The burden of cystic fibrosis in the Medicaid population

Abstract

Purpose

To conduct an analysis describing clinical characteristics, pulmonary exacerbation (PEx) events, and health care resource utilization among Medicaid-insured patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Patients and methods

A retrospective analysis of the Truven Health MarketScan^® Medicaid Multi-State administrative claims database (2010–2014) was undertaken. Patients aged ≥6 years with a CF diagnosis, continuously enrolled for 12 months, were identified. Demographics, comorbidities, PEx events, and health care resource utilization and costs over a 12-month enrollment period were analyzed for all patients and by age groups.

Results

In total, 1196 patients with CF aged ≥6 years were identified from a sample size of approximately 10 million Medicaid patients. Mean (SD) age was 16.1 (8.8) years. A greater proportion of patients were in younger age groups (6–11 years: 35.5%, 12–17 years: 29.1%, 18–26 years: 25.6%, 27–34 years: 6.7%, ≥35 years: 3.2%). Across all age groups, approximately 90% of patients had at least 1 PEx event; 50.7% of those had a PEx event involving treatment with intravenous antibiotics, and 42.8% required hospitalization. PEx recurrence was frequent: 55.7% of all patients experienced ≥3 PEx events during 1 year. Mean (SD) health care expenditures during a PEx event rose with increasing age, ranging from US$44,589 (US$139,024) to US$116,169 (US$387,752). Overall health care resource utilization was high among patients with CF; 47.2% of the population required an inpatient admission, and 26.8% had subsequent hospitalizations totaling 29.1 days per year in hospital.

Conclusion

High rates of PEx, hospitalizations, and time spent in hospital demonstrate the significant health care burden of CF among Medicaid beneficiaries.

Plain language summary

This study analyzed data from a health care claims database (the Truven Health MarketScan^® Medicaid Multi-State administrative claims database) to examine the burden of the disease among patients with cystic fibrosis in the US Medicaid population (2010–2014). Patients aged ≥6 years were assessed to see if they had the following: pulmonary exacerbation (PEx), admission to hospital, treatment with antibiotics, or use of any kind of health care resource. In addition to the resource utilization associated with PEx, the financial burden to the healthcare system was also considered. It was found that there were high rates of recurrent PEx among patients on Medicaid leading to more hospitalizations per year, with longer stays in the hospital, and a need for treatment with intravenous antibiotics. The number of PEx events in a year was found to be approximately 2 or 3 (even in younger patients). More than half of the patient population had ≥3 PEx events per year. The findings from this study are similar to those seen in other assessments and show that PEx result in long and numerous stays in the hospital accompanied by elevated health care costs. Therefore, treatment strategies to prevent PEx are necessary to help this patient population.

Introduction

CF is a rare progressive genetic disease caused by defects in the CFTR protein arising from mutations in the CFTR gene. The defect in CFTR protein causes complications in multiple organs, including the lungs, pancreas, intestinal tract, biliary tract, sweat glands, and reproductive tract; the median age at death is 29.1 years, and the predicted survival age of patients with CF is 39.3 years.^1,2 Morbidity and mortality in patients with CF are associated with a progressive loss of lung function. Episodes of acute worsening, broadly termed “pulmonary exacerbations”, are associated with clinical features that include increased cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of appetite, loss of weight, and a decline in lung function.³ Recurrent PEx events are associated with a permanent decline in lung function, an increased rate of subsequent PEx, and premature mortality.^4,5 Recurring PEx events diminish health-related quality of life and cause significant interruptions in work, school, and family life.^4,6,7

Management of CF requires intensive health care resource utilization due, in particular, to exacerbations that often require lengthy hospitalizations of a week or more.^8–11 Patients with CF in the USA who experience ≥1 exacerbation spend on average 20.0 days in the hospital each year for treatment of exacerbations.¹ With the exception of CFTR modulators that address the underlying cause of the disease, treatments largely remain targeted at symptoms and physiologic manifestations of CFTR dysfunction.^12,13

