Abstract
Objective
The value of sputum smear microscopy (SSM) after 2 months of treatment in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis is controversial. We analysed second month-SSM conversion as a predictor of treatment success in Brazil.
Results
Overall successful outcome rate was 89.4%. The predictive value of second month-SSM conversion for successful outcomes was 85.2% 72,479/85,118), while the predictive value of non-conversion for unfavourable outcomes was 26.9% (2712/10,071). Unfavourable treatment outcomes were twice more likely among patients who did not convert (adjusted OR = 2.06; 1.97–2.16).
Keywords: Acid-fast bacilli, Predictive value, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Sputum smear microscopy, Treatment outcomes
Introduction
Adverse outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) treatment still hamper the control of the disease worldwide despite the high efficacy of 6 month-regimen recommended by the World Health Organization [1]. TB treatment follow-up usually consists of monthly sputum smear microscopy (SSM) and an end-of-treatment chest X-ray [1, 2]. The bacillary burden usually decreases steadily during treatment and by the end of the second month of treatment, when the intensive phase of treatment is concluded, SSM is expected to be negative in most cases [2, 3]. The negativation of a previously positive test is known as SSM conversion. SSM non-conversion after 2 months of treatment is recognized as a predictor of unfavourable outcomes [4–8], including drug-resistance [8–11]. Conversely, failure is unlikely if SSM during all months of treatment are negative [7, 12, 13].
The Brazilian guidelines [14] recommend monthly SSM for smear-positive TB follow-up plus culture with drug susceptibility test (DST) if SSM conversion is not observed after 2 months of treatment. However, the predictive value of SSM conversion for treatment outcomes has not been carried-out in Brazil [14, 15]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the positive predictive value of second month-SSM conversion for successful treatment outcomes in Brazil as well as of non-conversion for unfavourable outcomes.
Main text
Study design and population
A retrospective cohort study based on TB data recorded in the Brazilian National Surveillance System (SINAN) [14] was conducted. Data gathered included patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, their SSM results during follow-up and treatment outcomes up to 9 months after treatment initiation.
Outcome definitions
Outcomes were as reported in the notification system. The following categories exist as outcomes according to the Brazilian guidelines [15]: (1) cure, defined as an individual who presents at least two negative SSM of which one at the end of treatment (5th or 6th month); (2) treatment completion, defined when there is no clinical or radiological evidence of failure; (3) death from TB; (4) death from non-TB causes; (5) loss to follow up, i.e., a patient who missed a scheduled follow up visit for at least 30 days; (6) failure, i.e., a positive SSM result at the end of treatment, SSM with 2+ or 3+ at the 4th month of treatment or a positive SSM at the 4th month of treatment after initial conversion; (7) change of diagnosis and (8) transferred-out.
We further classified these outcomes as successful (cure or treatment completed) or unfavourable (death from any cause, loss to follow up or failure) [16, 17].
Study population
New smear-positive pulmonary TB adults (> 14 years) notified from January 2007 to December 2012 in any Brazilian municipality were eligible. Patients transferred-out and those whose diagnosis was changed were excluded, since true outcomes or diagnosis were uncertain. For the main analysis, we further excluded patients whose status of SSM at the second month was unknown (not done/no results/not informed).
Analyses
We compared characteristics of initially included patients according to availability of second month SSM results, to check for selection bias.
The main analysis consisted of evaluating the positive predictive value and its exact 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of a positive second month-SSM (non-conversion) for unfavourable treatment outcomes and of a negative second month-SSM (conversion) for successful outcomes. This was calculated through the proportion of patients with a positive second month SSM out of those who had unfavourable outcomes and the proportion of those with a negative second month SSM who had successful outcomes, respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% CI to evaluate the independent effect of the second month-SSM result on unfavourable treatment outcomes, adjusted for sociodemographic variables. Analyses were performed using the SPSS® package, version 20.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
A total of 485,290 TB cases were notified from 2007 to 2012, of which 188,585 were not eligible and 201,516 were excluded. The remaining 95,189 were analysed (Fig. 1). Sociodemographic characteristics and second month-SSM results of included versus non-eligible and excluded patients were similar (Table 1). Most of included patients (Table 1) presented SSM conversion at the second month (83.9%), were male (67.2%), aged 15–54 (80.6%), had mixed race (42.4%) and less than 9 years of study (47.9%). Overall successful treatment rate was 89.4%. Missing data were more common among excluded patients and those with successful treatment.
Fig. 1.
Flowchart representing eligible, excluded and included patients and their treatment outcomes
Table 1.
