12N3O3F [M+] 337.0863). FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3148, 3098, 2384, 2294, 2050, 1718, 1624, 1567, 1516, 1496, 1465, 1454, 1401, 1370, 1233, 1184, 1105, 1051, 1022, 951, 931, 833 cm−1.

4-((1-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8g). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 53.2 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-trifluoromethylbenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 24.0 mg (41%) of compound 8g were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 192–193 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.27 (1H, s), 8.34 (1H, s), 8.32 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 7.93–7.86 (2H, m), 7.85 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz), 7.68 (1H, ddd, J = 8.8, 7.4, 1.6 Hz), 7.43 (1H, d, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.37 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.22 (1H, s), 5.56 (2H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 164.3 (C=O), 165.1 (C), 152.7 (C), 142.5 (C), 136.9 (C), 132.8 (CH), 131.3 (CH), 130.5 (C, J2C–F = 29.6 Hz), 125.4 (CH, J3C–F = 4.1 Hz), 124.2 (CH), 124.1 (CH), 123.5 (C, J1C–F = 276.4 Hz), 123.7 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 116.9 (CH, J3C–F = 4.5 Hz), 116.4 (CH), 115.0 (C), 91.5 (CH), 62.7 (CH2);EIMS m/z 387 ([M+], 12); 386 (42); 358 (23); 357 (45); 329 (10); 199 (12); 198 (100); 159 (26); 145 (50); HREIMS 387.0846 (calcd. for C19H12N3O3F3 [M+] 387.0831); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3531, 3409, 1685, 1618, 1559, 1069, 972 cm–1.

4-((1-(3-Nitro-phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8h). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 46.6 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-nitrobenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 23.1 mg (43%) of compound 8g were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 215–217 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.31 (1H, s), 8.78 (1H, s), 8.45 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 8.36 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.93 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.85 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.67 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.36 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.21 (1H, s), 5.56 (2H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (150 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 164.4 (C=O), 161.6 (C), 152.8 (C), 148.6 (C), 142.8 (C), 137.1 (C), 133.0 (CH), 131.7 (CH), 126.4 (CH), 124.3 (CH), 123.9 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 116.5 (CH), 115.2 (CH), 115.1 (C), 91.6 (CH), 62.8 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 364 ([M+], 59); 176 (11); 175 (100); 162 (23); 145 (14); 129 (92); 128 (37); 121 (14); 120 (39); 92 (18); 77 (11); 76 (37); HREIMS 364.0820 (calcd. for C18H12N4O5 [M+] 364.0808); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3431, 3146, 3091, 2925, 1713, 1617, 1565, 1531, 1493, 1464, 1406, 1352, 1245, 1185, 1138, 1104, 1045, 1009, 980, 952, 929, 830 cm–1.

4-((1-(1H-Indole-5-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8i). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 44.9 mg (0.28 mmol) of 5-azido-1H-indol and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 18.1 mg (33%) of compound 8i were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 191–193 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 11.46 (1H, s), 8.99 (1H, s), 8.05 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 7.67 (1H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.63–7.57 (2H, m), 7.53–7.51 (1H, m), 7.42 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.59 (1H, s), 6.22 (1H, s), 5.52 (2H, s); 13C NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) 164.4 (C=O), 161.6 (C), 152.8 (C), 141.8 (C), 135.6 (C), 132.9 (CH), 129.3 (C), 127.8 (CH), 127.6 (C), 124.3 (CH), 123.7 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 116.5 (CH), 115.1 (C), 114.4 (CH), 112.4 (CH), 112.3 (CH), 102.0 (CH), 91.4 (CH), 62.9 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 358 ([M+], 28); 169 (100); 168 (19); 162 (30); 121 (13); 120 (39); 116 (28); 92 (14); HREIMS 358.1068 (calcd. for C20H14N4O3 [M+] 358.1066); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3399, 3299, 1699, 1685, 1616, 1563, 1494, 1403, 1350, 1327, 1228, 1097, 1048, 1025, 993 cm–1.