In the USA, CF affects approximately 30,000 individuals.¹ Approximately half of the US patients with CF are covered by publicly funded programs for people with low incomes. Medicaid (or state-funded health insurance), the largest public health insurance, provides health coverage for 55.2% of those with CF aged <18 years, 43.3% of those who are aged 18–25 years, and 27.4% of those aged ≥26 years.¹ While it is well understood that managing CF is a daily commitment for patients and resource-intensive for the health care system, limited data exist on frequency of PEx, health care resource utilization, and the overall burden of disease related to CF among Medicaid beneficiaries. The goal of this analysis was to describe the overall burden of CF in this population, particularly in terms of the incidence of PEx episodes and their associated costs as well as IP admissions, antibiotic use, and overall health care resource utilization.

Methods

Data source

This retrospective, observational cohort study utilized medical and pharmacy claims data from the Truven Health MarketScan^® Medicaid Multi-State Database. The database includes medical and pharmaceutical claims for approximately 10 million individuals annually, <65 years of age, from geographical regions throughout the USA, in both managed Medicaid and Medicaid fee-for-service plans. The database links medical claims to retail and mail-order prescription drug claims and person-level data through unique identifiers. No identifiable protected health information was extracted or accessed during the study, pursuant to the US HIPAA. Because the study did not involve the collection, use, or transmittal of individually identifiable data, and due to the compliance of this study with HIPAA, patient consent and institutional review board approval to conduct this study were not necessary.

Patient identification and inclusion criteria

Health care resource utilization claims over the patients’ most recent 12-month enrollment period between January 1, 2012, and June 30, 2014, were analyzed for all patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Patients with ≥1 IP or ≥2 OP claims (at least 30 days apart) with ICD-9-CM: 277.0x for CF between January 2010 and June 2014 were identified. Among these patients, the most recent 12 months of continuous Medicaid enrollment with both medical and pharmacy benefits was evaluated, with at least 1 CF-related claim required during this 12-month period. Patients with <12 months of continuous health plan enrollment with both medical and pharmacy benefits were excluded, as were patients aged <6 years at the start of the 12-month continuous enrollment period.

Outcome measures

The study end points included PEx events (number and proportion of patients), IP admissions, length of stay (per IP episode and annum), IV and oral antibiotic use, and health care costs associated with PEx episodes as well as overall cost of care. PEx events were identified in the claims data using a previously developed algorithm.¹¹ PEx events were identified as follows: 1) an IP admission with a diagnosis of respiratory infection or CF with pulmonary manifestations; 2) use of OP IV antibiotics; or 3) use of only oral antibiotics that are typically used for acute CF treatment. This latter category included events during which patients received a course of exclusively oral antibiotics without any IP admission or IV use. Qualifying PEx identifiers were considered part of the same episode if ≤7 days elapsed between the end of the first identifier (ie, discharge date on IP admission) and the start of the next identifier (ie, start date of an oral antibiotic). For health care resource utilization, rates and lengths of IP admissions, ER visits, OP visits, and medication use were calculated. Total health care costs were categorized by IP, OP, and pharmacy costs and described both over the 12-month study period and during individual PEx events. Health care costs were calculated using the paid amount on fully adjudicated health insurance claims and were reported in 2014 US dollars.

Analysis

All study measures were summarized using descriptive statistics. Means (SD) were computed for continuous variables, and frequencies (%) were computed for categorical variables. All study outcomes were stratified by age groups (6–11 years, 12–17 years, 18–26 years, 27–34 years, ≥35 years). Statistical significance was established at the p < 0.05 level and evaluated using two-sample t-test or 1-way analysis of variance for continuous measures and the chi-square test for categorical variables.

