Table 1.
Characteristics and main findings of VLSM studies of the TMT. For each study, information about sample size, disease aetiology, lesion hemisphere, age, chronicity, TMT variant, VLSM outcome variable and identified clusters is provided.
| Study | Sample size | Aetiology | Lesion hemisphere | Age (M ± SD) | Chronicity (M ± SD) | TMT variant | Lesion-mapping outcome variable | Identified clusters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muir et al. (2015) | 106; Chronic = 61, Acute = 45 | Ischemic stroke | Not reported | Chronic = 64 ± 12 years Acute = 63 ± 14 years | Chronic = 423 ± 246 days Acute = 102 ± 19 days | Standard TMT | |TMT-B – TMT-A| difference score |(TMT-B – TMT-A)/TMT-A| proportion score |TMT-B/TMT-A| ratio score TMT-B error frequency | None. |
| Gläscher et al. (2012) | 344; TMT subset = 236 | Stroke (N = 253); Temporal lobectomy (N = 42); Focal surgical resection (N = 34); Encephalitis (N = 7); Focal pathology (N = 8). | Left (N = 174); | Not reported | Chronic | Standard TMT | VLSM of |TMT-B – TMT-A| difference score. VLSM conducted on standardised and covariate-corrected task residuals. | Left rostral anterior cingulate |
| Right (N = 122); | ||||||||
| Bilateral (N = 48). | ||||||||
| Barbey et al. (2012) | 182 | Penetrating head injury | Not reported | 58 years | Chronic | TMT from Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) | VLSM of common variance shared across deployed executive tests | Regionally non-specific lesion effect including: Left lateral frontopolar cortex; Left anterior prefrontal cortex; Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Left superior and inferior parietal cortex |
| Kopp et al. (2015) | 30 | Stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic) | Right, frontal (N = 30) | 60 ± 10 years | Acute (mean stroke to MR scan interval = 4 ± 3 days; mean stroke to CT scan interval = 3 ± 4 days). | Standard TMT | VLSM of TMT-A and TMT-B errors, VLSM of TMT-A and TMT-B raw completion time. | VLSM of TMT-B total errors: Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (37, 17, 32); Right frontal subgyral white matter (38, 2, 24); Right frontal subgyral white matter (34, 5, 32); No significant lesion effects detected for the completion time metric |
| Miskin et al. (2016) | 27 | Epilepsy (N = 8); Astrocytoma (N = 4); Cavernoma (N = 3); Oligodendroglioma (N = 3); Glioma (N = 2); Glial tumor (N = 1); Low-grade Glioma (N = 1); Ganglioglioma (N = 1); Tumor (N = 1); Meningioma (N = 1) Meningioma and Haemorrhagic Stroke (N = 1); Hamartoma (N = 1). | Left, frontal (N = 15); Right, frontal (N = 10); Bilateral, frontal (N = 2). | 37 ± 11 years | Chronic (3 ± 3 years) | Standard TMT | VLSM of TMT-B raw completion time. | Left dorsomedial prefrontal |
| Varjacic et al. (2017) | 144 | Stroke (ischemic and haemorrhagic) | Left (N = 47); Right (N = 60); Bilateral (N = 37). | 71 ± 15 years | Acute (5 ± 4 days) | TMT analogue from Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) | VLSM of accuracy score on the set-switching condition | Left insula |