4-((1-(Furan-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8j). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 34.8 mg (0.24mmol) of 3-furylboronic acid and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 8.1 mg (18%) of compound 8j were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 189–190 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.88 (1H,s), 8.48 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, t, J = 1.9 Hz), 7.80 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz), 7.67 (1H, t, J = 7.6Hz), 7.42 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 0.7 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.16 (1H, dd, J = 2.0, 0.9 Hz), 6.19 (1H, s), 5.51 (2H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 164.4 (C=O), 161.6 (C), 152.8 (C), 144.9 (CH), 141.9 (C), 134.3 (CH), 132.9 (CH), 125.9 (C), 124.3 (CH), 124.2 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 116.5 (CH), 115.1 (C), 105.3 (CH), 91.5 (CH), 62.7 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 309 ([M+], 59); 279 (25); 198 (21); 159 (23); 120 (100); 94 (18); 65 (13); HREIMS 309.0662 (calcd. for C16H11N3O4 [M+] 309.0671). FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3514, 3399, 3084, 2924, 2387, 2094, 2064, 1992, 1696, 1619, 1606, 1563, 1492, 1450, 1410, 1365, 1270, 1248, 1193, 1105, 1053, 1023, 942, 911, 871, 839 cm−1.

4-((1-Undecyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8k). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 56.1 mg (0.28mmol) of 1-azido-undecane and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 51.4 mg (86%) of compound 8k were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 144–145 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (1H, dd, J = 13.2, 6.5 Hz), 7.75 (1H, s), 7.54 (1H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.30 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.24 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 5.87 (1H, s), 5.34 (1H, s), 4.41 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.96 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.38–1.23 (16H, m), 0.87 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.7 (C), 153.4 (C), 141.4 (C), 132.6 (CH), 124.0 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 123.2 (CH), 116.8 (CH), 115.5 (C), 91.2 (CH), 62.8 (CH2), 50.7 (CH2), 31.9 (CH2), 30.3 (CH2), 29.6 (CH2), 29.5 (CH2), 29.4 (CH2), 29.3 (CH2), 29.0 (CH2), 26.6 (CH2), 22.7 (CH2), 14.2 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 397 ([M+], 18); 236 (17); 209 (15); 208 (100); 68 (21); 57 (16); 55 (15); HREIMS 397.2351 (calcd. for C23H31N3O3 [M+] 397.2365); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3134, 3075, 2918, 2849, 1725, 1623, 1610, 1566, 1492, 1458, 1424, 1381, 1328, 1272, 1248, 1187, 1154, 1138, 1106, 1059, 1031, 979, 931, 882, 851, 814 cm−1.

4-((1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8l). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 40.8 mg (0.28 mmol) of benzylazide and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 47.0 mg (94%) of compound 8l were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 210–211 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.76 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz), 7.63 (1H, s), 7.56–7.52 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.47–7.36 (3H, m), 7.35–7.28 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 5.31 (2H, d, J = 3.8 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.5 (C), 153.7 (C), 142.1 (C), 134.4 (C), 132.6 (CH), 129.5 (2CH), 129.2 (CH), 128.4 (2CH), 124.0 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 123.2 (CH), 117.0 (CH), 115.8 (C), 91.5 (CH), 62.9 (CH2), 54.6 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 333 ([M+], 39); 172 (13); 144 (62); 104 (11); 92 (14); 91 (100); HREIMS 333.1116 (calcd. for C19H15N3O3[M+] 333.1113); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3075, 1722, 1625, 1569, 1498, 1459, 1421, 1377, 1331, 1277, 1250, 1187, 1141, 1111, 1063, 1035, 983, 933, 885, 849, 814 cm−1.

4-((1-Tetradecyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (8m). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 68.0 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-tetradecane and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of O-propargylated coumarin (3), 61.3 mg (93%) of compound 8m were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 146–147 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.79 (1H, dt, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.54 (1H, tt, J = 9.1, 1.7 Hz), 7.31 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.5 Hz), 7.24 (1H, t, J = 7.6 Hz), 5.87 (1H, s), 5.35 (2H, s), 4.41 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.96 (2H, t, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.38–1.23 (22H, m), 0.88 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.1 (C=O), 162.8 (C), 153.4 (C), 141.4 (C), 132.6 (CH), 124.0 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 123.3 (CH), 116.8 (CH), 115.6 (C), 91.2 (CH), 62.8 (CH2), 50.8 (CH2), 32.0 (CH2), 31.0 (CH), 30.4 (CH2), 29.9 (CH2), 29.8 (CH2), 29.7 (2CH2), 29.6 (CH2), 29.5 (CH2), 29.4 (CH2), 29.1 (CH2), 26.6 (CH2), 22.8 (CH2), 14.2 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 439 ([M+], 11); 278 (26); 251 (19); 250 (100); 215 (20); 120 (10); 71 (14); 70 (12); 68 (23); 57 (22); 56 (10); 55 (19); HREIMS 439.2852 (calcd. for C26H37N3O3 [M+] 439.2835); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3135, 3075, 2918, 2849, 1817, 1726, 1624, 1567, 1468, 1423, 1381, 1328, 1273, 1248, 1185, 1154, 1139, 1107, 1058, 979, 931, 882, 851, 814 cm−1.