Results

Patient demographic and clinical characteristics

In total, 1196 patients met the 12-month continuous enrollment and age criteria during the study period (Figure S1). More than half of the patients were <18 years (64.6%), and mean (SD) patient age was 16.1 (8.8) years (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and medication use among Medicaid-insured patients with CF (12-month study period)

Parameter	Patients (N = 1196)
Age, mean (SD) (years)	16.1 (8.8)
Age group, n (%)a (years)
6–11	424 (35.5)
12–17	348 (29.1)
18–26	306 (25.6)
27–34	80 (6.7)
≥35	38 (3.2)
Sex, n (%)
Male	619 (51.8)
Female	577 (48.2)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
White	766 (64.0)
Black	84 (7.0)
Hispanic	35 (2.9)
Other/unknown	311 (26.0)
Comorbidities, n (%)b,c
Pancreatic insufficiencyd	942 (78.8)
Pulmonary infection	452 (37.8)
Asthma	379 (31.7)
Sinus disease	333 (27.8)
Diabetes	305 (25.5)
Bronchiectasis	227 (19.0)
Nausea/vomiting	188 (15.7)
Depression	176 (14.7)
Constipation	172 (14.4)
Anxiety	148 (12.4)
Medication use, n (%)
Antibiotics	1105 (92.4)
Oral	1053 (88.0)
IV	643 (53.8)
Inhaled	580 (48.5)
Bronchodilators	1042 (87.1)
Digestive or pancreatic enzymes	942 (78.8)
Mucolytics	855 (71.5)
Corticosteroids	778 (65.1)
GERD medications	774 (64.7)
Anti-inflammatory agents	565 (47.2)
Hypertonic salines	453 (37.9)
Opioids	383 (32.0)
Constipation treatments	285 (23.8)
Vitamins	261 (21.8)
Antidepressants	244 (20.4)
Antidiabetes agents	229 (19.1)
Antifungals	214 (17.9)
Anxiolytics	161 (13.5)
Ivacaftor	43 (3.6)

Notes:

^aPercentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.

^bComorbidities occurring in ≥10% of the population are included in this table.

^cConditions reported based on ICD-9-CM codes.

^dReported based on prescription claims for digestive and pancreatic enzymes.

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; IV, intravenous; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; SD, standard deviation.

A high prevalence of comorbid conditions, such as pancreatic insufficiency (78.8%, based on prescription claims for digestive and pancreatic enzymes), pulmonary infection (37.8%), asthma (31.7%), sinus disease (27.8%), diabetes (25.5%), bronchiectasis (19%), and depression (14.7%), was identified among the claims data for Medicaid-insured patients with CF, many of which were nonpulmonary clinical manifestations commonly associated with CF (Table 1). High prescription medication use was also observed with a mean (SD) of 20.2 (12.4) unique medications during the 12-month study period (median = 18, interquartile range = 12–26). The most commonly prescribed medications in the population were antibiotics (92.4%), bronchodilators (87.1%), digestive/pancreatic enzymes (78.8%), mucolytics (71.5%), corticosteroids (65.1%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease medications (64.7%).

PEx-associated health care resource utilization and costs

Approximately 90% of patients had at least 1 PEx event in the 12-month follow-up, a rate consistently observed across all age groups (Figure 1). Half (50.7%) of all patients with a PEx event received IV antibiotics, and 42.8% of those with a PEx event required an IP admission with a mean (SD) length of stay of 10.0 (5.9) days.

Figure 1.

Medicaid-insured patients with CF with PEx events by PEx event type (over 12 months, by age group).

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; IP, inpatient; IV, intravenous; PEx, pulmonary exacerbation.

Recurrent PEx events were frequent in this population, with half (55.7%) having 3 PEx events and 38.3% experiencing ≥4 PEx events over the 12-month follow-up period (Figure 2A), with a mean (SD) of 3.1 (2.3) PEx events per patient (Figure 2B). Additionally, the number of recurrent PEx events was higher in older age groups.

Figure 2.

