Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between calcium‐binding protein S100A8 and S100A9 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and patients’ clinical features.
Methods
Fifty‐two NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at Zhejiang Hospital from February 2014 to January 2016 were included in this study. Calcium‐binding protein S100A8 and S100A9 expression patterns in cancer and para‐cancer tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry assay. The correlation between calcium‐binding protein S100A8 and S100A9 expression patterns and NSCLC patients’ clinical characteristics, including age, gender, tumor node metastasis stage, and pathology type, were evaluated.
Results
S100A8 and S100A9 were generally expressed on the cytoplasm and nucleus of NSCLC cells, mainly located in the cytoplasm, stained with brown particles, and distributed evenly. The positive expression rates of S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer tissues were 71.2% and 76.9%, respectively, which were significantly higher than in para‐cancer tissues at 11.5% and 19.2%, respectively, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P < 0.05) but were not correlated with age, gender, smoking history, tumor diameter, pathology type, tumor node metastasis stage, or pleural effusion (P all > 0.05).
Conclusion
S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression in cancer tissues was significantly higher than in para‐cancer tissues and was correlated with tumor differentiation, which may be a potential marker for poor prognosis.
Keywords: Clinical characteristics, non‐small cell lung cancer, S100
Introduction
Lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death globally, is a significant malignancy that threatens human health.1 Prognosis is generally poor, with low five‐year survival rates, partly because effective lung cancer screening and early diagnostic methods are lacking.2 Many published studies have evaluated the dependent factors related to lung cancer prognosis.3, 4 Calcium‐binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, members of the S100 family of proteins, contain 2 EF hand calcium‐binding motifs. S100 genes include at least 13 members, which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21.5 This protein may inhibit the casein kinase. In this region, chromosome deletion, translocation, and overlap often occur and stability is poor, factors that are closely related to the occurrence and development of several cancers, including gastric,6 pancreatic,7 liver, and ovarian cancers. However, the correlation between calcium‐binding protein S100A8 and S100A9 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and patients’ clinical features is seldom reported. In our study, we examine S100A8 and S100A9 protein expression in NSCLC and para‐cancer tissues and evaluate their correlation with patients’ clinical characteristics.
Methods
Patients
Fifty‐two NSCLC patients who underwent surgery at Zhejiang Hospital from February 2014 to January 2016 were included in this study. S100A8 and S100A9 expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry assay. The inclusion criteria were: NSCLC diagnosis confirmed via postoperative pathology, no preoperative chemoradiation or biotherapy performed, availability of complete follow‐up data, and informed patient consent for the use of tissue specimens. The exclusion criteria were: small cell lung cancer cases, patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, malignant tumors in other systems, and incomplete data.
Instruments and reagents
An Ultra‐thin Semiautomatic Microtome (Leica Inc. Co. Ltd., Wetzlar, Germany), an electron microscope (Olympus Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), an electrothermal thermostat (Rong Ke Inspection Instrument Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China), a centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA), S100A8 and S100A9 rabbit monoclonal antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and an immunohistochemical kit (Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) were purchased for the study.
Immunohistochemistry assay
Paraffin specimens were sliced continuously to obtain a thickness of 3 μm. The paraffin tissue sections were dewaxed and dehydrated. Endogenous peroxidase was eliminated and heat antigen repair was performed. Normal goat serum was used to close the tissue non‐specific antigen for 30 minutes. Specific anti‐S100A8 or S100A9 rabbit monoclonal antibodies were added at 4°C overnight. Phosphate buffered saline and drops of horseradish peroxidase‐labeled goat anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin G at 37°C were added the following day. After the specimens were incubated for 30 minutes, DAB color development, hematoxylin complex dyeing, dehydration, transparency, and sealing film were applied or performed.8 For the negative control, normal goat serum was used instead of the antibody.
Positive criteria
Two individuals blinded to patient information and the experimental purpose analyzed the film and the same pieces of tissues under a microscope. After the hematoxylin and eosin‐stained tissue section was identified as tumor tissue, immunohistochemically‐stained sections were observed and counted. Brown‐yellow granules in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or cell membrane of the tumor cells were considered positive cells. Each slice was randomly selected from 10 high‐magnification fields (400×), with at least 1000 cells per magnification. Scores were based on the degree of staining strength of the slices: 0 for no staining, 1 for light yellow, 2 for tawny, and 3 for brown. The rate of positive cells in the slices was scored as follows: 0 for < 5% positive cells, 1 for 5–25% positive cells, 2 for 25–50% positive cells, 3 for 50–75% positive cells, and 4 for > 75% positive cells. The scores of the degrees of staining strength and the rates of positive cells were added to obtain the total score, with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 7. The total scores were interpreted as follows: < 2, “−”; 2–3 points (excluding 3 points), “+”; 3–6 points (excluding 6 points), “++”; and 6–7 points, “+++”. Cases with “−” and “+” were classified as protein‐negative expression groups, whereas cases with “++” and “+++” were categorized as protein‐positive expression groups.
