Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science logoLink to The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
. 2018 May 30;80(7):1190–1194. doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0690

Reproductive performance in dairy cows with cystic ovarian disease after single treatment with buserelin acetate or dinoprost

Silviu Ionut BORȘ 1, Iulian IBĂNESCU 1,2,*, Șteofil CREANGĂ 1,3, Alina BORȘ 4
PMCID: PMC6068299  PMID: 29848852

Abstract

The treatment of cystic ovarian disease (COD) in dairy cows is still controversial, and some researchers recommend using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regardless of the type of cysts. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the reproductive performance of cows diagnosed with follicular or luteal cystic structures, after treatment with either buserelin acetate (GnRH agonist) or dinoprost (prostaglandin F2-alpha or PGF2α). The diagnosis was established by ultrasonographic examinations performed twice a month starting 40–45 days after calving, until the cows were diagnosed pregnant after artificial insemination. Both types of cysts were treated either with 21 µg buserelin acetate or 25 mg dinoprost, resulting in four subject groups. After treatment, the estrus rate in cows with follicular cysts treated with dinoprost (55.1%) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than in cows treated with buserelin acetate (77.5%) or in cows diagnosed with luteal cysts (77.2% for dinoprost and 72.4% for buserelin acetate). The conception rate was higher (P<0.05) in cows with follicular cysts treated with buserelin acetate (67.7%) than in those treated with dinoprost (60%) or in those with luteal cysts (56.9% for dinoprost and 47.5% for buserelin acetate). These results show that it is preferable to differentiate between the two types of ovarian cysts before treatment. Luteal cysts can be treated with either PGF2α or GnRH analogues, with better results when PGF2α is used. Contrastingly, follicular cysts are better treated with GnRH analogues. When differentiation is not possible, GnRH analogues are recommended over PGF2α.

Keywords: COD, follicular cyst, GnRH, luteal cyst, PGF2α

Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is responsible for frequent reproductive failure in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses for the dairy industry. This disease is characterized by the failure of a mature follicle to ovulate at the appropriate time during the estrous cycle [21]. Anovulatory ovarian structures with a cavity greater than 20 mm in diameter, without a corpus luteum, are defined as ovarian cysts (follicular or luteal). The difference between follicular and luteal cysts (FC and LC) is that the wall is less than 3 mm in FC and greater than 3 mm in LC [4]. However, this differentiation is difficult in field conditions [9, 24] and is often omitted from the diagnosis.

COD incidence within dairy farms is variable, ranging between 5 and 25%, which is most likely due to different management strategies. The factors most commonly associated with disease prevalence are heredity, high milk production, age, lactation period, body condition score, seasonality, and phytoestrogens. However, it has been suggested that retained placenta, milk fever, metritis, and stress also contribute to the occurrence of COD [5].

As the cumulative evidence suggests, there are multiple causes of COD, which makes it difficult to both understand its origins and develop an effective treatment [21]. In the case of LC, Kahn [18] recommended luteolytic doses of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α) as the ideal treatment, which results in estrus within 3–5 days. However, it was also reported that the treatment results could be variable as it is difficult to accurately determine the mass of luteal tissue present [18]. Although a LC should have enough luteal tissue to respond to a single dose of PGF2α, Bartolome et al. [2] recommended using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to treat both LC and FC.

The objective of the present study was to test the use of a single hormonal treatment against COD by comparing the estrus, conception, and pregnancy rates, treatment to first estrus interval (TFEI), treatment to conception interval (TCI), and the calving to conception interval (CCI) in postpartum multiparous dairy cows. The animals were administered either 21 µg buserelin acetate (GnRH agonist) or 25 mg dinoprost (PGF2α), after ultrasonographic detection of ovarian cysts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted over 24 consecutive months, on 325 Holstein cows housed in a dairy farm located in northeastern Romania with an average milk production of 6.6 × 103 kg per cow per 305 days. The cows were maintained in a free-stall housing system and were fed a diet as described in Table 1.

Table 1. Composition of diets fed to cows used in the study.

Ingredient (kg/day) Summera) Rest of the yearb)
Alfalfa hay 2.5 3
Green-cut alfalfa and hairy vetch 35–40 0
Alfalfa silage 0 6.5–7
Corn silage 15 25
Concentrate supplement 5–6 5–6
Calcium carbonate 0.15 0.15
Mineral supplement 0.1 0.15
Open in a new tab

a) June–August; b) September–May.

