The Association of Bite Instability and Comorbidities in Elderly People

Abstract

Objective

The purpose was to evaluate the association between bite instability and comorbidities, comprehensive geriatric evaluations, or disabilities in elderly people.

Methods

A dentist examined the oral function, such as the bite stability, number of teeth, and the use of dentures, in 119 patients (93 women, mean age: 86.7±7.8) in 2 nursing homes for the elderly. The association between the oral function and the prevalence of diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dementia, was analyzed.

Results

The median number of teeth was 0 [0, 4]. The patients were divided into a bite-stable group (n=78, 66%) and bite-unstable group (n=41, 34%). The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (83% vs. 63%, respectively; p=0.0149), whereas the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly lower in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (10% vs. 27%, respectively; p=0.0190). The prevalence of a cognitive function decline was significantly lower in the bite-stable group as well (59% vs. 83%, p=0.0082). According to the simplified comprehensive geriatric assessment 7, the bite-stable group scored significantly higher for instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) than the bite-unstable group (54% vs. 24%, respectively; p=0.0021). A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that bite instability was independently correlated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and instrumental activities of daily living.

Conclusion

Bite instability was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of hypertension or increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus and low levels of instrumental ADL in the elderly.

Introduction

The aging population is increasing worldwide, and Japan faces an unprecedented, serious, rapid aging of its population (1). Elderly people often develop functional disorders associated with chronic disease or aging (2). There is strong evidence that an increased risk of functional status decline is correlated with cognitive impairment, depression, comorbidities, increased or decreased body mass index (BMI), lower extremity functional limitation, low frequency of social contacts, a low level of physical activity, poor self-perceived health, smoking, and visual impairment (3, 4). In addition, a poor dental status is associated with an increased risk of the onset of functional disabilities in elderly Japanese people (5). Oral health is effective for preventing aggravation of diseases, not only in the oral cavity but also generally. Indeed, the number of teeth and the presence of periodontal disease are correlated with the incidence of hypertension (6), cardiovascular disorders (7), cerebrovascular diseases (8), lipid disorders (9), diabetes (10), dementia (11, 12), and functional disabilities (5). Furthermore, dental interventions in the oral cavity (13) have been reported to improve refractory hypertension (6), dyslipidemia (9), diabetes (10), and pneumonia (14).

However, only a few studies have reported an association between bite stability and comorbidities, and in these reports, the oral status was evaluated by questionnaires rather than by dentists. We hypothesized that oral frailty may be associated with comorbidities seen in elderly persons.

Thus, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the association of bite stability, as evaluated by a dentist, with the prevalence of comorbidities and disabilities in elderly people, as evaluated by a comprehensive geriatric assessment.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

This study evaluated 130 subjects residing in 2 nursing homes for the elderly between April 1, 2015, and July 31, 2016. Full data sets could not be obtained for 11 subjects; therefore, the final analysis included 119 subjects. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kagoshima University Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from subjects or their legally acceptable representatives.

Measurements of clinical data

Blood samples were obtained after at least 12 hours of fasting. We measured the serum levels of albumin using a standard technique. In addition, the age, gender, and BMI were determined. For each subject, the blood pressure (BP) was measured in the sitting position by mercury sphygmomanometer, using the first and fifth Korotkoff sounds to identify the systolic and diastolic values, respectively. The cardiothoracic ratio was calculated by chest X-ray. Chest 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed to determine the heart rate, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, ST-T changes, bundle-branch block, and extrasystole.

Measurements of oral status

An oral examination was performed in the sitting position by a dentist. Bite stability was defined by the ability of a subject to achieve molar occlusion and maximal intercuspal occlusion, regardless of the use of natural teeth or dentures. Subject were divided into two groups - bite-stable and bite-unstable groups - according to the results of the bite stability evaluation, which was performed as follows: subjects were positioned with their mandible at rest. In the case of denture wearers, subjects were asked to maintain the rest position of the mandible in the same way as they would while wearing dentures. Using articulating paper, the dentist examined whether or not a subject was able to occlude both molar sections, and each subject was evaluated for the ability to chew while eating.