4-(((1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9a). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 31.2 mg (0.24 mmol) of phenyl boronic acid and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 13.8 mg (28%) of compound 9a were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 194–195 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.82 (1H, s), 8.31 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz), 8.10 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.90 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.61–7.56 (3H, m), 7.48 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.36–7.30 (2H, m), 5.30 (1H, s), 4.64 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz,(CD3)2SO) δ 161.5 (C=O), 153.1 (C),153.0 (C), 144.6 (C), 136.6 (C), 132.0 (CH), 130.0 (CH), 128.7 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 122.6 (CH), 121.5 (CH), 120.0 (CH), 117.0 (CH), 114.5 (C), 82.5 (CH), 37.8 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 318([M+], 64); 290 (21); 289 (44); 261 (16); 198 (15); 159 (22); 130 (100); 77 (56); HREIMS 318.1117 (calcd. for C18H14N4O2 [M+] 318.1117); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3500, 3297, 3138, 3082, 2940, 1707, 1609, 1557, 1503, 1480, 1146, 1377, 1340, 1321, 1188, 1054, 954, 922, 861, 823 cm−1.

4-(((1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9b). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 68.0 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-2-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 16.9 mg (32%) of compound 9b were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 187–189 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.36 (1H, s), 8.09 (1H, t, J = 5.5 Hz), 8.01 (1H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz), 7.54 (1H, dd, J = 7.9, 1.6 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J = 11.3, 4.2 Hz), 7.44 (1H, t, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.27–7.20 (m, 3H), 7.06 (1H, td, J = 7.7, 1.0 Hz, ), 5.30 (1H, s), 4.56 (2H, d, J = 5.7 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.2 (C=O), 153.0 (C), 152.8 (C), 151.4 (C), 142.9 (C), 131.7 (CH), 130.4 (CH), 125.7 (C), 125.4 (CH), 125.1 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 122.4 (CH), 120.8 (CH), 116.7 (CH), 114.4 (C), 113.0 (CH), 82.5 (CH), 56.0 (CH3), 37.5 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 348 ([M+], 20); 320 (17); 319 (20); 160 (100); 159 (20); 145 (11); 120 (11); 77 (19); HREIMS 348.1228 (calcd. for C19H16N4O3 [M+] 348.1222); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3524, 3318, 3173, 3085, 2944, 2847, 2376, 1649, 1607, 1555, 1505, 1476, 1446, 1384, 1327, 1290, 1260, 1244, 1197, 1120, 1044, 1017, 957, 937, 865 cm−1.

4-(((1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9c). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 42.3 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 26.9 mg (51%) of compound 9c were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 246–248 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.71 (1H, s), 8.08 (1H, t, J = 5.5 Hz), 8.02 (1H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz), 7.52 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.44–7.36 (3H, m), 7.27 (1H, d, J = 0.8 Hz), 7.24 (1H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 6.97 (1H, dt, J = 6.8, 2.5 Hz), 5.25 (1H, s), 4.57 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz), 3.78 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.2 (C=O), 160.1 (C), 153.0 (C), 152.7 (C), 144.3 (C), 137.5 (C), 131.7 (CH), 130.6 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 123.0 (CH), 121.5 (CH), 116.7 (CH), 114.4 (C), 114.2 (CH), 111.9 (CH), 105.7 (CH), 82.5 (CH), 55.5 (CH3), 37.7 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 348 ([M+], 40); 319 (25); 291 (10); 198 (11); 161 (13); 160 (100); 159 (30); 123 (11); 107 (24); 92 (19); 77 (26); HREIMS 348.1221 (calcd. for C19H16N4O3 [M+] 348.1222); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3297, 3143, 3085, 3000, 2936, 2830, 1708, 1609, 1558, 1483, 1446, 1373, 1322, 1246, 1192, 1158, 1142, 1118, 1048, 954, 922, 859, 846, 819 cm−1.