Proportion of Medicaid-insured patients with CF with any PEx event in the total population (N = 1196): (A) over 12 months and (B) mean number of PEx events in Medicaid-insured patients with CF over 12 months, by age group.

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; PEx, pulmonary exacerbation.

Mean (SD) health care costs during a PEx event were US$75,623 (US$205,236), driven by IP costs of US$58,468 (US$197,046), and followed by OP costs (US$2882 [US$7430]), office visits (US$233 [US$314]), and ER visits (US$169 [US$670]). Mean (SD) pharmacy costs were US$14,273 (US$21,415), and mean (SD) antibiotic costs were US$5716 (US$10,555). Among mean (SD) antibiotic costs, inhaled was highest at US$3934 (US$7961), followed by oral at US$1270 (US$4293), and lastly IV at US$320 (US$1757).

PEx events lasted a mean (SD) of 29.3 (32.4) days. Mean (SD) costs during a PEx event increased steadily with age up to age 34, increasing from US$44,589 (US$139,024) among patients aged 6–11 years to US$116,169 (US$387,752) for patients aged 27–34 years; mean (SD) costs during a PEx event were US$62,947 (US$134,749) for patients ≥35 years (Figure 3). A similar relationship was observed in mean (SD) length of distinct PEx events, increasing from 20.7 (23.2) days among patients aged 6–11 years to 27.1 (28.9) days among patients aged 12–17 years, 35.9 (35.9) days among patients aged 18–26 years, and 38.9 (47.3) days among patients aged 27–34 years but decreasing to 19.6 (21.4) days in patients ≥35 years.

Figure 3.

Mean total costs/PEx events of Medicaid-insured patients with CF (over 12 months, by age group).

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; PEx, pulmonary exacerbation.

Overall health care resource utilization

Health care resource utilization was high among Medicaid-insured patients. Nearly half (47.2%) of the study population had an IP admission, with a mean (SD) length of stay of 9.7 (11.0) days (Table 2). The proportion of patients with an IP stay was nearly double among the 27- to 34-year age group (61.3%) compared with young children aged 6–11 years (32.1%). More than 1 in 4 patients (26.8%) had a subsequent IP admission during the 12-month follow-up period (Table 2) totaling a mean (SD) of 29.1 (34.3) hospital days per patient over the 12-month period. At least half of all patients with CF aged ≥18 years had an ER visit during the follow-up period, as did 1 in 3 patients with CF aged 6–11 years (Table 2). The 3 most frequent specific procedure utilizations were testing (86.3%), respiratory therapies (21.7%), and nasal polyp removal (7.8%), and the 3 most frequent specific medical device utilizations were nebulizers (17.9%), home oxygen (8.4%), and metered dose inhaler (3.4%).

Table 2.

Summary of overall health care resource utilization in Medicaid-insured patients with CF over 12 months

Health care resource utilization	Aged 6–11 years (n = 424)	Aged 12–17 years (n = 348)	Aged 18–26 years (n = 306)	Aged 27–34 years (n = 80)	Aged ≥35 years (n = 38)	All patients (N = 1196)
Patients with an IP admission, %	32.1	50.0	60.8	61.3	52.6	47.2
Mean total IP days, n (SD)	21.4 (29.2)	26.8 (29.7)	35.0 (37.5)	37.2 (46.3)	25.1 (27.9)	29.1 (34.3)
Mean IP admissions per person, n (SD)	2.0 (1.4)	2.3 (1.8)	3.6 (3.1)	3.6 (3.4)	3.2 (2.4)	2.8 (2.5)
Mean length of stay per IP admission, n (SD) (days)	10.4 (19.5)	10.5 (6.5)	8.6 (4.9)	10.0 (7.6)	7.7 (8.1)	9.7 (11.0)
Patients with an IP readmission, %	13.9	27.3	40.5	36.3	36.8	26.8
Patients with an ER visit, %	33.7	40.8	52.6	62.5	63.2	43.5
Mean CF-related office visits for patients with an office visit,a n (SD)	7.0 (4.9)	6.9 (5.4)	5.9 (4.8)	5.7 (4.5)	3.7 (4.5)	6.6 (5.0)

Note:

^aDefined as an outpatient office visit with a CF code in any diagnosis position on the claim.

