Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics
| R-LD | P-LD | R-Halo | P-Halo | R-Pl | P-Pl | λ2(5) or F(5,90) | p value | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | 21.9 ± 0.7 | 23.4 ± 0.9 | 23.5 ± 1.4 | 21.8 ± 1.1 | 22.3 ± 0.7 | 21.5 ± 0.5 | 0.835 | 0.528 | 0.046 |
| Education | 13 (81.3) | 11 (68.7) | 15 (93.8) | 13 (81.3) | 15 (93.7) | 12 (75) | 16.25 | 0.246 | 0.024 |
| MMSE | 29.7 ± 0.1 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 29.7 ± 0.1 | 29.5 ± 0.2 | 29.7 ± 0.1 | 0.60 | 0.699 | 0.032 |
| FAB | 17.6 ± 0.2 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 17.1 ± 0.4 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 17.6 ± 0.1 | 17.7 ± 0.1 | 0.89 | 0.495 | 0.047 |
| Stroop E | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1 ± 0.3 | 1.87 | 0.109 | 0.099 |
| Stroop T | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5 ± 2.1 | 0.27 | 0.928 | 0.016 |
| AES-S | 28.4 ± 1.3 | 26 ± 1.5 | 27.9 ± 1.5 | 31 ± 1.6 | 28.7 ± 1.5 | 30 ± 1.6 | 1.43 | 0.221 | 0.074 |
| BDI | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 6 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 1.01 | 0.422 | 0.053 |
| SP | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 0.56 | 0.732 | 0.030 |
| SR | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 1.44 | 0.218 | 0.074 |
| Money | 18.3 ± 0.4 | 18.1 ± 0.6 | 17.7 ± 0.6 | 18 ± 0.2 | 18 ± 0.4 | 18.9 ± 0.3 | 0.71 | 0.619 | 0.038 |
| Success rate | 435 (12.6) | 454 (13.1) | 419 (12.1) | 407 (11.8) | 454 (13.1) | 463 (13.4) | 6.44 | 0.266 | 0.129 |
Categorical values are indicated as number and percentages (%), numeric values as mean ± SEM. Comparison between proportions is made with χ2 test, comparison between means with one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis (MMSE, FAB, Stroop, BDI) test. Effect size is provided as phi for χ2 test, partial η for ANOVA, and ε2 for Kruskal–Wallis. R-LD, n = 16; P-LD, n = 16; R-Halo, n = 16; P-Halo, n = 16; R-Pl, n = 16; P-Pl, n = 16; Education, participants with ≥15 years of education; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); MMSE, mini-mental state examination; FAB, frontal assessment battery; AES-S, apathy evaluation scale, self-administered version; BDI, Beck depression inventory; SP, sensitivity to punishment; SR, sensitivity to reward; Money, GBP (£) received at the end of the session; Success rate, number of trials in which the maximum amount of points was received (i.e., four points in the reward groups and zero points in the punishment groups).