In addition, the number of the teeth and the presence or absence of dentures were determined, and subjects were classified according to the Eichner index. The Eichner index classification is determined by the presence or absence of occlusal contact in each of the premolar and molar regions, also referred to as supporting zones (15). A maximum of four occlusal support zones (OSZs) can exist, each of which must have at least one tooth in contact with an antagonist tooth to be included. Based on OSZs, subjects were divided into 10 groups as follows: Category A contains the four OSZs as A1 (complete dentition), A2 (missing teeth in one arch), A3 (missing teeth in both arches); Category B contains one to three OSZs or contacts in the anterior area only as B1 (three OSZs), B2 (two OSZs), B3 (one OSZ), and B4 (contacts in the anterior area only); Category C has no OSZs at all as C1 (teeth in both arches), C2 (teeth in one arch), and C3 (edentulous).

The evaluation of dementia

The revised Hasegawa dementia scale (HDS-R) was used to evaluate dementia in the present study. The HDS-R, which consists of nine simple questions with a maximum score of 30, was used to screen for age-associated dementia. A decrease in the cognitive function was defined as a score of ≤20 points on the HDS-R (16).

The evaluation of the comprehensive ability

The simplified comprehensive geriatric assessment 7 (CGA-7) was performed in this study by a nurse at the nursing home facility. CGA-7 is defined as a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies medical, psychosocial, and functional limitations of frail, elderly individuals in order to develop a coordinated plan to maximize the overall health with aging. We scored each of seven items with a 1 or 0 as follows: CGA1 (vitality): Can the subject say hello by himself/herself? (1=can; 0=cannot); CGA2 (cognitive function; immediately recall): Can the subject repeat the words “cherry tree”, “cat”, and “train”? (1=can; 0=cannot); CGA3 [instrumental activities of daily living (ADL)]: Can the subject use transportation by himself/herself? (1=can; 0=cannot); CGA4 (cognitive function; late recall): Can the subject recall the words mentioned in CAG2? (1=can; 0=cannot); CGA5 (basic ADL; bathing): Can the subject take a bath without support? (1=can; 0=cannot); CGA6 (basic ADL; excretion): Can the subject control urination? (1=can; 0=cannot); CAG7 (emotion): Has the subject felt that he/she is not useful? (1=no; 0=yes). The total scores ranged from 0-7, with higher scores representing greater independence (17).

The evaluation of the grip strength and repetitive saliva swallowing test

We considered maintained grip strength as ≥26 kg for men and ≥18 kg for women. For the repetitive saliva swallowing test, a decline in the deglutition function was defined when a subject swallowed two times or less in 30 seconds.

Definition of comorbidities

We assessed the presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease in each subject. Hypertension was defined per the guidelines of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) (18) and considered the use of antihypertensive medication and a systolic BP of ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP of ≥90 mmHg. Dyslipidemia was defined per the guidelines of the Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) (19) and considered the use of drugs taken to improve lipid abnormalities, such as low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL, or triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL. Diabetes mellitus was defined per the guidelines of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) (20) and considered the use of antidiabetic medications, fasting plasma glucose levels of ≥126 mg/dL, casual plasma glucose levels of ≥200 mg/dL, and a HbA1c of ≥6.5%. Heart disease included ischemic heart disease, valvular disease, and cardiomyopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases included cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhaging. A history of aspiration pneumonitis and fractures was determined based on the medical records.

Statistical analyses

Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or median [25%, 75%]. We divided the subjects into bite-stable or bite-unstable groups and compared each parameter investigated between the two groups. Categorical variables were expressed as a percentage and compared between the two groups using the chi-squared test. The unpaired t-test was used for comparisons between different groups of subjects. Student's t-test was used for normally distributed variables, and Wilcoxon's rank sum test was used for variables that were not normally distributed. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test for assessing normality. p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between bite instability and comorbidities. All statistical analyses were performed with the JMP Pro software program, version 11 (SAS Institute, Cary, USA) for Windows.