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; ER, emergency room; IP, inpatient; SD, standard deviation.

Discussion

Medicaid beneficiaries with CF in our analysis showed a substantial disease burden with respect to comorbidities, PEx events, and health care resource utilization. Comorbidities included both pulmonary (ie, pulmonary infection, sinus disease, asthma) and nonpulmonary conditions (ie, pancreatic insufficiency, diabetes, depression, anxiety). PEx events were frequent—90% of all patients had at least 1 PEx event, and about half (42.8%) of these patients required hospitalization or treatment with an IV antibiotic (50.7%). More than half (55.7%) had ≥3 exacerbations.

High disease burden for CF in this current Medicaid population is consistent with previous literature describing outcomes in the 1990s in patients with CF receiving Medicaid (evaluated as a surrogate for lower socioeconomic status).^14–16 One of the earliest studies of CF and Medicaid coverage (in patients <21 years of age) reported lower pulmonary function throughout childhood, higher rates of hospitalization, and longer hospital stays compared with a non-Medicaid cohort. Several other parameters (IV antibiotic use at home, clinic visits, and age at diagnosis) did not differ between the 2 populations in this single-institution study.¹⁴ A second retrospective analysis of patients (aged <20 years followed from 1986 to 1994) using CFFPR data compared outcomes for patients covered by Medicaid with those never covered by Medicaid. Patients receiving Medicaid were significantly more likely than the non-Medicaid sample to experience a PEx event (adjusted relative risk = 2.38; 95% CI, 2.11, 2.69; p < 0.001) and to die (adjusted relative risk = 3.70; 95% CI, 3.06, 4.46; p < 0.001), with increased mortality in this study attributed to baseline pulmonary function. Treatment of PEx with IV antibiotics was reported for 44.5% of these Medicaid patients (vs 28.6% of the non-Medicaid sample), a value consistent with our findings. A similar proportion of Medicaid patients were hospitalized for PEx (43.4% vs 25.9% of the non-Medicaid sample), also consistent with our findings.¹⁶

Prior analyses evaluating disease burden in CF provide additional context for those reported here. A recent study among a commercially insured population of >3000 patients with CF (mean age 27 years) found that 83.4% of patients had at least 1 PEx event during the 12-month assessment period, which is generally consistent with our annual PEx rate of 90%. In this same study, a smaller proportion of patients had ≥3 PEx events (43.0% vs 55.7%) and PEx requiring IP hospitalization (28.2% vs 42.8%) when compared with our Medicaid population and using the same definition for PEx events.¹⁷

Additional real-world data on PEx among patients with CF are primarily drawn from the CFFPR (n = 28,676 in the 2014 report). However, PEx events as defined by the CFFPR do not include exacerbations treated with oral antibiotics, a practice especially common in children and included as a PEx event in our analysis.¹⁸ The annual rate of PEx events (defined by the CFFPR as treatment with IV antibiotics in the hospital or at home) has remained at nearly one-half of adults and one-third of children, with no reduction over the past decade.¹ In 2014, 35.2% of those in the CFFPR had an exacerbation requiring an IV antibiotic; information from the CFFPR on oral antibiotic use for the treatment of PEx is not available.¹ The mean number of hospital days per year for CFFPR participants hospitalized with a PEx event was 20.0 days vs 29.1 days in our Medicaid cohort. If PEx events in this Medicaid cohort are limited to those treated in hospital or with IV antibiotics (59.4%), rates are higher than those reported for the CFFPR.¹⁹

