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. 2018 Jul 6;7:15. doi: 10.1186/s40164-018-0108-7

Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis is an under-recognized side effect of full dose low-molecular weight heparin: a case report and review of the literature

Armand Russo 1, Susanna Curtis 1, Raisa Balbuena-Merle 2, Roxanne Wadia 1,3, Ellice Wong 1,3, Herta H Chao 1,3,
PMCID: PMC6035443  PMID: 29989046

Abstract

Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis (BHD) is a systemic side-effect of low molecular weight heparin, characterized by multiple intra-epidermal hemorrhages distant from the site of injection. There have been several small case series and literature reviews on BHD, but none have captured a complete set of reported patients. We sought to describe a case of BHD with late diagnosis and completely summarize the existing English and Spanish literature with searches of Pubmed, Scopus, Ovid Embase and Ovid Medline. After narrowing to 33 relevant reports, we describe 90 reported cases worldwide from 2004 to 2017, in addition to a new case from our institution as a means of comparison. We found that BHD was common in elderly men (mean age 72 ± 12; male:female, 1.9:1) and typically occurred within 7 days of administration of anticoagulation (median 7 days ± 6.4) usually with enoxaparin use (66% of cases). Lesions occurred primarily on the extremities only (67.9% of cases). Coagulation testing was most often normal before administration, and the majority of patients had coagulation testing in therapeutic range during treatment. Most practitioners stopped anticoagulation if continued therapeutic intervention was no longer required (57% of cases), or changed therapy to another anticoagulation if continued treatment was required (14.3% of cases). Therapy was continued outright in 23% of patients. The lesions usually resolved within 2 weeks (mean days, 13.0 ± 7.4). There was no difference in time to resolution between patients who continued the culprit anticoagulant or changed to a different anticoagulant, and those who discontinued anticoagulation altogether (13.9 days vs. 12.1, p = 0.49). Four deaths have been reported in this clinical context, two specified as intracranial hemorrhage. These deaths were unrelated to the occurrence of BHD. Continuation of low-molecular weight heparins appeared to be safe in patients with BHD.

Keywords: Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis, Enoxaparin, Low molecular weight heparin

Background

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are extensively used as anticoagulation for primary and secondary prophylaxis against thrombosis, particularly in patients with malignancy. There are several known dermatological side-effects of LMWH, including injection site hematoma and skin necrosis, eczematous dermatitis, and the lesser known bullous hemorrhage dermatosis (BHD). The latter was first described in 2004 by Dyson et al. [1]. It typically presents as intra-epidermal lesions found mainly on the extremities and torso, with a black appearance. The lesions occur at sites distant from injection, suggesting a systemic mechanism. There have been several small case series on BHD, but none have captured a complete review of reported cases. The frequent use of LMWH warrants systematic review of this side-effect so clinicians recognize its characteristics and know how to intervene. We sought to describe a case of BHD at our institution and provide a complete summary of the existing English and Spanish literature.

Methods

We performed a literature search of Pubmed, Scopus, Ovid Embase and Ovid Medline. The keywords for the search were “bullous” “hemorrhagic” and “dermatitis”. Of the initial 213 search results, 51 were found to be duplicates. The remaining 162 were reviewed by title and abstract. Of these, 33 were deemed relevant to BHD, and the entire article was reviewed. The majority of the excluded search results either did not include anticoagulant use or were relevant to dermatologic diseases other than BHD.

Results

Case presentation

Our patient is a 62-year-old male with multiple comorbidities including morbid obesity, coronary artery disease, lipodermatosclerosis of the lower extremities, chronic peripheral venous insufficiency, and prostate cancer (Gleason 4+5) on long-term androgen deprivation therapy. He was previously treated with docetaxel for pelvic lymph node metastases. The patient also had a small renal tumor for which he was followed with imaging. He had a distant history of varicose vein ligation. While undergoing surveillance imaging to evaluate for spread of his prostate cancer, an incidental pulmonary embolism was discovered. He was started on enoxaparin 120 mg by subcutaneous injection twice daily. Within several days the patient noticed several small black blisters on his hands that resolved spontaneously. These were not reported by the patient or observed by any practitioner during routine clinic visits. The timeline of development of hemorrhagic skin lesions of this patient is outlined in Fig. 1. Four months after starting anticoagulation with enoxaparin, he presented with several large hemorrhagic bullae on his calves (Figs. 2 and 3). His coagulation values and his platelet count were within normal range. The diagnosis of bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis (BHD) was made by visual inspection. Therefore, no biopsy was performed. Enoxaparin was discontinued and apixaban was started as alternative anticoagulation. The lesions healed in 3 weeks with intensive outpatient wound care and have not recurred to date while on apixaban.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Timeline of clinical events

