Abstract
Objective:
We evaluated microwave-assisted liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Patients and Methods:
We enrolled 79 patients in this study, and microwave ablation was used for liver resection. Patients were randomized to group A (50.6%; n = 40), liver resection without microwave ablation, or group B (49.4%; n = 39), liver resection performed using microwave ablation. Data were analyzed for statistical significance.
Results:
Of the participants enrolled, 60 were male, and the participant’s average age was 59.32 ± 10.34 years. The mean overall tumor diameter was 4.39 (2.00) cm, and this did not differ between groups. Intraoperative blood loss in group B was significantly less than that in group A (P < .001). No differences were reported between the 2 groups regarding surgical time (P = .914), postoperative morbidity (P = .718), and late postoperative complications (P = .409). Postoperative drainage volume for group B was less than that of group A on the first (P = .005) and third (P = .019) day after surgery. The time of postoperative hospitalization in group B was significantly shorter than that in group A (P < .001). Local recurrence was noted in 18.99% of cases (n = 15) in group B, which is less than that of group A (P = 0.047), while in group B distant metastasis is less but not statistically significant (P = 0.061). The 1-year and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 57% and 93.7%, respectively.
Conclusions:
The curative effects of liver resection combined with microwave ablation during operation are superior to only liver resection in the treatment of primary liver cancer.
Keywords: thermal ablation, bloodless hepatectomy, primary liver cancer, liver resection, prognosis
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor, the fifth most common cancer worldwide for men and the ninth most frequent cancer for women.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis, causing 500 000 deaths annually.2–4 Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in Asia and Africa, but its incidence has increased over the last several decades in Western countries.5
Although liver resection and transplantation are the most effective means for treating HCC, these procedures are suitable only for <20% of patients due to a high risk of intraoperative blood loss and perioperative transfusions, which directly influence postoperative morbidity and mortality.6–9 To improve the safety of surgery, more secure techniques have been developed.10–15 Local tumor thermal ablation allows fast heating, partial inactivation tissue, less trauma, and fewer complications.16,17 Moreover, thermal-assisted liver resection is also virtually bloodless.18
Microwave ablation (MWA), a new thermal ablation approach which was introduced in the 1990s, has emerged as a promising, minimally invasive treatment option. Microwave (MW) can deliver relatively high temperature into the tumor over a short time and cover a large ablation zone, which can improve ablation efficiency with less cardiovascular events.19 Recently, it has been thought that MWA may be a valuable alternative method for treating hepatic disease.20 One randomized study showed that MWA was equally effective as surgery for treating hepatic metastases.21
Microwave ablation is gaining acceptance for local therapy due to its demonstrable clinical benefits. Thus, we evaluated the effect of an approach to combining MWA and liver resection for HCC. The primary measurable outcomes were intraoperative blood loss and postoperative recovery index. We also analyzed the length of hospital stay, postoperative morbidity, and survival time.
Patients and Methods
Patient Enrollment
We enrolled 79 patients who underwent liver resection for HCC at the Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2014, to March 30, 2014. Patients were randomized to group A, liver resection without MWA (n = 40), or group B, MWA-assisted liver resection (n = 39). The flowchart of patient enrollment of this study is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flowchart of patient enrollment.
Patient inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) surgical specimens with confirmed HCC; (2) total number of tumor lesions ≤3; (3) largest single tumor diameter ≤10 cm; (4) for patients with multiple tumors (2 or 3), no more than one lesion >5 cm; (5) Child-Pugh score A or B; (6) no distant metastasis; and (7) no MWA treatment contraindications.
Patient exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) incomplete clinic pathological data; (2) patients who received anticancer treatment before surgery, such as hepatic resection, sorafenib, radiofrequency ablation, or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; (3) patients with portal vein, hepatic vein or inferior vena cava invasion, extrahepatic metastases, or malignancies of other tissue of origin; (4) patients with signs of decompensated cirrhosis such as clinical hepatic encephalopathy and refractory ascites; and (5) lost to follow-up.
Ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (approval number: 2013-SR-092) approved the study. Informed consents from patients to allow the review and analyses of their medical records were obtained.
Surgical Procedure
All surgical procedures were performed by skilled surgical teams. For group A, local hepatectomy or regular hepatectomy of left or right lobe was performed according to tumor size and location. Group B was treated with MWA before resection. Microwave ablation was performed at the scheduled resection plane, and the surgical electrode needle was punctured into the side of the tumor at the plane and then gradually pushed forward, overlapping many times, to cover the entire resection plane. Then, conventional hepatectomy was performed. A 100 ECO MWA device (Nanjing YiGao Engineering Co Ltd, Jiangsu, China) was used at a frequency of 2450 MHz and a maximum output power of 100 W. There was a 16-G insulation antisticking puncture guide needle for tumor puncture into the MW electrode and insulation of the implanted MW antenna (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
A, Perioperative contrast-enhancement CT showing a tumor of approximately 2 × 2 cm (a 65-year-old female patient with HCC). B, Follow-up CT 6 months after liver resection without MWA. C, Perioperative contrast-enhancement CT showing a tumor of approximately 3.6 × 3 cm (a 50-year-old male patient with HCC). D, Follow-up CT 6 months after MWA-assisted liver resection. CT indicates computed tomography; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MWA, microwave ablation.