4-(((1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9d). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 42.3 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-4-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 29.6 mg (56%) of compound 9d were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 246–248 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.58 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, t, J = 5.4 Hz), 8.01 (1H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.1 Hz), 7.74–7.69 (2H, m), 7.52 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.24 (2H, dd, J = 14.4, 7.6 Hz), 7.07–7.01 (2H, m), 5.25 (1H, s), 4.55 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.2 (C=O), 159.2 (C), 153.0 (C), 152.8 (C), 144.1 (C), 131.7 (CH), 130.0 (C), 123.1 (CH), 122.4 (CH), 121.6 (2CH), 121.3 (CH), 116.7 (CH), 114.7 (2CH), 114.4 (C), 82.5 (CH), 55.4 (CH3), 37.7 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 348 ([M+], 21); 320 (14); 319 (22); 161 (12); 160 (100); 159 (26); 123 (10); 77 (15); HREIMS 348.1225 (calcd. for C19H16N4O3 [M+] 348.1222); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3528, 3285, 3137, 3081, 3067, 3003, 2945, 2924, 2829, 2310, 2051, 1700, 1609, 1556, 1517, 1446, 1378, 1307, 1247, 1187, 1140, 1055, 1041, 989, 953, 920, 860, 822 cm−1.

4-(((1-(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9e). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 47.4 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 27.3 mg (49 %) of compound 9e were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 204–205 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.76 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.09 (1H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz), 7.87 (1H, dd, J = 12.1, 2.6 Hz), 7.72 (1H, ddd, J = 8.9, 2.5, 1.4 Hz), 7.60 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.39–7.30 (3H, m), 5.28 (1H, s), 4.62 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz), 3.90 (3H, s); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 162.4 (C=O), 153.7 (C), 153.4 (C), 151.6 (C, J1C–F = 247.8 Hz), 147.7 (C, J2C–F = 20.3 Hz), 144.9 (C), 132.7 (CH), 129.9 (C, J3C–F = 9.0 Hz), 124.1 (CH), 122.8 (CH), 122.1 (CH), 117.4 (CH), 117.0 (CH,J3C–F = 2.8 Hz), 114.9 (C), 114.7 (CH), 109.2 (CH, J2C–F = 22.5 Hz), 82.8 (CH), 56.7 (CH3), 38.0 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 366 ([M+], 30); 338 (16); 337 (22); 198 (15); 179 (13); 178 (100); 159 (22); HREIMS 366.1138 (calcd. for C19H15N4O3F [M+] 366.1128); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3301, 3133, 3078, 3009, 2936, 2849, 1699, 1609, 1557, 1518, 1477, 1446, 1377, 1317, 1184, 1123, 1082, 1053, 953, 921, 884, 859, 817 cm−1.

4-(((1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9f). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 34.8 mg (0.24mmol) of 4-fluoro-phenyl boronic acid and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 15.2 mg (30 %) of compound 9f were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 212–213 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.79 (1H, s), 8.32 (1H, t, J = 6.0 Hz), 8.16 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.97–7.91 (2H, m), 7.61 (1H, t, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.45 (2H, t, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.35–7.30 (2H, m), 5.30 (1H, s), 4.6 (2H, d, J = 5.5 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.4 (C=O), 153.1 (C), 153.0 (C), 144.7 (C), 133.1 (C), 132.0 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 122.6 (CH), 122.3 (2CH, J3C–F = 9.1 Hz), 121.7 (C), 116.9 (CH), 116.7 (2CH, J2C–F = 23.9 Hz), 114.5 (C), 82.6 (CH), 37.4 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 336 ([M+], 54); 308 (19); 307 (36); 198 (15); 159 (27); 148 (100); 95 (38); HREIMS 336.1030 (calcd. for C18H13N4O2F [M+] 336.1023); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3537, 3417, 3307, 3143, 3084, 2454, 2288, 2167, 2051, 1985, 1707, 1610, 1558, 1541, 1516, 1481, 1447, 1377, 1230, 1183, 1051, 993, 957, 920, 825 cm−1.