Characteristics of included and excluded tuberculosis new cases aged 15 or over notified to the Brazilian National Reporting System, 2007–2012
| Variables | Included patientsa n = 95,189 n (%) |
Excluded patientsb n = 390,101 n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Smear conversion on 2nd month | ||
| Yes | 79,838 (83.9) | 38,266 (9.8) |
| No | 15,351 (16.1) | 8260 (2.1) |
| Missing* | 0 | 343,575 (88.1) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 63,931 (67.2) | 259,751 (66.6) |
| Female | 31,255 (32.8) | 130,318 (33.4) |
| Missing* | 3 (0.0) | 32 (0.0) |
| Age range (years) | ||
| 15–24 | 17,793 (18.7) | 61,588 (15.8) |
| 25–34 | 22,666 (23.8) | 93,264 (23.9) |
| 35–44 | 19,151 (20.1) | 78,035 (20.0) |
| 45–54 | 17,099 (18.0) | 66,072 (16.9) |
| 55–64 | 10,403 (10.9) | 39,790 (10.2) |
| ≥ 65 | 8032 (8.4) | 34,618 (8.9) |
| Missing* | 45 (0.0) | 16,734 (4.3) |
| Race/colour | ||
| White | 30,903 (32.5) | 130,071 (33.3) |
| Black | 11,806 (12.4) | 51,442 (13.2) |
| Asian | 948 (1.0) | 3651 (0.9) |
| Mixed race | 40,394 (42.4) | 152,319 (39.0) |
| Indigenous | 1294 (1.4) | 4046 (1.0) |
| Missing* | 9844 (10.3) | 48,572 (12.5) |
| Schooling | ||
| Illiterate | 5328 (5.6) | 17,904 (4.6) |
| < 9 years | 45,620 (47.9) | 168,832 (43.3) |
| ≥ 9 years | 9941 (10.4) | 43,671 (11.2) |
| Missing* | 34,300 (36.0) | 159,694 (40.9) |
* Includes true missing data and SSM not performed
aIncludes the following outcomes: cure, treatment completed, failure, relapse in this episode, loss to follow up, death from TB and other causes
bIncludes the following outcomes: missing outcome, transferred out, change of diagnosis and missing smear conversion on 2nd month
The positive predictive value of the second month-SSM non-conversion for unfavourable outcomes was 26.9% (2712 out of 10,071), while the positive predictive value for successful outcomes among those who did convert second month SSM was 85.2% (72,479 out of 85,118).
Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, the odds for unfavourable outcomes were 2.06 higher (95% CI = 1.97–2.16) among those that had not converted at the second month of treatment (Table 2). Other variables significantly associated with higher odds for unfavourable outcomes were male gender (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.43–1.58); age 25–34 (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.07–1.22), age 35–44 (aOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05–1.21), and age over 65 (aOR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.04–1.23); black colour (aOR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.08–1.23) and illiteracy (aOR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.42–1.81). Indigenous populations (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.56–0.86) and mixed race (aOR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.86–0.95) were inversely associated with unfavourable outcomes (Table 2).
Table 2.
Treatment outcomes of adults (> 15 years) with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis notified to the Brazilian National Reporting System (2007–2012) according to their sociodemographic characteristics and second month SSM
| Variables | Unfavourablea n (%) 10,071 (10.6) | Successfulb n (%) 85,118 (89.4) | Crude ORc (95% CI) |
Adjusted ORc (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smear conversion on 2nd month | ||||
| Yes | 7359 (9.2) | 72,479 (90.8) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| No | 2712 (17.7) | 12,639 (82.3) | 2.11 (2.01–2.22) | 2.06 (1.97–2.16) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 2465 (7.9) | 28,790 (92.1) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Male | 7606 (11.9) | 56,325 (88.1) | 1.58 (1.50–1.65) | 1.50 (1.43–1.58) |
| Missing* | 0 | 3 (100.0) | – | – |
| Age range | ||||
| 15–24 years old | 1688 (9.5) | 16,105 (90.5) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| 25–34 years old | 2510 (11.1) | 20,156 (88.9) | 1.19 (1.11–1.27) | 1.41 (1.07–1.22) |
| 35–44 years old | 2229 (11.6) | 16,922 (88.4) | 1.26 (1.18–1.34) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) |
| 45–54 years old | 1771 (10.4) | 15,328 (89.6) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) |
| 55–64 years old | 959 (9.2) | 9444 (90.8) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) |
| 65 years old or over | 910 (11.3) | 7122 (88.7) | 1.12 (1.12–1.33) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) |
| Missing* | 4 (8.9) | 41 (91.9) | – | – |
| Race/color | ||||
| White | 3327 (10.8) | 27,576 (89.2) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Black | 1428 (12.1) | 10,378 (87.9) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) |
| Asian | 100 (10.5) | 848 (89.5) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.02 (0.82–1.26) |
| Mixed race | 3890 (9.6) | 36,504 (90.4) | 0.88 (0.84–0.93) | 0.91 (0.86–0.95) |
| Indigenous | 97 (7.5) | 1197 (92.5) | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | 0.69 (0.56–0.86) |
| Missing* | 1229 (12.5) | 8615 (87.5) | – | – |
| Education | ||||
| ≥ 9 years of schooling | 648 (6.5) | 9293 (93.5) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| < 9 years of schooling | 4688 (10.3) | 40,932 (89.7) | 1.64 (1.51–1.80) | 1.54 (1.42–1.68) |
| Illiterate | 552 (10.4) | 4776 (89.6) | 1.66 (1.47–1.87) | 1.60 (1.42–1.81) |
| Missing* | 4183 (12.2) | 30,117 (87.8) | – | – |
*Includes true missing data and SSM not performed
aSuccessful = cure or treatment completion
bUnfavourable = loss to follow up, failure, death from tuberculosis or other causes, relapse of this episode, change of treatment
cOdds are for unfavourable outcomes
Discussion and conclusions
In this retrospective analysis of a 5-year cohort of SSM-positive new TB cases in a high-TB burden country based on routine programmatic data, overall successful outcome rate was 89.4%. Having a positive SSM at the second month of treatment had a low predictive value (26.9%) for unfavourable outcomes while SSM conversion at this point had a high predictive value for successful outcomes (85.2%), although lower than reported in the literature [10, 13, 18]. However, the likelihood for unsuccessful outcomes was twice higher among those who did not convert the SSM by the second month. The low predictive value of second month-SSM was due to the high rates of successful treatment even among those who did not convert SSM by the second month of treatment.