Data Analysis
Demographic, clinical, imaging, biological, and surgical data were analyzed. Lab tests (eg, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], albumin, total bilirubin [TB], prothrombin time [PT], and alpha fetoprotein [AFP]) were performed preoperatively and 7 days after surgery. Patients were assessed using the Child-Pugh classification and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores. Tumor volume was estimated by computed tomography volumetric computing. Surgical time and blood loss were recorded and analyzed. Blood transfusion was performed when hemoglobin decreased to below 8 g/dL or blood loss during surgery was above 400 mL. Resected specimens were analyzed histopathologically to confirm their status. Postoperative median follow-up was 18 months (range: 7-40 months). Tumor recurrence, metastasis, and mortality were also recorded. Deaths occurring within postoperative 30 days were referred to as postoperative mortality.
Statistical Analysis
All data were encoded and analyzed using SPSS 19.0 statistical software. Data from both groups are presented as numbers and percentages. Descriptive and bivariate statistics (Student t test, Pearson χ2, and Cox regression analyses) were used. Data are means (standard deviation). Survival time was computed using the Kaplan-Meier function. For analyses, P < .05 indicated statistical significance.
Results
Clinical demographics of all patients are summarized in Table 1. Preoperative and postoperative biological data including AFP level and liver function tests (serum albumin, ALT, AST, TB, and PT) are summarized in Table 2. There was no significant difference between these 2 groups. Operative risks and postoperative complications are summarized and assessed in Table 3. Cases of blood loss above 200 mL were significantly less in group B than that in group A (P < .001). There was no significant difference in surgical time and blood transfusion between these 2 groups.
Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Data.
| Characteristics | Group A (n = 40) | Group B (n = 39) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (>55 years) | 28 (70.0%) | 21 (53.8%) | .138 |
| BMI (>24) | 15 (37.5%) | 12 (30.8%) | .528 |
| Sex (male/female) | 29 (72.5%)/11 (27.5%) | 31 (79.5%)/8 (20.5%) | .467 |
| Smoke | 9 (22.5%) | 10 (25.6%) | .744 |
| Alcohol | 6 (15.0%) | 6 (15.4%) | .962 |
| Diabetes | 4 (10.0%) | 5 (12.8%) | .693 |
| Hypertension | 9 (22.5%) | 8 (20.5%) | .830 |
| HBV | 24 (60.0%) | 24 (61.5%) | .889 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 26 (65.0%) | 24 (61.5%) | .750 |
| Child-Pugh class | |||
| Child A | 22 (90.9%) | 22 (91.7%) | .900 |
| Child B | 4 (10.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | .409 |
| Symptomatic HCC | 36 (90.0%) | 33 (84.6%) | .471 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Table 2.
Preoperative and 7 Days Postoperative Biological Data.
| Characteristics | Group A (n = 40) | Group B (n = 39) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| AFP (>400 μg/L) | 34 (85.0%) | 30 (76.9%) | .359 |
| Albumin (>35 mg/dL) preoperative | 20 (50.0%) | 20 (51.3%) | .909 |
| Albumin (>35 mg/dL) postoperative | 25 (62.5%) | 25 (64.1%) | .883 |
| ALT (>40 U/L) preoperative | 40 (100%) | 39 (100%) | 1.000 |
| ALT (>40 U/L) postoperative | 28 (70.0%) | 26 (66.7%) | .750 |
| AST (>40 U/L) preoperative | 40 (100%) | 39 (100%) | 1.000 |
| AST (>40 U/L) postoperative | 10 (25.0%) | 9 (23.1%) | .841 |
| TBIL (>25 μmol/L) preoperative | 11 (27.5%) | 7 (17.9%) | .310 |
| TBIL (>25 μmol/L) postoperative | 5 (12.5%) | 6 (15.4%) | .711 |
| PT (>14 seconds) preoperative | 2 (5.0%) | 1 (2.6%) | .567 |
| PT (>14 seconds) postoperative | 11 (27.5%) | 8 (20.5%) | .467 |
Abbreviations: AFP, alpha fetoprotein; AST, aspartate amino transferase; ALT, alanine amino transferase; PT, prothrombin time; TBIL, total bilirubin.
Table 3.