Each multiparous cow had a voluntary waiting period of 60 days postpartum. Estrus detection was carried out by observations twice daily and was based on the behavioral signs of cows (stands to be ridden, bellows frequently, is nervous and excitable, sometimes rides other cows) along with a clinical examination of the genital tract (mucus discharge and swollen vulva). The cows suspected to be in estrus were clinically examined and only those with physiologically normal, clear, and viscous mucus were inseminated to maximize the chances of pregnancy. Animals with cloudy, purulent, sanguineous or watery vaginal discharge were not inseminated, as uterine infection was suspected, which is a condition associated with COD [22]. An artificial insemination (AI) technician used semen from a single bull to serve the selected cows approximately 12 hr after the onset of estrus (one straw per cow, one insemination per estrus). Pregnancy was diagnosed 40–45 days after AI by ultrasonographic detection of the embryonic heartbeat.

Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations were performed twice a month for all cows starting 40–45 days after calving, until they were diagnosed pregnant. For this examination, a scanner (WED 3000 V, Well.D Medical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) with a linear-array transducer of 5–7.5 MHz was used. All ultrasound examinations were performed by the same veterinarian, with experience in ultrasonography of the genital tract in cows. Based on literature, cows with ovarian structures with a diameter greater than 2 cm [2], along with a flaccid uterus in the absence of a luteal structure were considered to have ovarian cysts [15, 35]. Cysts with a wall thickness greater than 3 mm and gray echogenic appearance were categorized as luteal, whereas cysts with a wall thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm and a uniformly anechogenic antrum were categorized as follicular [16, 35]. Furthermore, cows with a history of clinical diseases such as endometritis, mastitis, lameness, digestive disorders, and cows diagnosed with clinical endometritis by transrectal palpation were not used in this study. After the voluntary waiting period of 60 days, multiparous dairy cows diagnosed with different ovarian cysts and no apparent uterine disease received an intramuscular dose of either 21 µg buserelin acetate (Receptal, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) or 25 mg dinoprost (Dinolytic, Pfizer, Ixelles, Belgium). This experimental design resulted in four subject groups: cows diagnosed with FC and treated with dinoprost; cows diagnosed with FC and treated with buserelin acetate; cows diagnosed with LC and treated with dinoprost; and cows diagnosed with LC and treated with buserelin acetate. The Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test was used to compare the rates of estrus, the conception rates per total number of inseminated cows, the pregnancy rates per total number of treated cows, and the TFEI, TCI, and CCI among the groups.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between the estrus rates in cows diagnosed with either follicular or luteal cysts that were treated with buserelin acetate (77.5% for FC and 72.4% for LC, P>0.05). In case of dinoprost treatment, the estrus rate was lower (P<0.05) for cows diagnosed with FC (55.1%) compared with cows diagnosed with LC (77.2%), which presented an estrus rate similar to those treated with buserelin acetate for both ovarian structures (Table 2). Additionally, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the conception rates of inseminated cows diagnosed with the two different ovarian structures; the rate was significantly lower in cows with LC treated with buserelin acetate (47.5%) compared with those treated with dinoprost (56.9%), as well as compared with cows with FC treated with either drug (67.7% for buserelin acetate and 60% for dinoprost). The highest percentage of successful pregnancies after treatment was also recorded in the group with FC treated with buserelin acetate (52.5%), while poor results were obtained after treating FC with dinoprost (15.4%). The TFEI was lower (P<0.05) in cows with LC treated with dinoprost (5 days) compared with cows with FC that received the same treatment (17.6 days) as well as cows treated with buserelin acetate (17.8 days for LC and 17.9 days for FC). The cows treated with buserelin acetate presented the same TFEI regardless of the type of ovarian cystic structure, and similar to those diagnosed with FC treated with dinoprost (P>0.05, Table 2). In contrast, the TCI values were similar in cows with LC treated with dinoprost (40.3 days) and with FC treated with buserelin acetate (40 days), and these results were superior (P<0.05) to those obtained by using dinoprost for FC (69.7 days) and by using buserelin acetate for LC (49 days). As indicated by the CCI, the treatment of cows presenting LC was equally effective with either drug (120.7 days for buserelin acetate and 119.8 days for dinoprost), and the values were not significantly different from those observed in cows with FC treated with buserelin acetate (125.2 days, P>0.05). The group with FC treated with dinoprost showed higher CCI (140.7 days, P<0.05) compared with the other three groups (Table 2).