The SSM non-conversion in the second month as a predictor of unfavourable outcomes has been a matter of debate in the literature [4, 5, 19, 20]. SSM conversion has been associated with cure/treatment completion [10, 13, 18]. However, non-conversion does not always indicate unfavourable outcomes because SSM has low sensitivity and low specificity to detect failure [21]. Dead bacilli, for example, are detected by SSM; only culture can distinguish dead from alive bacilli [22]. True positive second-month SSM results can be associated with comorbidities [5], extensive lesions and high bacterial load [23, 24], the so-called “difficult-to-treat” patients. Most of them will actually be cured at the end of treatment. However, irregularity of drug intake in the initial phase of treatment [7, 23] and the presence of resistant bacteria [10] can also be the reason for non-conversion at the second month and can result in unfavourable outcomes. Unfortunately, our study was based on programmatic data and we do not have, in the database, any information on the extension of the disease, treatment duration, or sputum culture results. Information on comorbidities is missing for most patients. Thus, they were not included in our analyses.
Other variables independently associated with higher odds for an unfavourable outcome are reported in the literature and were confirmed in our study: low educational level [25, 26], male gender [5, 10, 19, 27], older age [10, 20, 27] and black/mixed race [25]. Surprisingly, belonging to indigenous populations was inversely associated with unfavourable outcomes. Indigenous populations may be more difficult to reach and follow-up may be hampered [26, 28]. However, in Brazil, indigenous ethnicity is a formal indication for directly observed treatment [14] and special health services dedicated to this population receive special training [14, 15], which may explain this finding.
Conclusions
The study included a large cohort of patients over 5 years and allowed to extract relevant information based on programmatic data, based on which decisions by the Ministry of Health are usually taken. While we conclude that the second month-SSM is a poor predictor of unfavourable outcomes, in the absence of a better predictor, we endorse the current recommendation to improve surveillance and perform culture and drug-susceptibility testing for patients with a positive second month-SSM. Other, more accurate early markers of poor prognosis are needed in order to trigger an alert to the treating health team.
Limitations
This study has a few limitations. First, its retrospective design based on secondary data is subject to flaws. Missing data were a main concern. Missing information on follow-up smear results in Brazil has been reported previously [28, 29] and can be due both to incomplete data registration and to non-compliance with National Guidelines [14] to perform monthly SSM. Because missing data were not balanced among patients with different outcomes, our results should be interpreted with caution, since this can have resulted in bias. Bias can also have resulted from excluded patients, although their general characteristics were similar to the included ones. More missing data were expected in this group because despite the initial positive SSM, patients with other diseases either were excluded (such as non-tuberculous mycobacteria disease) or were transferred out or died from other causes, thus they had no follow-up SSM. More non-conversion was also expected since they were initially treated for TB but possibly had other diagnoses or were relapsed patients, who can have a delayed response to treatment. Finally, the database did not contain sufficient comorbidity, treatment duration and culture data.
Authors’ contributions
MSNE, JPT, AT and JUB contributed to study conception, design, and interpretation of findings, and participated in manuscript preparation and revision. MSNE, RM, DB and RGA contributed to data analyses and generation of the simulated data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge staff from the National Tuberculosis Control Program, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the University of Brasilia Health Sciences College Ethics Committee (Document 181.344/2012). The patients were not required to provide consent for participation in this study; access to anonymised tuberculosis data for this study was provided by the Ministry of Health of Brazil.
Funding
No funds were required for this research.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- TB
tuberculosis
- SSM
sputum smear microscopy
- CI
confidence interval
- OR
odds ratio
- DST
drug susceptibility test
- SINAN
Brazilian National Surveillance System
Contributor Information
Maria do Socorro Nantua Evangelista, Phone: (+55) 61 99197560, Email: socorrok@unb.br.
Rosalia Maia, Email: rosaliamaia1@gmail.com.
João Paulo Toledo, Email: jp_toledo@uol.com.br.
Ricardo Gadelha de Abreu, Email: ricardogadelha@gmail.com.
José Uereles Braga, Email: uereles@gmail.com.
Draurio Barreira, Email: barreirad@who.int.
Anete Trajman, Email: atrajman@gmail.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.