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Left anterior lower extremity bulla

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Right posterior lower extremity bulla

Review of reported cases in the English and Spanish literature

We describe 90 cases of BHD discovered in our literature search, in addition to our local case (Table 1) [133]. Cases were reported from the US, Spain, France, Turkey, Austria, and Australia. Spain appeared to have the most representation in the literature. Serious comorbidities were common, such as carcinomas of lung, prostate, and ovary, lymphoma, and cardiomyopathy. The cases demonstrate a variety of indications and dosages for anticoagulation (not shown in table). Indications for weight-based, full dose anticoagulation included atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, aortic stenosis, left ventricular thrombus, and acute coronary syndromes. Patients also received primary prophylactic dosing for hospitalized patients. Before their incident BHD, most patients had not been exposed to anticoagulation. A minority of patients received warfarin before diagnosis; none received direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). Most patients had normal PT and PTT values before initiation of anticoagulation, and were in therapeutic range while on treatment (not shown). A minority of patients were on aspirin at the time of diagnosis. Most patients had a punch skin biopsy, and all were negative for signs of vasculitis. Intraepidermal hemorrhage was the common pathological finding. The eruption was mainly located on the extremities, and less frequently on the torso.

Table 1.

Summary of cases (n = 91), part I, part II, part III

References Age Gender Agent Days to lesion Location Intervention Days to resolution
Part I
 [1] 62 F Enoxaparin Unknown Buttock AC changed to warfarin 14
 [1] 32 M Enoxaparin 14 Lower extremities AC discontinued 7
 [2] 75 M Dalteparin 5 Hands and groin AC changed to coumadin, died of IC 14 days later Death
 [2] 82 F Tinzaparin 6 Extremities AC discontinued 10
 [2] 64 M Heparin Calcium 21 Forearms and ankles AC continued Yes, unknown
 [3] 72 F Enoxaparin 2 Abdomen and upper extremities AC changed to oral after planned intervention 14
 [3] 57 M Enoxaparin 3 Abdomen and upper and lower extremities Unknown Unknown
 [4] 88 M Enoxaparin then warfarin 14 Left arm and ankle AC discontinued 14
 [5] 51 Unknown Enoxaparin then tinzaparin 2 Upper and lower extremities, abdomen AC discontinued Unknown
 [6] 86 M Enoxaparin 1 Trunk, extremities AC continued 30
 [6] 87 M Enoxaparin 5 Limbs and hands AC continued 21
 [6] 73 F Bemiparin then Enoxaparin 1 Lower extremities Changed to rivaroxaban, died 10 days later Death
 [6] 72 M Bemiparin 30 Trunk, legs AC continued 21
 [6] 82 M Enoxaparin 3 Arms AC continued 21
 [7] 68 M Enoxaparin 8 Hand, neck, and face Unknown 14
 [7] 78 M Enoxaparin 10 Knees and forearm AC continued 14
 [8] 85 M Enoxaparin 3 Torso and legs AC discontinued Unknown
 [9] 73 M Enoxaparin 14 Upper extremities AC continued 14
 [10] 77 M Enoxaparin 3 Trunk, right hand AC discontinued 2
 [10] 94 M Tinzaparin 15 Trunk, limbs AC discontinued 10
 [11] 59 F Enoxaparin 30 Dorsal hand AC continued 4
 [12] 68 M Enoxaparin 1 Feet, leg, neck, hands dorsum AC discontinued Unknown
 [12] 77 M Enoxaparin 8 Dorsum of feet, dorsum of hands AC discontinued Unknown
 [13] 88 F Enoxaparin 5 Legs AC changed to warfarin Unknown
 [14] 87 F Enoxaparin 10 Knees, forearms, elbows Unknown 14
 [15] 71 M Enoxaparin 2 Abdomen AC discontinued 7
 [16] 90 M Enoxaparin 8 Left arm and ankle AC continued 14
 [17] 73 M Enoxaparin 6 Left palm AC continued 14
Part II
 [18] 63 M Enoxaparin 12 Lower extremities AC continued 3
 [18] 74 M Enoxaparin 13 Lower extremities AC continued 3
 [19] 83 M Warfarin + UFH 5 Arms, flank, thighs Heparin discontinued Yes, unknown
 [20] 77 M Enoxaparin 5 Unknown Changed to dabigatran 14
 [21] 82 F Warfarin 10 Extremities Changed to enoxaparin Worsening lesions, resolved after all AC stopped
 [22] 90 M Enoxaparin 8 Ankle and wrist AC continued 14
 [22] 65 M Enoxaparin 9 Lower and upper extremities Changed to tinzaparin as lesions persisted for 6 weeks on enoxaparin 14
 [22] 64 M Enoxaparin 7 Lower and upper extremities AC continued 21
 [22] 89 M Enoxaparin 10 Lower and upper extremities scalp and back AC discontinued 21
 [22] 74 M Enoxaparin 20 Hand and leg AC discontinued 14
 [23] 71 M Enoxaparin 14 Forearms, hands, knees AC continued Persisting lesions for 6 months, resolved after AC stopped
 [24] 64 M Enoxaparin 5 Arms and hands Dose reduced 14
 [25] 74 M Enoxaparin 5 Upper and lower extremities, abdomen AC discontinued 7
 [26] 52 M Enoxaparin 7 Lower and upper extremities AC continued 3
 [27] 77 F Enoxaparin 15 Limbs AC continued 14
 [28] 77 F Enoxaparin 5 Hands and shins AC continued, fatal ICH 4 weeks later 12
 [29] 72 M Enoxaparin 7 Arm and legs AC changed to UFH 7
 [30] 59 F Enoxaparin 270 Legs AC changed to fondaparinux then rivaroxaban Unknown
 [30] 51 F Fondaparinux Unknown Legs AC changed to rivaroxaban 3
 [31] 75 F Enoxaparin 3 Arms, hands, feet AC held, lesions resolved, AC restarted and lesions re-appeared, improved with steroids, patient had past history of bullous pemphigoid 28
Part III
 [32] 60 M UFH 5 Limbs and trunk AC continued Unknown
 [32] 68 F UFH then enoxaparin 7 Abdomen, hands, feet AC changed to rivaroxaban 21
 [32] 64 M Enoxaparin, warfarin 9 Lower and upper extremities AC discontinued 30
 [32] 38 F UFH 7 Chest and ankle AC discontinued 7
 [32] 72 F Enoxaparin 2 Forearm AC discontinued 2
 Ref. [33];
Case series of 37 cases, 1985–2015
77.4 M 20
F 17
LMWH
Fondaparinux
Sodic heparin
Calcic heparin
8.8 Limbs and trunk AC discontinued in 34 cases
AC continued in 1 case
Unknown in 2 cases
Unknown
 Case currently reported 62 M Enoxaparin 7 Calf and hands AC continued with worsening lesions, after 4 months changed to apixaban 21 after change to apixaban

