Resveratrol inhibits the growth of gastric cancer via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Abstract

The inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the growth of gastric cancer cells through downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were studied. First we determined the effective concentration of resveratrol on the growth and proliferation of MGC-803 gastric cancer cells. Methylthiazolyl tetrazolium assay showed that resveratrol significantly inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Resveratrol induced apoptotic morphological changes in MGC-803 cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis showed that resveratrol downregulated the expression of three important components of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1, at the mRNA and protein levels. Overall, resveratrol inhibits the growth of MGC-803 cells by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. This study provides a new idea and direction for the antitumor mechanism of resveratrol.

Introduction

At present, the death rate of gastric cancer is only second to lung cancer and its incidence ranks fourth in the world (1,2). Clinical treatment for early gastric cancer is mainly focused on surgery. However, most patients are diagnosed at advanced stage when the treatment is more complicated. The main treatment method consists of chemotherapy comprehensive treatment. There is no standard chemotherapy strategy for advanced gastric cancer, a stage when chemotherapy cannot significantly improve survival. In addition, patients suffer adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy (3–5). As early stages of gastric cancer have no characteristic features, it is often neglected. Some reports suggest that 50–60% of patients are diagnosed with gastric cancer in middle or advanced stages in China. For confirmed patients, the resection rate is only 40%. Given the high recurrence and metastasis after tumor resection, the prognosis is relatively poor. The 5-year survival rate after surgery is only 20–30%. Therefore, for patients in middle or advanced stages, especially those with local aggressiveness or metastasis, surgery alone is not the ideal treatment (6). Currently, the treatment for gastric cancer has shifted from simple surgery to combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, including target-specific treatments, like herceptin and other medicines (7).

Current clinical therapies often have serious adverse reactions, leading to severe pain and serious impact on the quality of life. Traditional Chinese medicine has many advantages, including high efficiency and low toxicity. These significant advantages have attracted recent interest from Chinese and Western researchers. A report suggested that the traditional Chinese extracts have relevant ability to inhibit cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, reducing the adverse reaction to radiotherapy and chemotherapy (8). Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol with wide pharmacological actions, including anti-mutation, antioxidative, and various biological activities and pharmacological actions. In previous years, the strong antitumor activity of resveratrol has attracted wide attention (9,10).

Here, we report the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the growth of MGC-803 gastric cancer cells and the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These results lay the foundation for clinical treatment of gastric cancer with resveratrol.

Materials and methods

Materials and reagents

Resveratrol, methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay (both from Sigma; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); MGC-803 gastric cancer cell line (Chinese Academy of Sciences Cell Bank, Shanghai, China); rabbit anti-human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1 polyclonal antibodies, and goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (cat. nos. 10494-1-AP, 51067-2-AP, 10828-1-AP, 60186-1-Ig, SA00001-2; Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology, Wuhan, China); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA); RNA extraction kits, reverse transcription kits, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kits (all from Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); primer synthesis (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China); bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein excretion kits, cell lysis buffer (both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Nantong, China). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital (Changchun, China).

Cell culture

MGC-803 gastric cancer cells were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO₂. When cells reached 85% confluence, we trypsinized them, and added DMEM culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum to dilute cell suspension. The cell concentration was adjusted to 2×10⁸ cells/l. After counting, the cells were inoculated to the corresponding culture plates for the use of following experiments.

Inhibition of cell proliferation

A total of 100 µl of cell suspension were inoculated into 96 well plates at 1×10⁵ cells/ml. After 24 h, resveratrol was added at final concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 µM. Each concentration was repeated in 5 wells and independently replicated 6 times. The control group receive no treatment. The cells were cultured at 37°C 5% CO₂ for 24, 48, and 72 h, and then the solution was changed. A total of 10 µl MTT was added into each well at 5 mg/ml. After 4 h, the optic density (OD) value at 570 nm was detected in each well. The proliferation inhibitory rate was calculated according to following formula: Inhibition rate (%) = (OD in control group - OD in experimental group)/OD in control group × 100.

