Skip to main content
Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology logoLink to Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology
. 2018 Jul-Sep;10(3):196–199.

Polymorphisms in the Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic (CHRM2 and CHRM3) Genes and Alzheimer’s Disease

Lim Ya Chee 1,*, Alaistair Cumming 1
PMCID: PMC6064004  PMID: 30090216

Abstract

Background:

Disruption of the cholinergic neurotransmitter pathway which is important for cognition, memory and learning abilities has been reported in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients. The receptors involved include the Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic (CHRM). CHRM2 gene has been associated with intelligence, personality traits, substance dependence and depression. CHRM3 has been found to heterodimerize with CHRM2.

Methods:

DNA samples from 240 AD patients with SNPs rs6962027 of CHRM2 gene and rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene were amplified using PCR and genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Chi-squared test was done to check if the genes are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Results and Conclusion:

Although the results did not show significant associations, these data denote plausible interaction between TT in SNP rs6962027 in CHRM2 gene and TT in SNP rs7511970 in CHRM3 gene affecting AD risk. SNP rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene may also exert an influence on late-onset AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer disease, Genes, Genetic polymorphism

Introduction

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an intricate neurodegenerative disorder of the Central Nervous System (CNS) 1. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs) are G-protein coupled receptors located in neurons of the nervous system, cardiac and smooth muscles 2,3. CHRM2 gene is involved in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, release of acetylcholine and cognitive function 4,5. rs6962027 of CHRM2 gene was reported to be involved in varying personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness, which may modulate molecular function of the gene or protein, and therefore AD development. CHRM3 is well-distributed throughout the nervous system and heterodimerizes with CHRM2 to form heterodimers 6. The C-terminal tail of CH-RM3 has anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the polymerphic variation in CHRM2 gene (rs6962027) and CHRM3 gene (rs7511970) in relation to early- and late-onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

Materials and Methods

Subjects

Samples from 240 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients were collected, analyzed and divided into two categories, namely, the early-onset AD group (samples from AD patients below 65 years old) and late-onset AD group. These samples included randomly selected samples from Edinburgh, UK [named ADE samples (n=106)] and from Aberdeen [named HFR samples (n= 5)]. The other category was the late-onset AD group, randomly selected from Edinburgh [named AD samples (n=71)] and from Aberdeen [named HFR samples (n=25)]. The controls were made up of 128 healthy individuals randomly selected in Glasgow [P population (n=182)]. Aberdeen Birth Cohort (ABC) Study samples provided 196 cases.

Genotyping

Genomic DNA samples were obtained by standard procedures from peripheral blood 7. The samples were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, namely, rs6962027 and rs7511970 for genotyping.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

RFLP was done to investigate the allelic variant that each sample contained. Each sample was amplified via Polymerase Chain Reaction. Restriction enzymes of Bcc1 and BstN1 (New England Biolabs, Inc., USA) were used to detect allelic variant of the SNP rs6962027 in CHRM2 gene and SNP rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene, respectively.

Data analysis

Gene-disease association analysis: Comparisons of the allelic and the genotypic frequencies between different sample populations were done to determine if there was an association between controls (P populations and ABC populations) and the patient populations (ADE, AD and HFR samples).

Chi-squared test and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Chi-squared test was carried out and each population is considered to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium when χ2 value was less than 3.84 (equivalent to the p-value at 0.05).

Results

The five sample populations genotyped for CHRM2 (SNP rs6962027) and CHRM3 (SNP rs7511970) gene analyzed by RFLP are tabulated in table 1 in terms of genotypic and allelic frequencies of the sample populations. Table 1 shows similar genotypic and allelic frequencies for both P and ABC populations of the two CHRM genes. These two healthy populations are the control population. The frequencies of the major allele (A) and the minor (T) for CHRM2 (SNP rs6962027) gene are 0.53 and 0.47, respectively. The frequencies for ADE, AD and HFR populations of CHRM2 (SNP rs6962027) gene were almost equal (Table 1), averaging to 0.57 (for A allele) and 0.43 (for T allele) for the patient population. A reduction in the allelic frequency of the T (minor) allele is observed in the patient population. The heterozygotes (AT) and rare homozygotes (TT) occur less frequently in the patient group, showing a small decline in frequencies. A consistent trend in frequencies is observed for all the sample populations. The disparity in frequencies between A and T alleles is wider in the patient populations (ADE, AD and HFR). For SNP rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene, the allelic frequencies for G allele and A allele are 0.53 and 0.47 correspondingly. There is a wider gap between the major allele (G) and minor allele (T) relative to other sample populations, suggesting that the G allele has an effect on late-onset AD. Nevertheless, no significant difference is found between these two populations (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1.