Statistical method
SPSS version 17.0 (http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss) was used to analyze all data. Measurement data were expressed by and comparisons between groups were made based on a t‐test of the sample mean. Enumeration data were expressed with a relative number (n, %), and comparison between groups was made based on χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. P < 0.05 indicated statistical difference.
Results
S100A8 and S100A9 expression
S100A8 and S100A9 were expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the NSCLC cells, mainly located in the cytoplasm, stained with brown particles, and distributed evenly (Fig 1).
Figure 1.
S100A8 and S100A9 expression detected by immunohistochemical assay (400×): (a) negative control of S100A8; positive S100A8 expression in (b) adenocarcinoma and (c) squamous cell carcinoma; (d) negative control of S100A9; positive S100A9 expression in (e) adenocarcinoma and (f) squamous cell carcinoma.
S100A8 and S100A9 expression patterns between cancer and para‐cancer tissue
The positive expression rates of S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer tissues were 71.2% and 76.9%, respectively, which were significantly higher than in para‐cancer tissues at 11.5% and 19.2%, respectively, with statistical significance (P < 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1.
S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression rates in cancer and normal tissues (n, [%)])
| Factors | Cancer (n = 52) | Normal (n = 52) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | ||
| S100A8 | 37 (71.2) | 15 (28.8) | 6 (11.5) | 46 (88.5) | |
| S100A9 | 40 (76.9) | 12 (23.1) | 10 (19.2) | 42 (80.8) | |
Association of S100A8, S100A9 expression and patients clinical features
S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P < 0.05). The S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression rates in poorly differentiated patients were significantly higher than in moderate/well‐differentiated patients (Table 2). However, S100A8 and S100A9 expression patterns were not correlated with age, gender, smoking history, tumor diameter, pathology type, tumor node metastasis stage, or pleural effusion (P all > 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 2.
Correlation between S100A8 expression and clinical features in NSCLC patients (n, [%])
| Features | n = 52 | S100A8 expression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 15) | Positive (n = 37) | Chi‐square | P | ||
| Age | 0.16 | 0.69 | |||
| ≥ 60 | 30 | 8 (53.3) | 22 (59.5) | ||
| < 60 | 22 | 7 (46.7) | 15 (40.5) | ||
| Gender | 0.44 | 0.51 | |||
| Male | 31 | 10 (66.7) | 21 (56.8) | ||
| Female | 21 | 5 (33.3) | 16 (43.2) | ||
| Smoking | 0.43 | 0.51 | |||
| Positive | 28 | 7 (46.7) | 21 (56.8) | ||
| Negative | 24 | 8 (53.3) | 16 (43.2) | ||
| Tumor diameter (cm) (n, [%]) | 1.83 | 0.18 | |||
| ≤ 5 | 38 | 9 (60.0) | 29 (78.4) | ||
| > 5 | 14 | 6 (40.0) | 8 (21.6) | ||
| Pathology type | 0.35 | 0.84 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 21 | 7 (46.7) | 14 (37.8) | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 27 | 7 (46.7) | 20 (54.1) | ||
| Other | 4 | 1 (6.6) | 3 (8.1) | ||
| Differentiation | 4.30 | 0.04 | |||
| Well/moderately differentiated | 30 | 12 (80.0) | 18 (48.6) | ||
| Poor | 22 | 3 (20.0) | 19 (51.4) | ||
| TNM stage | 2.48 | 0.11 | |||
| I/II | 33 | 12 (80.0) | 21 (56.8) | ||
| IIIA | 19 | 3 (20.0) | 16 (43.2) | ||
| Pleural effusion | 0.11 | 0.74 | |||
| Yes | 43 | 12 (80.0) | 31 (83.8) | ||
| No | 9 | 3 (20.0) | 6 (16.2) | ||
*P < 0.05 between S100A8 negative and positive groups. TNM, tumor node metastasis.
Table 3.