Cytomorphology observation

When the culture of MGC-803 cells was ready, the cells were cultured with 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol. The morphologic changes of each group were observed and filmed in an inverted microscope (Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan).

RT-PCR

MGC-803 cells were inoculated in a 6-well plate, each well containing 10⁴ cells. After 24 h, the supernatant was discarded. The cells were then cultured with 0, 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol for 48 h. After collecting the cells in each group, the total RNA was extracted according to the instructions in the RNA extraction kit. Concentration and purity of total RNA were detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (A260/A280 >1.8 is considered to be qualified). Then cDNA was produced by reverse transcription according to the instructions of the reverse transcription kits. Then the cDNA was used as template to determine the expression of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1 mRNA according to the instructions on the RT-PCR kit. The primer sequences are shown in Table I. The reaction conditions were: 95°C 10 min, 95°C 15 sec, 60°C 1 min, and 40 amplification circles. Cq value was obtained from instrument software. The relative expression was calculated by 2^−ΔΔCq method according to following formula: ΔCq (target gene) = Cq (target gene) - Cq (target gene).

Table I.

RT-PCR primer sequence.

Gene	Primer sequence
β-catenin	F: 5′-GCTTGGAATGAGACTGCTGA-3′
	R: 5′-CTGGCCATATCCACCAGAGT-3′
c-myc	F: 5′-AGCGACTCTGAGGAGGAACA-3′
	R: 5′-TCCAGCAGAAGGTGATCCA-3′
cyclin D1	F: 5′-TGCCACAGATGTGAAGTTCATT-3′
	R: 5′-CAGTCCGGGTCACACTTGAT-3′
GAPDH	F: 5′-CAAGGTCATCCATGACAACTTTG-3′
	R: 5′-GTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG-3′

F, forward; R, reverse; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Western blot analysis

MGC-803 cells were inoculated in 6-well plates, each well containing 10⁴ cells. After 24 h, the supernatant was discarded. The cells were then cultured with 0, 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol for 48 h. After collecting the cells in each group, they were treated with lysis buffer. Then the cells were centrifuged for 15 min at 4°C at low temperature and high speed, and the supernatant was collected. BCA kits were used to detect protein levels. A total of 50 µg proteins were used for sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis electrophoretic separation. The separated protein was electro-transferred into polyvinylidene fluoride film. The membranes were sealed for 1 h at room temperature with blocking buffer. Primary antibody was added for incubation (1:1,000) overnight at 4°C. After fully washing the membrane with TTBS, the secondary antibody (1:2,000) was added for incubation for 1 h at room temperature. The signal was developed with ECL in a dark room and scanned by gel imaging (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). GADPH was used as internal reference for band quantitation.

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and processed by SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the post hoc used was Least Significant Difference test. A P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Resveratrol inhibits the proliferation of MGC-803 cells

We first treated MGC-803 cells with 0, 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol and measured proliferations at 24, 48, and 72 h. Resveratrol significantly inhibited MGC-803 cell proliferation in each group in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.01) (Table II). Given the dose-dependent effects of resveratrol, we used 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol for the remaining experiments with an incubation time of 48 h.

Table II.

Effect of resveratrol on the proliferation of MGC-803 cells.

	Proliferation inhibition rate (%)
Concentration (µM)	24 h	48 h	72 h
0	0	0	0
50	7.9±0.12a	19.32±4.13a	27.92±4.33a
75	13.4±0.31a	33.32±2.31a	39.25±5.12a
100	18.7±1.32a	37.51±3.28a	53.47±6.21a

Compared with the control group

^aP<0.01.

Effect of resveratrol on MGC-803 cell morphology

We next examined the morphology of MGC-803 cells after treatment with resveratrol. After 48 h culture with 0, 50, 75 and 100 µM resveratrol, the cell morphology significantly changed compared with the control group (Fig. 1). Cell shrinkage was observed and the adherence was not firm. The number of proliferating cells was lower with strong dose-dependence.

Figure 1.