Results

Clinical characteristics of subjects

Of the 119 subjects analyzed in the present study, 26 (22%) were men, and 93 (78%) were women. The mean age was 86.7±7.8 years. Subjects were divided into a bite-stable group (n=78, 66%) and a bite-unstable group (n=41, 34%) according to the bite function. The clinical characteristics of subjects are summarized and compared between the bite-stable and bite-unstable groups in Table 1. The ratio of women was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (85% vs. 66%, respectively; p=0.0186). There were no significant differences in the age, BMI, or albumin level between the two groups.

Table 1.

Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects.

	Total	Bite-stable	Bite-unstable	p
Number of subjects	119	78 (66%)	41 (34%)
Age, year	86.7±7.8	87.6±7.6	85.0±8.1	0.0917
Gender (M/F)	26/93	12/66	14/27	0.0186
Body mass index, kg/m2	22.0±3.5	22.1±3.8	21.8±3.1	0.6261
Albumin, g/dL	4.0 [3.7, 4.2]	4.0 [3.8, 4.2]	3.9 [3.7, 4.2]	0.5165
Comorbidity
Hypertension	91 (76.5%)	65 (83.3%)	26 (63.4%)	0.0149
Dyslipidemia	41 (34.5%)	30 (38.5%)	11 (26.8%)	0.2045
Diabetes	19 (16.0%)	8 (10.3%)	11 (26.8%)	0.0190
Heart disease	28 (23.5%)	17 (21.8%)	11 (26.8%)	0.5384
CVD	43(36.1%)	32 (41.0%)	11 (26.8%)	0.1255
Cognitive function
HDS-R	18 [11, 23]	19 [11, 24]	17 [11, 20]	0.1542
DCF	80 (67.2%)	46 (59.0%)	34 (82.9%)	0.0082
CGA
Total points	5 [3, 6]	5 [3, 6]	5 [3, 7]	0.4245
CGA1	115 (96.6%)	76 (97.4%)	39 (95.1%)	0.5057
CGA2	89 (74.8%)	59 (75.6%)	30 (73.2%)	0.7681
CGA3	52 (43.7%)	42 (53.9%)	10 (24.4%)	0.0021
CGA4	51 (42.9%)	32 (41.0%)	19 (46.3%)	0.5776
CGA5	71 (59.7%)	46 (59.0%)	25 (61.0%)	0.8325
CGA6	78 (65.6%)	51 (65.4%)	27 (65.9%)	0.9592
CGA7	76 (63.9%)	47 (60.3%)	29 (70.7%)	0.2583
Grip strength
Maintained strength	5 (4.2%)	5 (6.4%)	0 (0%)	0.0977
Swallowing function
Good swallowing	39 (32.8%)	30 (38.5%)	9 (22.0%)	0.0682
Cardiac function
CTR, %	55.9±6.4	56.4±6.2	55.0±6.8	0.2831
Heart rate, bpm	69.1±11.0	69.7±10.5	67.9±11.9	0.3981
Atrial fibrillation	4 (3.4%)	2 (2.6%)	2 (4.9%)	0.5057
LVH	8 (6.7%)	7 (9.0%)	1 (2.4%)	0.5602
ST-T changes	17 (14.3%)	12 (15.4%)	5 (12.2%)	0.6366
BBB	18 (15.1%)	13 (16.7%)	5 (12.2%)	0.5177
Extrasystole	9 (7.6%)	7 (9.0%)	2 (4.9%)	0.4219
Past history
Aspiration pneumonia	3 (2.5%)	2 (2.6%)	1 (2.4%)	0.9670
Fracture	18 (15.1%)	11 (14.1%)	7 (17.1%)	0.6673

Number (%), average±SD, or median [25%, 75%].