Table 2. Comparison of responses in cows with luteal or follicular cysts to a single treatment with buserelin acetate (21 µg, gonadotropin-releasing hormone or GnRH agonist) or dinoprost (25 mg, prostaglandin F2-alpha or PGF2α).

Parameter Treatment and ovarian structure
Buserelin acetate
 Dinoprost
Luteal cyst Follicular cyst Luteal cyst Follicular cyst
Estrus rated) (%) 72.4a) (50/69) 77.5a) (31/40) 77.2a) (78/101) 55.1b) (43/78)
Conception ratee) (%) 47.5c) (19/40) 67.7a) (21/31) 56.9b) (33/58) 60.0b) (12/20)
Pregnancy ratef) (%) 27.5b) (19/69) 52.5a) (21/40) 32.7b) (33/101) 15.4c) (12/78)
TFEIg) (days) (mean ± SE) 17.8 ± 1.1b) 17.9 ± 0.9b) 5 ± 0.4a) 17.58 ± 1.2b)
TCIh) (days) (mean ± SE) 49 ± 1.2b) 40 ± 1.9a) 40.3 ± 1.3a) 69.7 ± 0.7c)
CCIi) (days) (mean ± SE) 120.7 ± 2.1a) 125.2 ± 2.1a) 119.8 ± 3.2a) 140.7 ± 1.9b)
Open in a new tab

a), b) and c) Values indicated by the same superscript alphabet significantly differ among rows (P<0.05). d) Percentage of cows that underwent estrus from the total number of cows included in the group. e) Percentage of pregnant cows from the total number of inseminated cows. f) Percentage of pregnant cows from the total number of cows included in the group; g) Treatment to first estrus interval. h) Treatment to conception interval. i) Calving to conception interval.

DISCUSSION

The accurate diagnosis of ovarian cysts currently requires a combination of transrectal palpation, transrectal ultrasonography, and the plasma progesterone assay. However, on-farm progesterone kits are not widely available in many countries [34], and variable threshold progesterone values have been reported in literature [35]. For this reason, farm veterinarians usually rely only on ultrasonography as a complementary method to transrectal palpation and symptomatology for assessing ovarian cysts. Since this study was intended particularly for helping farmers and farm veterinarians to determine the most effective and practical approach for COD in cows, the differentiation of ovarian cysts was based only on transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, which are widely available in the field. Although ultrasonography is not completely accurate, it represents nevertheless a robust method for differentiating ovarian cysts in cows, with accuracy ranging 75–95%, as reported by various authors [4, 10, 12, 27].

Current treatment regimens for COD involve GnRH, human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone-releasing devices, and the Ovsynch protocol [9], which combines the use of GnRH with PGF2α. Even though the Ovsynch protocol appears to be the most logical approach, the pregnancy rates with timed inseminations following treatment are low, as with other hormonal treatments [15]. In addition, according to literature, there are risks associated with use of hormonal products in livestock, and animal health and fertility should be improved by selection and good management rather than by extensive use of hormones [26]. Furthermore, in our opinion, the extensive use of such products should not be encouraged but rather limited to situations where other treatment options are not available or prove to be inefficient. Thus, for health concerns and practical reasons, our study aimed at testing the use of a single hormonal treatment after diagnosis performed with easily accessible tools.

GnRH analogues such as buserelin acetate are the main ovulation inducing agents in dairy cows [20], which are being widely used for the treatment of ovarian cysts [23] and reportedly also prevent FC [19]. Our study tested the dogma that cows with COD, particularly those with FC, should be treated with GnRH [4]. The treatment protocols for COD are numerous and variable [22, 25, 28, 37], and selection of a suitable protocol is influenced by many variables like the costs and expected treatment benefits, cost of animal replacement, and the breeding value of the animal [3, 7, 8, 17, 30, 33]. Bartolome et al. [2] established that the differentiation of the type of cysts is not always necessary because treatments for both conditions are similar. However, it was demonstrated that the interval from treatment to resumption of ovarian activity is affected by the characteristics of ovarian cysts, with faster recovery reported for the luteal type [24]. In addition, in our study, the estrus rate in cows with FC treated with dinoprost (PGF2α) was significantly lower than those of the other three groups (cows diagnosed with LC treated with dinoprost or buserelin acetate and cows diagnosed with FC treated with buserelin acetate). Lower estrus rates in cows with FC treated with PGF2α were also reported by other authors [14]. Additionally, superior conception rates were observed in cows diagnosed with FC treated with buserelin acetate as compared with cows diagnosed with LC that received the same treatment. In contrast, cows suffering from LC had higher conception rates when treated with dinoprost than with buserelin acetate. Moreover, differentiating the type of cysts and choosing the appropriate treatment markedly influenced the number of successful pregnancies as well as the TFEI, TCI, and CCI.