Operative and Postoperative Data.
| Characteristics | Group A (n = 40) | Group B (n = 39) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operation time (>180 minutes) | 19 (47.5%) | 19 (48.7%) | .914 |
| Tumor diameter | |||
| <3 cm | 3 (7.5%) | 10 (25.6%) | 0.026 |
| 3-5 cm | 20 (50.0%) | 18 (46.2%) | .732 |
| >5 cm | 17 (42.5%) | 11 (28.2%) | .183 |
| Multiple tumors | 4 (10.0%) | 5 (12.8%) | .693 |
| Blood loss (>200 mL) | 28 (70.0%) | 10 (25.6%) | .000 |
| Blood transfusion | 11 (27.5%) | 10 (25.6%) | .852 |
| Drainage day 1 (>100 mL) | 19 (47.5%) | 7 (17.9%) | .005 |
| Drainage day 3 (>100 mL) | 18 (45.0%) | 8 (20.5%) | .019 |
| Drainage day 7 (>100 mL) | 9 (22.5%) | 5 (12.8%) | .257 |
| Pyrexia | 12 (30.0%) | 8 (20.5%) | .331 |
| Complications | 4 (10.0%) | 3 (7.7%) | .718 |
| Postoperative hospital stay | |||
| >10 days | 33 (82.5%) | 13 (33.3%) | .000 |
| Cost (>$7000) | 24 (60.0%) | 28 (71.8%) | .268 |
| Late postoperative morbidity | 4 (10.0%) | 2 (5.1%) | .409 |
| Recurrence | 11 (27.5%) | 4 (10.2%) | .047 |
| Metastasis | 9 (22.5%) | 3 (7.7%) | .061 |
All patients in both groups were discharged, and there were no deaths or serious complications during the perioperative period. However, the hospital stay of above 10 days in group A was significantly longer than that in group B (P < .001). Postoperative drainage volume in group B was less than that in group A on the first (P = .005) and third (P = .019) day after surgery. Both groups had similar postoperative morbidity and late postoperative morbidity (eg, chronic liver failure, ascites, and postoperative incision hernias). Local recurrence of HCC was significantly lower in group B (P = .047); however, distant metastases in lungs and bones were found in 9 and 3 patients, respectively, in groups A and B, which was not significant (P = .061).
The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 93.7% and 57.0%, respectively. The 3-year survival rate of group A (47.5%) was lower than that of group B (66.7%; Figure 3B), and differences are statistically significant (P = .044). There was a difference in follow-up time between the 2 groups.
Figure 3.
A, Overall survival time. B, Survival time in the 2 groups (Kaplan-Meier).
Discussion
Surgery is the primary treatment for patients with HCC, and traditional liver resection which brings much trauma affects prognosis and recovery of patients. Partial hepatectomy is the main treatment for patients with HCC, but for those with a high risk of recurrence, auxiliary MWA may be used to reduce recurrence.22–24
One randomized study showed that MWA was equally effective as surgery for treating hepatic metastases,21 and research suggests that thermal ablation therapy is useful25; however, the long-term surgical effects of this approach have not been well studied.26 We report that average blood loss was significantly less in MWA-assisted group, and postoperative drainage of the study group was less than that of controls too. Postoperative hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the MWA-assisted group, and after 3 years of follow-up, the survival rate of MWA-assisted group was significantly greater than that of the liver resection group, which suggests that MWA-assisted partial liver resection for HCC is beneficial. Conventional partial hepatectomy requires repeated hepatic portal occlusion, which can control bleeding, but is limited and may lead to hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury; this can be injurious to patients with liver cirrhosis14,27 and cause liver dysfunction or failure.
Group B was treated with MWA with conventional surgical resection and friction, and heat produced by MWA caused cellular death via coagulation necrosis.12,28 This created local tissue protein coagulation and necrosis and was effective for reducing tumor cells along cancer margins as well as inducing hemostasis, which contributed to bloodless hepatectomy. Better recovery after MWA was also noted due to complete hemostasis, and postoperative drainage was significantly reduced, which reduced the length of hospital stay.
Microwave ablation is a well-known technique in the treatment of hepatic malignant tumors to show low incidence of postoperative complications.29 According to a large-scale multicenter study over 13 years, complications occurred in 2.9% of patients,30 including bile duct injury, bleeding artery embolization, hepatic abscess and empyema, colonic perforation, skin burns, and tumor transplantation. Fever was one of the common side effects, and more than 83.4% of patients had fever for 24 to 48 hours after surgery.31
Thermal ablation therapy assisted liver resection by which coagulated liver parenchyma “seals” the tumor.32–34 Overall survival for liver resection with and without MWA is 40% for both groups after 3 years35–36 in the literature, and our data are similar. In particular, survival for both groups after 1 year was 90.0% and 97.4%, respectively, and survival for group B after 3 years was higher than that of group A. This may be due to more patients with small HCC in group B. This study is limited by the small number of cases, its observational nature, and the shorter follow-up time.
Conclusions
Microwave ablation–assisted liver resection is a feasible and safe procedure for the treatment of HCC and allows liver resection with lower metastasis and recurrence rate. Blood loss was less when compared to conventional procedures, and the patients recovered faster with shorter hospital stays.
Abbreviations
- AFP
alpha fetoprotein
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- HCC
hepatocellular carcinoma
- MW
microwave
- MWA
microwave ablation
- PT
prothrombin time
- TB
total bilirubin
Footnotes
Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
ORCID iD: Haiyuan Shen 
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3520-8402
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