CVD: cerebrovascular disease, HDS-R: Hasegawa dementia scale revised, DCF: decrease in cognitive function, CGA: comprehensive geriatric assessment, (CGA1: Willingness, CGA2: Cognitive function, CGA3: Instrumental ADL, CGA4: Cognitive function, CGA5: Basic ADL1, CGA6: Basic ADL2, CGA7: State of mind), CTR: cardiothoracic ratio, LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy, BBB: bundle-branch block, ns: not significant

Oral characteristics

The oral status is shown in Table 2. The median number of teeth was 0 [0, 4], and 74% (n=88) of patients used dentures. Denture use was significantly more frequent in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (94% vs. 37%, respectively; p<0.0001). According to the Eichner index, the number of subjects classified as C2 was significantly lower in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (9% vs. 24%, respectively; p<0.0224). There were no other significant differences in the number of teeth or Eichner index classification between the two groups.

Table 2.

Oral Status of the Subjects.

	Total	Bite-stable	Bite-unstable	p
Number of teeth	0 [0, 4]	0 [0, 1.3]	0 [0, 6.5]	0.5072
Use of denture	88	73 (93.6%)	15 (36.6%)	<0.0001
Eichner index
A1	1 (0.8%)	1 (1.3%)	0 (0%)	0.4666
A2	4 (3.4%)	4 (5.1%)	0 (0%)	0.1402
A3	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-
B1	1 (0.8%)	1 (1.3%)	0 (0%)	0.4666
B2	1 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	1 (2.4%)	0.1660
B3	6 (5.0%)	4 (5.1%)	2 (4.9%)	0.9527
B4	9 (7.6%)	5 (6.4%)	4 (9.8%)	0.5118
C1	3 (2.5%)	3 (3.9%)	0 (0%)	0.2034
C2	17 (14.3%)	7 (9.0%)	10 (24.4%)	0.0224
C3	77 (64.7%)	53 (68.0%)	24 (58.5%)	0.3072

A comparison of the comorbidities between the bite-stable and bite-unstable groups

The incidence of hypertension was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (83% vs. 63%, respectively; p=0.0149; Figure A). The incidence of diabetes mellitus was significantly lower in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (10% vs. 27%, respectively; p=0.0190; Figure B). There were no significant differences in the incidence of dyslipidemia, heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease between the two groups (Table 1).

Figure.

A comparison of hypertension (A), diabetes mellitus (B), cognitive decline (C), and instrumental ADL (D) between the bite-stable group (n=78) and bite-unstable group (n=41). ADL: activities of daily living

The cognitive function was evaluated by the HDS-R, and no significant differences were observed in the HDS-R scores between the two groups (Table 1). However, the incidence of an impaired cognitive function, defined as ≤20 points on the HDS-R, was significantly lower in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (59% vs. 83%, respectively; p=0.0082; Figure C).

According to CGA-7, there were no significant differences in the CGA parameters except for instrumental ADL (CGA3) between the two groups. Instrumental ADL (CGA3) was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group (54% vs. 24%, respectively; p=0.0021; Figure D). As shown in Table 1, no significant differences were observed in the grip strength or swallowing function between the two groups. The cardiac indices, including cardiothoracic ratio, heart rate, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, ST-T changes, bundle-branch block, and extrasystole, did not differ significantly between two groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the history of aspiration pneumonitis or fractures between the two groups.

In order to adjust for potential confounders, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between bite instability and hypertension, instrumental ADL, a decrease in the cognitive function, or diabetes mellitus. This analysis revealed that bite instability was independently correlated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and instrumental ADL (Table 3).

Table 3.

A Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis between Bite Instability and Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, or Decrease in Cognitive Function.

	Odds ratio	95%CI	p
Hypertension	0.27	[0.10-0.72]	0.0090
Diabetes mellitus	4.45	[1.43-13.88]	0.0099
Instrumental activities of daily living	0.28	[0.10-0.82]	0.0196
Decrease in cognitive function	1.77	[0.57-5.57]	0.3228