Our findings suggest that although difficult, it is necessary to clearly define and differentiate ovarian cystic structures when diagnosing COD. Peter [22] defined COD as the presence of a mature follicle that fails to ovulate during the estrous cycle. Mature follicles typically ovulate when they grow to 13–17 mm in diameter [11]; therefore, follicles that persist at this size or grow larger may be considered to be FC [13]. Silvia et al. [32] defined FC as ovarian structures with a minimum diameter of 17 mm that persist for more than 6 days without a corpus luteum and clearly interfere with normal ovarian cyclicity. LC develop when ovulation fails to occur and the theca undergoes luteinization [29]. In most cases (62–85%), cows with LC remain in anoestrus [6, 36] due to progesterone production. Ball and Peters [1] found that LC are more likely to persist over long periods of time and can lead to nymphomania in some animals, particularly in the early stages. Newly formed ovarian cysts seem to be FC, which may persist and later develop into LC, or regress following the ovulation of another follicle, which is considered one type of spontaneous recovery [9]. Therefore, sometimes differentiating between the two types of ovarian cysts is difficult. For these cases, treatment with a GnRH agonist is more suitable, offering comparable recovery rates for both types of cysts, as reported in our study as well as previous literature [24].

During this study, we noted that treating FC with dinoprost or buserelin acetate resulted in similar TFEI, but significant differences were recorded for TCI, with better values for buserelin acetate treatment. Thus, although both treatments seem equally suitable for inducing ovulation, dinoprost might be less effective in supporting fertilization and/or early embryonic development. It was previously demonstrated that COD in dairy cows also has negative effects on oviductal functional integrity [31], which suggests that a therapeutic approach should not only consider ovulation but also the conditions for the early embryo.

In conclusion, this study suggests that differentiation between the types of ovarian cysts in dairy cows is desirable before determining and administering treatment. Combining transrectal palpation with ultrasonography is particularly helpful in this regard and practical in farm conditions. For cases when differentiation between FC and LC is not possible, GnRH agonists provide effective treatment against COD. However, when the diagnosis reveals the presence of LC, PGF2α treatment should be preferred, whereas its use against FC is less effective.

Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The authors would like to thank Simona Vlad-Sabie for the constructive criticism regarding the manuscript and for the English revision.