AC anticoagulation, F female, ICH intracranial hemorrhage, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, M male, UFH unfractionated heparin

Summary statistics were extracted based on our review of the literature (Table 2). The average case age was 72 ± 12, and there was a 1.9:1 male to female ratio. Enoxaparin was the most frequent culprit anticoagulant (66%), followed by fondaparinux (12%). On average, lesions appeared after 7 days of treatment (7.0 ± 6.4), and resolved after 2 weeks of discontinuation of anticoagulation (13.0 ± 7.4). Most cases of bullous lesions (67.9%) were reported on the extremities only, followed by torso and extremities (26.4% of cases). Lesions on the head and neck were rare (5.5%). Management consisted of discontinuation of culprit anticoagulant (57% of cases), continuation (23.1%), or treatment change or dose reduction (14.3%). There was no difference in time to resolution between patients who continued the culprit anticoagulant or changed to a different anticoagulant, and those who discontinued anticoagulation altogether (13.9 days vs. 12.1, p = 0.49).

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics from 91 cases of BHD

Descriptor Statistic
Age in years, average ± SD 72 ± 12
Sex  % (n)
 Male 64% (58)
 Female 36% (33)
Anticoagulation drug,  % (n)
 Enoxaparin only 66% (61)
 Fondaparinux 12% (11)
 UFH only 9% (8)
 Bridging heparin + enoxaparin 6.5% (6)
 Other LMWH or ULMWH 5.4% (5)
 Coumadin only 1% (1)
Time to lesion onset, days, mean ± SD 7.0 ± 6.4
Location  % (n)
 Extremities only 67.9% (36)
 Extremities +torso 26.4% (14)
 Face, neck, head included 5.7% (3)
Management  % (n)
 Discontinued 57% (52)
 Continued 23.1% (21)
 Treatment changed or dose reduced 14.3% (13)
 Unknown 5.5% (5)
Time to resolution, days, mean ± SD 13.0 ± 7.4
 If continued any AC 13.9 ± 7.8
 Discontinued AC 12.1 ± 7.9

Discussion

The review of BHD presented here is the largest collection of cases compiled from the English and Spanish literature to our knowledge. BHD has been documented in medical reports, but appears under-recognized in the clinical practice. We also presented a case from our own institution.