Discussion

Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and other serious health conditions. Koizumi et al. reported that an impaired oral function as evaluated by questionnaires was associated with uncontrolled hypertension among community-dwelling subjects ≥65 years of age treated for hypertension (21). However, there have been no reports analyzing the correlation between the oral function as evaluated by a dentist and hypertension. Therefore, in the present study, a dentist examined the oral function parameters of bite stability, number of teeth, and use of dentures, and we analyzed the association between the oral function and disease, including the incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dementia, in 119 subjects in 2 nursing homes. We demonstrated for the first time that bite instability is associated with the incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus and instrumental ADL.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with systemic markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction (6). Hypertension is associated with inflammation (22), and several studies have suggested a possible link between periodontal disease and hypertension (23-25). Periodontitis is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth that may lead to tooth loss (26) and an increase in blood levels of inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen (27-29). Periodontal therapy significantly decreases the levels of CRP, IL-6, and fibrinogen; it also decreases the BP, left ventricular mass, and arterial stiffness, thereby reducing the cardiovascular risk in refractory hypertensive patients (6). Although a strong association between periodontal disease and hypertension has been reported, the impact of bite stability on hypertension had not previously been evaluated.

The precise mechanism underlying the association of bite stability with hypertension is unknown. To clarify the possible association of frailty with the prevalence of hypertension and BP control in the elderly, a previous study used the Basic Checklist for Frailty categories to show an independent association between an impaired oral function and uncontrolled hypertension (21). In addition, an independent association was found between difficulty eating hard foods and uncontrolled hypertension. In contrast, our study showed that the incidence of hypertension was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group; we therefore speculated that bite instability might reduce the intake of food and sodium, thereby lowering the BP. Further studies are needed to clarify these mechanisms.

We demonstrated that the incidence of the diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in the bite-unstable group than in the bite-stable group. Recent studies have evaluated the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases. Strong evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased prevalence, extent, and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis. As an infectious process with a prominent inflammatory component, periodontal disease can adversely affect the metabolic control of diabetes (30, 31). Although the association of periodontal disease with diabetes mellitus has been reported, our study was the first to report the association between bite instability and diabetes mellitus. We speculate that diabetes mellitus aggravates tooth decay and periodontal disease, which may lead to bite instability.

In the present study, we showed that an impaired cognitive function was significantly more common in the bite-unstable group than in the bite-stable group. The association between dementia or an impaired cognitive function and the oral hygiene state (32), periodontal disease (11, 33, 34), number of teeth (32, 33, 35, 36), occlusion, use of dentures (32, 37), ability to chew, and the presence or absence of a family dentist (32) has been reported. We therefore speculate that oral disease may increase inflammation, thereby leading to dementia and an impaired cognitive function.

In the present study, the instrumental ADL was significantly higher in the bite-stable group than in the bite-unstable group. Although the precise mechanism underlying the association of instrumental ADL with bite stability is unknown, instrumental ADL is a well-known indicator of the ability to live independently in the community. An inability to perform daily activities independently may affect an individual's ability to maintain good oral hygiene and may restrict their access to necessary dental care. Several cross-sectional studies have shown that elderly persons with a functional disability have more untreated caries, a higher prevalence of edentulism, and use dental services less regularly than their counterparts without disabilities (38).

Many studies have reported an association of the number of lost teeth, the residual number of teeth, and periodontal disease with diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dementia. A few studies have analyzed the occlusal state; however, in most studies, the oral status was evaluated by subjective evaluations or questionnaires. In our study, the oral status was evaluated by a dentist.

Several limitations associated with the present study warrant mention. First, the study had a cross-sectional design and did not include a large subject population. Therefore, the causal effect of bite instability on diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dementia could not be determined. We will conduct a longitudinal study to determine the causal effect of bite instability on comorbidities or frailty in a larger number of elderly subjects. Second, we did not evaluate the physical frailty in the present study and were unable to analyze the association between oral frailty and physical frailty.

Regarding the direction of future studies, we should determine the clinical significance of bite stability in cooperation with dentists and hope to examine the preventive effects of chewing rehabilitation using chewing gum and massage of the masseter muscles on the development of diabetes mellitus and the impairment of the cognitive function.

In conclusion, a dentist evaluated the oral function of elderly subjects living in nursing homes, and we found that bite instability was independently correlated with a decreased prevalence of hypertension, an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and low levels of instrumental ADL in elderly individuals. A large, prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.

The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).