When evaluating our findings, it may be noted that the Medicaid cohort described here was younger by several years than what might be considered a representative population with CF characterized by the CFFPR in the US in 2014 (mean age 16.1 years vs 20.6 years, respectively). Given the natural course of disease in CF, which includes high rate of mortality and lower life expectancy, the number of CF patients >35 years of age was small in this observational research. Thus, the small number of patients in the subgroup ≥35 years of age makes their data difficult to interpret. With 2 exceptions (CF-related office visits and length of stay per IP admission), overall health care utilization increased with increasing age for Medicaid-insured patients in this study. The number of PEx events per year showed a modest rise with increasing age such that children and young adults had almost as many PEx events per year (2.6 and 3.1, respectively) as adults (approximately 3.7). With advancing age, there was a decline in the number of PEx events requiring treatment with oral antibiotics and an increase in the number of PEx events requiring treatment with IV antibiotics.

This study highlights several unmet needs and areas for future research. There is an unmet need to improve understanding on prevention of PEx; treatment adherence as well as effectiveness of other interventions to prevent PEx should be considered for further research. There is also unmet need to understand the burden of illness utilization of children with CF <6 years. As it is understood that the utilization of children <6 years with CF can differ compared to children ≥6 years due to the natural course of the disease, study design to accurately capture the burden of illness should be quite different from the current study. This is an important area for further research. Discrepancies in patient ages, along with variations in definitions of PEx and differing detection methods (eg, claims-based algorithm vs patient self-report or medical record review), make comparisons across studies challenging. However, results of the current analysis largely agree with prior studies showing that Medicaid patients with CF experience a high degree of disease morbidity and increased risk of PEx often associated with longer hospital stays and IV antibiotic use.

Limitations

Although administrative claims data are an important data source for real-world evidence studies, this study is subject to inherent limitations in using these data, such as a lack of detailed clinical information.²⁰ In the absence of clinical information, PEx events were identified using a previously developed algorithm based on ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and treatment utilization patterns typical of PEx events.¹¹ This study is limited to Medicaid enrollees covered under fee-for-service and managed care plans and may not be generalizable to the general CF population, to patients with other insurance, or to those without health insurance coverage. Diagnosis coding for CF in the Medicaid database does not contain information on genotype; hence, study data on specific subpopulations of patients with CF were not available. Sample sizes for older age groups, especially those ≥35 years, were too small for utilization analysis, and the 12-month observational period for this study may not reflect long-term costs and utilizations. This burden of illness study is focused on patients ≥6 years and may not be generalizable to patients <6 years of age who may have different HCRU patterns. Finally, this analysis is limited to the economic outcomes borne by a health plan and does not include indirect costs, uncovered services, or caregiver burden.

Conclusion

This retrospective, population-based claims analysis provides a current characterization of the burden of CF among Medicaid beneficiaries in terms of PEx events, hospital admissions, antibiotic use, and overall health care resource utilization by age groupings. The study underscores the high rates of recurrent PEx events among Medicaid beneficiaries resulting in increased hospitalizations per year, longer hospital stays, and treatment with IV antibiotics. The number of yearly PEx events in our Medicaid cohort is approximately 2–3 – even in younger patients with CF – and more than one-half of patients experienced ≥3 PEx events per year. As PEx events lead to a higher risk of permanent lung function loss, treatment strategies to prevent PEx events are especially important for this population.

Data sharing statement

All data analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary Figure S1).

Supplementary material

Figure S1

CONSORT diagram showing patient selection.

Note: ^aAt least 1 IP, OP, or ER claim with a diagnosis of CF (277.0x).

Abbreviations: CF, cystic fibrosis; ER, emergency room; IP, inpatient; OP, outpatient.

Abbreviations

CF

cystic fibrosis

CFFPR

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry

CFTR

CF transmembrane conductance regulator

CI

confidence interval ER, emergency room

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

HCRU

health care resource utilization

HIPAA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

ICD-9-CM

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth

Revision

Clinical Modification

IP

inpatient

IV

intravenous

OP

outpatient

PEx

pulmonary exacerbation

SD

standard deviation