Genotyping and allele frequencies of CHRM2 (SNP rs6962027) and CHRM3 (SNP rs7511970) polymorphic genes

CHRM2 gene (SNP rs6962027)

Genotype Allele

Sample populations AA AT TT A T

P 49 (0.27) 96 (0.53) 37 (0.20) 0.53 0.47
ABC 53 (0.27) 101 (0.52) 42 (0.21) 0.53 0.47
ADE 33 (0.33) 47 (0.47) 20 (0.20) 0.57 0.43
AD 25 (0.35) 32 (0.45) 14 (0.20) 0.58 0.42
HFR 12 (0.32) 20 (0.54) 5 (0.14) 0.59 0.41
Controls 102 (0.27) 197 (0.52) 79 (0.21) 0.53 0.47
Patients 70 (0.34) 99 (0.48) 39 (0.19) 0.57 0.43

CHRM3 gene (SNP rs7511970)

Genotype Allele

Sample populations GG GA AA G A

P 50 (0.28) 92 (0.51) 37 (0.21) 0.54 0.46
ABC 60 (0.31) 89 (0.45) 47 (0.24) 0.53 0.47
ADE 26 (0.25) 59 (0.56) 21 (0.20) 0.52 0.48
AD 28 (0.39) 29 (0.41) 14 (0.20) 0.60 0.40
HFR 11 (0.30) 21 (0.57) 5 (0.13) 0.58 0.42
Controls 110 (0.29) 181 (0.48) 84 (0.22) 0.53 0.47
Patients 65 (0.30) 109 (0.51) 40 (0.19) 0.56 0.44

The control population is composed of P and ABC populations, while the patient (case) population is made up of ADE, AD and HFR populations. The whole number (such as 49 for genotype AA in P population) denotes the number of samples that possess this particular genotype in this sample in this study, whereas the number in the bracket (such as 0.27 for AA genotype in P population) denotes the genotypic frequencies. The last two columns display the allelic frequencies.

Table 2.

Comparisons between genotypic and allelic frequencies of control (P and ABC) populations and late-onset AD patient (AD sample population with the late-onset AD samples from HFR) population for CHRM3 gene

Genotype Allele

Sample populations GG GA AA G A
Controls 110 (0.29) 181 (0.48) 84 (0.22) 0.53 0.47
Late-onset AD patients 65 (0.30) 109 (0.51) 40 (0.19) 0.56 0.44
Total 175 290 124

The G-value obtained for the genotypic frequencies and allelic frequencies from the data tabulated here are 1.15 and 0.56, respectively (NS).

The χ2 values of all sample populations of both CH-RM2 (SNP rs6962027) and CHRM3 (rs7511970) polymorphic genes are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. To investigate if there is any bias in terms of genotypic frequency, the genotypic frequencies are stratified in terms of males and females. Depending on the age the patient was diagnosed with AD, HFR population is categorized into either ADE for early-onset or AD for late-onset. The G-values for CHRM2 (rs6962027) polymorphic gene were 0.17 for ADE population and 1.34 for AD population, while for the CHRM3 (rs7511970) polymorphic gene, the G-values were 1.54 for ADE population and 0.13 for AD population (Table 3). Therefore, at 5% significance level, there is no significant difference between the male and female developing AD for both CHRM genes.

Table 3.