BHD is a non-immune dermatological eruption related to anticoagulation given for either primary or secondary prophylaxis. Enoxaparin is the most common culprit anticoagulant, followed by fondaparinux. Lesions are distant from the site of injection. Clinical or pathological signs of inflammation are absent. The extremities are the primary sites of eruptions in many cases. BHD caused by DOACs is not specified to date from several examples of large clinical trials for VTE treatment [3436]. No patients in our series received DOACs before diagnosis.

Our case is unusual for the delay of 4 months in the appearance of BHD consisting of very large lesions in the lower extremities. Most lesions will appear within 7 days of the first anticoagulation administration. Their appearance is usually of small, dark bullae, rather than large hemorrhagic bullae. Lesions are not painful. In retrospect, our patient did recall having small blisters on his hands that occurred within days of starting enoxaparin. However, he did not report these small skin lesions as they resolved spontaneously. He sought medical attention after developing large dark bullae on both calves.

From our viewpoint, if characteristics of BHD are present as outlined above and in Table 2, historical and clinical evaluation may be satisfactory to make the diagnosis. A biopsy should be performed if the diagnosis is in doubt. In our patient’s case, prostate cancer treatment with androgen deprivation is an unlikely cause. While injection-site granuloma and serum sickness have been reported with depot leuprolide acetate [3739], to our knowledge, there are no reports of eruptions similar to BHD with leuprolide.

After the appearance of BHD, maintaining anticoagulation with a LMWH may increase a patient’s risk of recurrent bullae [21, 22, 31]. Nevertheless, 21 patients in our review continued on anticoagulation with a LMWH without report of recurrence. It is suspected that higher doses of LMWH may increase time to resolution of BHD [22]. No treatment is needed beyond managing anticoagulation and skin care as in this case. Discontinuing treatment may not be necessary if lesions are small.

BHD is sometimes associated with eczematous reaction at sight of injection that may suggest a type IV hypersensitivity reaction [32]. The propensity for developing lesions on the extremities in older patients also posits local trauma combined with epidermal-dermal fragility as an underlying mechanism [10]. There is no apparent association of BHD with any comorbidity. While there is no evidence indicating a higher risk for BHD with venous insufficiency, one could speculate that the pre-existing chronic leg edema in our patient facilitated the large size of the bullous lesions.

Of the 91 cases presented, there were four cases that had bleeding complications, two with fatal intracranial hemorrhage [2, 28]. Available coagulation tests were normal in these patients at the onset of anticoagulation. In Perrinaud et al. [2], the bleeding event occurred with a supratherapeutic INR. In Yurekli et al. [28], the fatal event occurred after continuing enoxaparin, but the bullous lesions had resolved at the time of death. The documented rate of intracranial hemorrhage in the CLOT trial while using LMWH for a 6-month study period was one out of 338 [40].

Conclusion

Hemorrhagic bullous dermatosis secondary to LMWH usage has been reported in the literature but is under-recognized. In this case report the diagnosis was not made until the patient presented with large hemorrhagic bullae after 4 months of LMWH. Biopsy may not be required if the clinical characteristics of BHD are present. The anticoagulation of choice may be continued if lesions are small and are resolving. Risk evaluation for bleeding may proceed along standard guidelines. This case series also highlights a need for clinical reporting of BHD when using DOACs.

Authors’ contributions

AR composed the manuscript and developed the tables. HC proposed the project. SC defined its scope and created draft summary table. AR, SC, HC, EW, and RW revised the manuscript. RBM translated Spanish articles into English. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We thank our patient and previous investigators who have documented their findings.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Consent for publication

Consent received from patient.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

IRB waiver not required.

Funding

None.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Armand Russo, Email: armand.russo@yale.edu.

Susanna Curtis, Email: susanna.curtis@yale.edu.

Raisa Balbuena-Merle, Email: raisa.balbuena-merle@yale.edu.

Roxanne Wadia, Email: roxanne.wadia@yale.edu.

Ellice Wong, Email: ellice.wong@yale.edu.

Herta H. Chao, Email: herta.chao@yale.edu

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.


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