4-(((1-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9g). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 53.2 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-trifluoromethylbenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 26.2 mg (45 %) of compound 9g were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 231–232 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.00 (1H, s), 8.32 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.29–8.24 (2H, m), 8.09 (1H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz), 7.88–7.80 (2H, m), 7.60 (1H, dd, J = 15.6, 1.4 Hz), 7.34 (2H, ddd, J = 9.2, 8.2, 1.0 Hz), 5.29 (1H, s), 4.66 (2H, d, J = 5.7 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.5 (C=O), 153.1 (C), 153.0 (C), 145.0 (C), 137.1 (C), 132.0 (CH), 131.4 (CH), 130.5 (C, J2C–F = 32.5 Hz), 125.2(CH, J3C–F = 3.1 Hz), 123.9 (CH), 123.6 (C, J1C–F = 272.5 Hz), 123.4 (CH), 122.6 (CH), 121.8 (CH), 117.0 (CH), 116.7 (CH, J3C-F= 3.8 Hz), 114.5 (C), 82.6 (CH), 37.8 (CH2); EM-IE m/z 386 ([M+], 72); 358 (26); 357 (50); 198 (100); 159 (29); 145 (49); HREIMS 386.0977 (calcd. for C19H13N4O2F3 [M+] 386.0991); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3425, 3318, 3142, 3085, 2942, 1701, 1610, 1557, 1540, 1482, 1448, 1377, 1342, 1321, 1298, 1266, 1248, 1172, 1142, 1110, 1070, 1046, 955, 923, 896, 861, 819 cm–1.

4-(((1-(3-Nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9h). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 46.6 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-3-nitrobenzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 21.2 mg (39 %) of compound 9h were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 240–241 °C; 1H-NMR (600 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 9.06 (1H, s), 8.73 (1H, t, J = 1.9 Hz), 8.42 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 8.32 (2H, dd, J = 8.2, 2.1 Hz), 8.10 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz), 7.93–7.83 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.37–7.27 (2H, m), 5.29 (1H, s), 4.67 (2H, d, J = 5.4 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (150 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.4 (C=O), 153.1 (C), 153.0 (C), 148.6 (C), 145.2 (C), 137.1 (C), 132.0 (CH), 131.5 (CH), 126.0 (CH), 123.4 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 122.5 (CH), 122.0 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 114.7 (CH), 114.5 (C), 82.61 (CH), 37.7 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 363 ([M+], 48); 335 (31); 334 (69); 333 (100); 286 (23); 242 (30); 198 (28); 197 (31); 175 (40); 161 (38); 159 (31); 129 (40); 92 (27); 76 (30); 65 (27); HREIMS 363.0983 (calcd. for C18H13N5O4 [M+] 363.0968); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3426, 3137, 3106, 3082, 2927, 1707, 1614, 1561, 1531, 1481, 1448, 1352, 1315, 1269, 1189, 1142, 1119, 1043, 1001, 960, 925, 863, 818 cm−1.

4-(((1-(1H-Indole-5-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9i). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 44.9 mg (0.28 mmol) of 5-azido-1H-indole and 28.0 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 20.7 mg (37 %) of compound 9i were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 236–237 °C;1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 11.42 (1H, bs), 8.72 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz), 8.11 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 7.63–7.53 (3H, m), 7.50 (1H, s), 7.33 (2H, dd, J = 12.4, 7.8 Hz), 6.55 (1H, s, J = 2.1 Hz), 5.34 (1H, s), 4.63 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO)δ162.4 (C=O), 161.5 (C), 153.1 (C), 153.0(C), 144.1 (C), 135.5 (C), 132.0 (CH), 129.5 (C), 127.7 (CH), 127.6 (C), 123.4 (CH), 122.6 (CH), 121.9 (CH), 116.9 (CH), 114.5 (C), 114.2 (CH), 112.3 (CH), 111.9 (CH), 101.9 (CH), 82.5 (CH), 37.9 (CH2); EIMS m/z 357 ([M+], 27); 329 (14); 328 (23); 170 (16); 169 (100); 168 (30); 156 (23); 132 (21); 116 (57); 115 (16); 89 (19); HREIMS 357.1217 (calcd. for C20H15N5O2 [M+] 357.1226); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3522, 3397, 3324, 1682, 1616, 1562, 1486, 1354, 1092, 1053, 886 cm−1.