Genotypic frequencies in males and females of AD and ADE populations

Male Female Total
ADE population for CHRM2 gene

  AA 11 (0.324) 22 (0.361) 33
  AT 16 (0.471) 28 (0.459) 44
  TT 7 (0.205) 11 (0.180) 18
34 61 95
AD population for CHRM2 gene
  AA 9 (0.321) 24 (0.348) 33
  AT 13 (0.464) 34 (0.493) 47
  TT 6 (0.214) 13 (0.188) 19
28 71 99
ADE population for CHRM3 gene
  GG 6 (0.188) 16 (0.254) 22
  GA 21(0.656) 33 (0.524) 54
  AA 5(0.156) 14 (0.222) 19
32 63 95
ADE population for CHRM3 gene
  GG 8 (0.286) 29 (0.408) 37
  GA 14 (0.500) 30 (0.423) 44
  AA 6 (0.214) 12 (0.169) 18
28 71 99

The G-value obtained for ADE population of CHRM2 gene is 0.17 (NS), for AD population of CHRM2 gene is 1.34 (NS), for ADE population for CHRM3 gene is 0.17 (NS) and for AD population for CHRM3 gene is 1.34 (NS).

rs6962027 is located in the 3’UTR region of CHRM2 gene. Table 4 illustrates the possible configurations of genotypes in an individual which may make up the haplotype. Table 5 shows a consistent change in TT/TT genotypic combination of the two loci (rs6962027 and rs6969811) of CHRM2 gene. This signifies that further analysis between the TT/TT and other haplotypes genotypic combinations is needed. In addition, it is noted that the frequencies of P and ABC populations, as well as for AD and ADE population, are comparable.

Table 4.

Possible haplotypic configurations for the genotypes at these two loci (rs6962027 and rs6969811)

SNP rs6969811 SNP RS6962027

AA AT TT
TT AT AT TT
AT TT TT
TC AT AT or AC TT
AC TC TT TC
CC AC AC TC
AC TC TC

There are nine possible configurations. Note that when the individual is heterozygous for both loci, the phase of the haplotype is unknown.

Table 5.

Summary table displaying the frequencies of the different combinations of the genotypes at the two loci on CHRM2 gene (rs6962027 and rs6969811)

P population ABC population AD population ADE population
AT/AT 43 (0.24) 45 (0.26) 29 (0.29) 32 (0.32)
AT/TT 58 (0.33) 54 (0.32) 36 (0.36) 34 (0.34)
TT/TT 14 (0.08) 16 (0.09) 15 (0.15) 13 (0.13)
AT/AC 5 (0.03) 1 (0.01) 5 (0.05) 2 (0.02)
AT/TC or C/TT 31 (0.18) 33 (0.19) 11 (0.11) 13 (0.13)
TT/TC 19 (0.11) 17 (0.10) 4 (0.04) 5 (0.05)
AC/AC 2 (0.01) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
AC/TC 2 (0.01) 2 (0.01) 0 (0) 0 (0)
TC/TC 2 (0.01) 3 (0.02) 0 (0) 2 (0.01)
176 171 100 101

The whole numbers (such as 43 in the P population) denotes the number of individuals with that particular combination of haplotypes (in this case, AT/AT). Frequencies are calculated and stated in brackets (such as 0.24 in P population for AT/AT).

This is a classic case-control experiment with healthy and diseased individuals with Pearson χ2 test statistic to test the association by use of unrelated controls. The values obtained illustrated no association between CHRM2 rs6262027A polymorphic variant or CHRM3 rs-7511970T polymorphic variant and AD (Table 6).

Table 6.

Contingency table illustrating the difference in haplotype combination frequencies between the two loci on CHRM2 gene (rs6962027 and rs6969811) in various populations

Populations Control population Patient population Total
TT/TT 30 (0.09) 28 (0.14) 58
Other combinations of genotypes/haplotypes 317 (0.91) 173 (0.86) 490
347 201 548

The G-value obtained is 3.65 (NS) at one degree of freedom.