Correlation between S100A9 expression and clinical features in NSCLC patients (n, [%])
| Features | n = 52 | S100A9 expression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 12) | Positive (n = 40) | Chi‐square | P | ||
| Age | 1.64 | 0.20 | |||
| ≥ 60 | 30 | 5 (41.7) | 25 (62.5) | ||
| < 60 | 22 | 7 (58.3) | 15 (37.5) | ||
| Gender | 0.01 | 0.92 | |||
| Male | 31 | 7 (58.3) | 24 (60.0) | ||
| Female | 21 | 5 (41.7) | 16 (40.0) | ||
| Smoking | 0.93 | 0.33 | |||
| Positive | 28 | 5 (41.7) | 23 (57.5) | ||
| Negative | 24 | 7 (58.3) | 17 (42.5) | ||
| Tumor diameter (cm) (n, [%]) | |||||
| ≤ 5 | 38 | 8 (66.7) | 30 (75.0) | 0.32 | 0.57 |
| > 5 | 14 | 4 (33.3) | 10 (25.0) | ||
| Pathology type | 0.68 | 0.71 | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 21 | 6 (50.0) | 15 (37.5) | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 27 | 5 (41.7) | 22 (55.0) | ||
| Other | 4 | 1 (8.3) | 3 (7.5) | ||
| Differentiation | 4.20 | 0.04 | |||
| Well/Moderately differentiated | 30 | 10 (83.3) | 20 (50.0) | ||
| Poor | 22 | 2 (16.7) | 20 (50.0) | ||
| TNM stage | 0.07 | 0.79 | |||
| I/II | 33 | 8 (66.7) | 25 (62.5) | ||
| IIIA | 19 | 4 (33.3) | 15 (37.5) | ||
| Pleural effusion | 0.65 | 0.42 | |||
| Yes | 43 | 9 (75.0) | 34 (85.0) | ||
| No | 9 | 3 (25.0) | 6 (15.0) | ||
*P < 0.05 between S100A9 negative and positive groups. TNM, tumor node metastasis.
Discussion
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant carcinomas, especially in China.9, 10, 11 A recent publication of cancer statistics reported approximately 14.1 million new cancer cases globally, with lung cancer accounting for approximately 1.82 million cases.12 Approximately 8.2 million new cancer‐related deaths occur each year, with lung cancer‐related death accounting for 1.58 million.13 Clinical studies have shown that approximately 80% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, and are thus ineligible for surgery.14 The prognosis of advanced stage NSCLC is poor, with a five‐year survival rate of < 15%.15 Therefore, determining the pathogenesis of lung cancer and the development of reasonable treatment plans have become hot spots in research.
S100A8 and S100A9 are members of the S100 protein family. Most members of protein families with a molecular weight of 10–20 kDa are specifically expressed in vertebrates.16 Studies have shown that 25 members constitute this family, and most are associated with inflammation, tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion.17 Some S100 family members, such as S100A2, S100A4, and S100A6, have significantly higher expression levels in lung cancer cells than in normal cells.18, 19 Thus, the S100 protein family is closely related to the occurrence and prognosis of lung cancer.
In the present study, we used an immunohistochemical method to detect S100A8 and S100A9 protein expression in 52 NSCLC cancer and adjacent para‐cancer tissues to explore the correlation between S100A8 and S100A9 expression and NSCLC patients’ clinical characteristics, including age, gender, pathological type, and clinical stage. Positive expression of S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer tissues was significantly higher than in para‐cancer tissues. S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression was associated with tumor differentiation degree (P < 0.05). The S100A8 and S100A9 positive expression rates in poorly differentiated patients were significantly higher than in moderate/well‐differentiated patients. This result indicates that S100A8 and S100A9 may play important roles in the development of NSCLC and may represent potential markers to distinguish poorly and well‐differentiated tumors. However, no correlation between S100A8 and S100A9 expression and patient age, gender, clinical stage, pathology type, or smoking history were found, consistent with the results of a study published by Su et al.8
In summary, S100A8 and S100A9 expression was higher in cancer tissues compared to para‐cancer tissues of NSCLC patients and is related to the degree of tumor differentiation. We speculate that S100A8 and S100A9 could be used as potential molecular markers for NSCLC diagnosis and prognosis. However, the biological functions of S100A8 and S100A9 are complex, and their mechanisms in NSCLC were not evaluated in the present study. Therefore, related basic research is required to explore the molecular mechanisms of S100A8 and S100A9 in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of NSCLC to provide more efficient NSCLC treatment and prognostic methods.
Disclosure
No authors report any conflict of interest.
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