4-(((1-(Furan-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9j). Following the experimental procedure described in method A, from 21.3 mg (0.24 mmol) of 3-furyl boronic acid and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 5.4 mg (12%) of compound 9j were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 198–199 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.58 (1H, s), 8.42 (1H, d, J = 0.8 Hz), 8.30 (1H, t, J = 5.6 Hz), 8.08 (1H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.86 (1H, t, J = 1.8 Hz), 7.60 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.32 (2H, dd, J = 8.1, 4.6 Hz), 7.12 (1H, dd, J = 2.0, 0.8 Hz), 5.27 (1H, s), 4.62 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.4 (C=O), 153.1 (C), 153.0 (C), 144.8 (CH), 144.3 (C), 133.9 (CH), 132.0 (CH), 126.0 (C), 123.4 (CH), 122.6 (CH), 122.2 (CH), 117.0 (CH), 114.5 (C), 105.1 (CH), 82.5 (CH), 37.7 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 308 ([M+], 99); 120 (67); 93 (28); 91 (12); 66 (23); 65 (100); 58 (17); HREIMS 308.1000 (calcd. for C16H12N4O3 [M+] 308.0988); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3293, 3134, 3083, 2924, 2853, 2285, 1706, 1610, 1557, 1480, 1446, 1378, 1323, 1262, 1230, 1191, 1143, 1118, 1089, 1039, 1017, 955, 921, 867, 821 cm−1.

4-(((1-Undecyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9k). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 56.1 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-undecane and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 50.3 mg (84%) of compound 9k were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 154–156 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.08–7.93 (3H, m), 7.51 (1H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.25 (1H, s), 7.22 (1H, t, J = 7.9 Hz), 5.18 (1H, s), 4.46 (2H, d, J = 5.6 Hz), 4.24 (2H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.80–1.59 (2H, m), 1.14 (16H, s), 0.78 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.1 (C=O), 153.0 (C), 152.7 (C), 143.1 (C), 131.6 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 122.8 (CH), 122.3 (CH), 116.7 (CH), 114.4 (C), 82.3 (CH), 49.2 (CH2), 37.7 (CH2), 31.0 (CH2), 29.4 (CH2), 28.7 (CH2), 28.6 (CH2), 28.6 (CH2), 28.4 (CH2), 28.1 (CH2), 25.6 (CH2), 21.8 (CH2), 13.6 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 396 ([M+], 88); 395 (16); 368 (40); 367 (100); 339 (15); 297 (18); 283 (17); 235 (20); 227 (37); 199 (23); 198 (21); 162 (19); 57 (19); 55 (23); HREIMS 396.2504 (calcd. for C23H32N4O2 [M+] 396.2525); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3523, 3399, 3325, 3127, 3069, 2955, 2920, 2849, 1679, 1607, 1553, 1481, 1465, 1446, 1376, 1096, 1055 cm−1.

4-(((1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9l). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 56.1 mg (0.28 mmol) of azidomethyl-benzene and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 45.5 mg (91%) of compound 9l were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 217–219 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.03 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.96 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.2 Hz), 7.50 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 7.31–7.19 (7H, m), 5.50 (2H, s), 5.19 (1H, s), 4.47 (2H, d, J = 5.8 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (125 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.2 (C=O), 153.0 (C), 152.8 (C), 143.5 (C), 135.9 (C), 131.7 (CH), 128.5 (2CH), 127.9 (CH), 127.7 (2CH), 123.2 (CH), 123.1 (CH), 122.3 (CH), 116.7 (CH), 114.3 (C), 82.4 (CH), 52.7 (CH2), 37.6 (CH2) ppm; EIMS m/z 332 ([M+], 41); 303 (14); 213 (18); 144 (13); 91 (100); 65 (11); HREIMS 332.1279 (calcd. for C19H16N4O2 [M+] 332.1273); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3283, 3141, 3075, 2922, 2852, 2366, 2323, 1697, 1608, 1557, 1482, 1446, 1380, 1322, 1262, 1222, 1188, 1124, 1058, 955, 920, 861, 827 cm−1.