Discussion

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases. All five subtypes of the CHRM genes are expressed in mouse brain endothelial cells. Recent findings report that the mRNA expression of CHRM2 and CHRM3 corresponds to the protein concentrations 8. However, no statistically significant association was found between this polymorphic variant of the gene with AD. An interesting trend was shown between the control and patient populations. There was a decrease of AT heterozygotes and TT rare homozygotes in the patient populations, even though CHRM2 rs6962027 polymorphic gene was observed to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

Statistically, rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene is not found to be associated with AD development in this study. Yet, SNP rs7511970G polymorphic variant of this gene showed an interesting trend with respect to late-onset AD. In the late-onset AD population, an increase in GG genotype was prominent. In the AD population, the GG genotype was almost equal in frequency to GA genotype. However, statistical analysis did not yield significant result for this observation. CHRM3 polymorphic variant gene was shown to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. SNP rs7511970 polymorphic variant CHRM3 gene did not show any significance with early-onset AD, but there is a possibility that this SNP rs7511970G variant may exert a weak influence on late-onset AD. As this study consists only of small sample sizes, increasing the data set and the number of SNP markers would be useful to confirm the results obtained.

The combined haplotypic analysis of the two SNPs (rs6962027 and rs6969811) of CHRM2 gene demonstrated an increase in frequency in the cases (patients) when both SNPs were TT. At one degree of freedom, the combination of TT/TT genotype yielded a value close to the critical value at 5% significance level. Thus, the combination of TT/TT genotype may be observed to modulate AD risk and therefore the sample size of the populations in this study should be increased. Since SNP rs6969811 of CHRM2 gene is highly significant for AD development, its interaction with another SNP may enhance or reduce the effect of AD risk. As CHRM3 receptors were reported to heterodimerize with CHRM2, it is possible that CHRM3 genes share a few roles as CHRM2 genes and may have similar physiological effects 6.

Different polymorphic variants in these CHRM genes may have different levels of impact on the translational efficiency of the messenger RNA, transcribed from the respective gene, and so result in different outcomes for the disease risk. Therefore, genotyping more markers in a single gene (either CHRM2 or CHRM3) would give a better picture of the effect on AD risk. In summary, this study has indicated a plausible weak effect of the combined TT in both SNPs rs6962027 and rs7511970 of CHRM2 gene on AD risk.

Conclusion

This study concludes that there is no association between SNP rs6962027 of CHRM2 gene and AD, as well as between rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene and AD. However, it is plausible that SNP rs7511970 of CHRM3 gene may exert an influence on late-onset AD that can only be detected with a larger sample population. As AD is a complex disease with many susceptible genes awaiting confirmation, concept of epistasis is highly applicable, as many varying genes may influence the outcome of AD confounded by the role of the environment. Therefore, tackling this puzzle of complex neurodegenerative AD is an intricate process that takes into account gene-gene interaction, gene-environment interaction and genotype-genotype.

Acknowledgement

This work was a Masters project of Lim Ya Chee, who was sponsored by Ministry of Education of Brunei Darussalam. This work was conducted at University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom under the supervision of Mr Alaistair Cumming.

References

  • 1.Zou YM, Lu D, Liu LP, Zhang HH, Zhou YY. Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer ’ s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:869–875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zuo L, Wang S, Blumberg HP, Gelernter J. CHRM2 gene predisposes to alcohol dependence, drug dependence and affective disorders: results from an extended case-control structured association study. Hum Mol Genet 2005;14(16):2421–2434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bock A, Schrage R, Mohr K. Allosteric modulators targeting CNS muscarinic receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017. pii: S0028–3908(17)30441–0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Gosso MF, de Geus EJ, Polderman TJ, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D, Heutink P. Exploring the functional role of the CHRM2 gene in human cognition: results from a dense genotyping and brain expression study. BMC Med Genet 2007;8:66. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Volpicelli LA, Levey AI. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Prog Brain Res 2004;145:59–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Goin JC, Nathanson NM. Quantitative analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor homo- and heterodimerization in live cells: regulation of receptor down-regulation by heterodimerization. J Biol Chem 2006;281(9):5416–5425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Gustincich S, Manfioletti G, Del Sal G, Schneider C, Carninci P. A fast method for high-quality genomic DNA extraction from whole human blood. Biotechniques 1991;11(3):298–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Radu BM, Osculati AMM, Suku E, Banciu A, Tsenov G, Merigo F, et al. All muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-M5) are expressed in murine brain microvascular endothelium. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):5083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology are provided here courtesy of Avicenna Research Institute

RESOURCES