In the 48 h treatment with different concentrations of resveratrol, the effect on the MGC-803 cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope.

Resveratrol inhibits the expression of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 mRNA

To try to understand mechanistically the effects of resveratrol, we examined the expression of proliferation markers: β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1. After culturing MGC-803 cells for 48 h with 0, 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol, the levels of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 mRNA were all significantly downregulated compared with the control group (P<0.01) (Fig. 2). In the three cases, we observed a dose-dependent response to resveratrol, suggesting its ability to downregulate the expression of these key cell proliferation targets.

Figure 2.

Resveratrol inhibits the expression of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 mRNA in MGC-803 cells. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1 in each group with different levels of resveratrol were significantly inhibited, **P<0.01.

Resveratrol inhibits the expression of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1 proteins

To confirm the above results on mRNA levels of key proliferation genes, we next examined the proteins levels for the same three targets. Culturing MGC-803 cells for 48 h with 0, 50, 75, and 100 µM resveratrol, the levels of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins were significantly inhibited compared with the control group (P<0.01) (Fig. 3). These results also demonstrated dose-dependency.

Figure 3.

Resveratrol inhibits the expression level of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins in MGC-803 cells by western blot analysis. (A) β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins. (B) Gray scale analysis of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins, **P<0.01.

Discussion

The incidence of gastric cancer in Asia and South Africa has been historically higher than that in the USA and West Europe. Though the incidence of gastric cancer has shown downward tendency globally since the 1950s, the current incidence keeps increasing (11). Chemotherapy is the main treatment methods, but has serious adverse actions and its cost often results in low treatment adherence. Therefore, it is essential to explore treatments featuring high effectiveness, low toxicity, and reasonable price. In previous years, China has dedicated increasing attention on the production and development of traditional Chinese medicine. In the field of tumor inhibition, molecular biology methods have been applied to improve the research level of traditional Chinese medicine and provided wider prospect for its application in clinical practice.

β-catenin is a membrane protein that promotes cell adhesion. When it translocates to the nucleus or is degraded, the adherent activity will disappear (12). Research suggest that β-catenin has both cell adhesion and signal transduction functions. The abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway is one of the critical mechanisms of human tumorigenesis. β-catenin overexpression is the main manifestation of the activation of this signal pathway (13). The proto-oncogenes cyclin D1 and c-myc play important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and are correlated with the incidence of many tumors. Interestingly, cyclin D1 and c-myc are important target genes in Wnt signal pathway (14). Immunohistochemical research has confirmed that the abnormal expression of cyclin D1, c-myc, β-catenin correlates with the activation of Wnt signal pathway in many tumors. When the Wnt signal pathway is activated, β-catenin enters into the nucleus, further activating the expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc genes promoting cell proliferation (15). Abnormal nuclear accumulation and activation of β-catenin becomes a tumorigenic gene. Research has proved that β-catenin correlates with the incidence of pathologies of the digestive system, hematological malignant tumors, and the reproductive system (16).

In this report, we show that resveratrol inhibits the proliferation of MGC-803 cells, induces apoptotic changes in cell morphology, and inhibits the expression of the proliferation factors β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Utsuki et al (17) found that the expression levels of cyclin D1 and β-catenin gradually increased along with the progression of tumors. In addition, other research has found that the positive expression rate of β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 in nephroblastoma cells is significantly increased compared with normal renal tissues (18), indicating that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the formation of ephroblastoma. Hu et al and Liu et al (19,20) proposes that resveratrol reduces the β-catenin abnormally accumulated in HCT116 cells and inhibits the expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc, and therefore inhibits the tumor growth in colon cancer cells. This result has provided theoretical basis for the therapeutic effect of resveratrol for gastric cancer.

In conclusion, we proved that resveratrol can inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer MGC-803 cell line, and its action mechanism may be achieved by inhibiting Wnt signal pathway.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

HD wrote the manuscript. HBD and HD were responsible for cell culture. YHW performed PCR. JJG contributed to western blot analysis. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital (Changchun, China).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.