4-(((1-Tetradecyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one (9m). Following the experimental procedure described in method B, from 68.0 mg (0.28 mmol) of 1-azido-tetradecane and 28 mg (0.14 mmol) of N-propargylated coumarin (6), 63.5 mg (96%) of compound 9m were obtained as an amorphous white solid. m.p. 156–157 °C; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 8.23 (1H, t, J = 5.7 Hz), 8.07 (1H, s), 8.05 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.58 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.33–7.29 (2H, m), 5.24 (1H, s), 4.53 (2H, d, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.31 (2H, t, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.75 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz ), 1.23–1.13 (22H, m), 0.85 (3H, t, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (150 MHz, (CD3)2SO) δ 161.8 (C=O), 153.5 (C), 153.3 (C), 143.7 (C), 132.4 (CH), 123.8 (CH), 123.5 (CH), 122.9 (CH), 117.4 (CH), 114.9 (C), 82.8 (CH), 49.7 (CH2), 31.7 (CH2), 30.1 (CH2), 29.5 (2CH2), 29.4 (2CH2), 29.3 (2CH2), 29.1 (CH2), 28.7 (CH2), 26.2 (CH2), 22.5 (CH2), 14.4 (CH3) ppm; EIMS m/z 438 ([M+], 92); 410 (55); 409 (100); 367 (37); 227 (51); 199 (44); 198 (60); 162 (39); 57 (42); 55 (47); HREIMS 438.2978 (calcd. for C26H38N4O2 [M+] 438.2995); FT-IR (ATR) νmax 3320, 3127, 3070, 2918, 2848, 2416, 2167, 2051, 1983, 1658, 1606, 1550, 1467, 1377, 1322, 1258, 1202, 1150, 1118, 1055, 966, 938, 867, 835 cm−1.

3.2. Microbial Strains

Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (PCM 2673), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Klebsiella pneumoniae (PCM1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PCM 2562) and yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were obtained from the Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland.

3.3. MIC Determination

The in vitro antimicrobial studies were carried out with the microbroth dilution method against test organisms, as described previously [59,60]. The bacterial strains were inoculated in Mueller Hinton Broth medium (Biocorp, Warsaw, Poland) and the Candida strain was inoculated in Sabouraud Dextrose liquid medium (Biocorp, Poland) and incubated at 37 °C and at 30 °C, respectively, with vigorous shaking (200 rpm) for 24 h. Bacterial cell suspensions at initial inoculums of 5 × 105 in Mueller-Hinton liquid medium and adequate yeast suspensions at initial inoculums of 3 × 103 cfu/mL in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth were exposed to the examined compound at relevant concentrations (range 0.001–2 mg/mL) for 24 h at 37 °C for the bacteria and for 48 h at 30 °C in the case of the fungi. Simultaneously, the standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and ketoconazole for antifungal activity (as a positive control), were tested against the pathogens. The MIC was the lowest concentration of the compounds that inhibited the visible growth of the microorganism. The experiments were performed in triplicate.

3.4. Haemolytic Assay

Haemolytic properties of the selected compounds were determined according to the method described previously [45]. The human blood samples were centrifuged at 500× g for 10 min at 4 °C and the supernatant was discarded. Next, the erythrocytes were resuspended with PBS buffer (10 mM phosphate, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl) and centrifuged as previously. The washing procedure was repeated until a transparent supernatant was obtained. The washed erythrocytes were finally resuspended in PBS buffer to a final concentration of 2%. Simultaneously, appropriate concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 µg/mL for 8a, 8f, 9h and 9k, or 2, 5, 12.5, 50, 125 and 250 µg/mL for 8b) of the examined compounds were prepared in a final volume of 50 mL DMSO. The compounds prepared in this way were mixed with 450 mL of 2% erythrocyte suspension and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. Then, the samples were centrifuged at 5000× g for 10 min and absorbance at wavelength 415 nm was measured.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, twenty-eight coumarin-triazole conjugates were synthesized through a copper(I)-catalysed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the corresponding O-propargylated coumarin (3) or N-propargylated coumarin (6) with alkyl or aryl azides. Five of them (8a, 8b, 8f, 9h and 9k) displayed promising activity against Enterococcus faecalis at MICs ranging from 12.5 to 50.0 µg/mL. Compound 8b having a 2-OMe-Ph group attached at the triazol nucleus and an –OCH2– linker was the best of the series. The most active compounds showed minimal toxicity towards human blood cells.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish MINECO SAF 2015-65113-C2-1-R to A.E.B. This project is also co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). PLR thanks to Spanish MINECO for a pre-doctoral grant (FPU-Program).

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of compounds 6, 8a–8m and 9a–9m.

Click here for additional data file. (828.5KB, pdf)

Author Contributions

Ana Estévez-Braun, Ángel Amesty, and Maciej Masłyk conceived and designed the experiments; Priscila López-Rojas, Monika Janeczko, Konrad Kubiński, and Ángel Amesty performed the experiments; Ana Estévez-Braun, Ángel Amesty and Maciej Masłyk wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 8a–l, and 9a–l are available from the authors.

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