REFERENCES

  • 1.Ball P. J. H., Peters A. R.2004. Reproduction in Cattle, Wiley, Oxford. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Bartolome J. A., Thatcher W. W., Melendez P., Risco C. A., Archbald L. F.2005. Strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227: 1409–1414. doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1409 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bierschwal C. J., Garverick H. A., Martin C. E., Youngquist R. S., Cantley T. C., Brown M. D.1975. Clinical response of dairy cows with ovarian cysts to GnRH. J. Anim. Sci. 41: 1660–1665. doi: 10.2527/jas1975.4161660x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Brito L. F. C., Palmer C. W.2004. Cystic ovarian disease in cattle. Large Anim. Vet. Rounds. 4: 1–6. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Cattaneo L., Signorini M. L., Bertoli J., Bartolomé J. A., Gareis N. C., Díaz P. U., Bó G. A., Ortega H. H.2014. Epidemiological description of cystic ovarian disease in argentine dairy herds: risk factors and effects on the reproductive performance of lactating cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 49: 1028–1033. doi: 10.1111/rda.12432 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Day N.1991. The diagnosis, differentiation and pathogenesis of COD. Vet. Med. 86: 753–760. [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Dinsmore R. P., White M. E., Guard C. L., Jasko D. J., Perdrizet J. A., Powers P. M., Smith M. C.1989. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on clinical response and fertility in cows with cystic ovaries, as related to milk progesterone concentration and days after parturition. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195: 327–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Douthwaite R., Dobson H.2000. Comparison of different methods of diagnosis of cystic ovarian disease in cattle and an assessment of its treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. Vet. Rec. 147: 355–359. doi: 10.1136/vr.147.13.355 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Gaebler E., Eigenmann U., Bruckmaier R., Bleul U.2015. Fate of follicular ovarian cysts in early postpartum dairy cows treated with PRID/PGF or PRID/PGF plus eCG. Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere Nutztiere 43: 331–339. doi: 10.15653/TPG-150249 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Garverick H. A.2007. Ovarian follicular cysts. pp. 379–382. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology Vol. 2, (Youngquist, R. S. and Threlfall, W. eds.), Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis. [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Ginther O. J., Knopf L., Kastelic J. P.1989. Temporal associations among ovarian events in cattle during oestrous cycles with two and three follicular waves. J. Reprod. Fertil. 87: 223–230. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0870223 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Hanzen C., Pieterse M., Scenczi O., Drost M.2000. Relative accuracy of the identification of ovarian structures in the cow by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum. Vet. J. 159: 161–170. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0398 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Hatler T. B., Hayes S. H., Laranja da Fonseca L. F., Silvia W. J.2003. Relationship between endogenous progesterone and follicular dynamics in lactating dairy cows with ovarian follicular cysts. Biol. Reprod. 69: 218–223. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.012179 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Hatvani C., Balogh O. G., Endrődi T., Abonyi-Tóth Z., Holló I., Kastelic J. P., Gábor G.2013. Estrus response and fertility after a single cloprostenol treatment in dairy cows with various ovarian structures. Can. J. Vet. Res. 77: 218–220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Jeengar K., Chaudhary V., Kumar A., Raiya S., Gaur M., Purohit G. N.2014. Ovarian cysts in dairy cows: old and new concepts for definition, diagnosis and therapy. Anim. Reprod. 11: 63–73. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Jeffcoate I. A., Ayliffe T. R.1995. An ultrasonographic study of bovine cystic ovarian disease and its treatment. Vet. Rec. 136: 406–410. doi: 10.1136/vr.136.16.406 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Jou P., Buckrell B. C., Liptrap R. M., Summerlee A. J., Johnson W. H.1999. Evaluation of the effect of GnRH on follicular ovarian cysts in dairy cows using trans-rectal ultrasonography. Theriogenology 52: 923–937. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00183-1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Kahn C. M.2010. Cystic ovary disease. pp. 1243–1247. In: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th ed. (Kahn, C. M. and Line, S. eds.), Merck, Whitehouse Station. [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Lüttgenau J., Kögel T., Bollwein H.2016. Effects of GnRH or PGF2α in week 5 postpartum on the incidence of cystic ovarian follicles and persistent corpora lutea and on fertility parameters in dairy cows. Theriogenology 85: 904–913. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.040 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Marthold D., Detterer J., Koenig von Borstel U., Gauly M., Holtz W.2016. Fixed-time Insemination in Pasture-based Medium-sized Dairy Operations of Northern Germany and an Attempt to Replace GnRH by hCG. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 51: 85–90. doi: 10.1111/rda.12649 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Ortega H. H., Marelli B. E., Rey F., Amweg A. N., Díaz P. U., Stangaferro M. L., Salvetti N. R.2015. Molecular aspects of bovine cystic ovarian disease pathogenesis. Reproduction 149: R251–R264. doi: 10.1530/REP-14-0618 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Peter A. T.2004. An update on cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 39: 1–7. doi: 10.1046/j.0936-6768.2003.00466.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Picard-Hagen N., Lhermie G., Florentin S., Merle D., Frein P., Gayrard V.2015. Effect of gonadorelin, lecirelin, and buserelin on LH surge, ovulation, and progesterone in cattle. Theriogenology 84: 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.004 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Probo M., Comin A., Mollo A., Cairoli F., Stradaioli G., Veronesi M. C.2011. Reproductive performance of dairy cows with luteal or follicular ovarian cysts after treatment with buserelin. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 127: 135–139. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.07.019 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Purohit G. N.2008. Recent developments in the diagnosis and therapy of repeat breeding cows and buffaloes. CAB Rev: Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Res. 3: 1–34. [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Refsdal A. O.2000. To treat or not to treat: a proper use of hormones and antibiotics. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 60−61: 109–119. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00094-4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Ribadu A. Y., Ward W. R., Dobson H.1994. Comparative evaluation of ovarian structures in cattle by palpation per rectum, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone concentration. Vet. Rec. 135: 452–457. doi: 10.1136/vr.135.19.452 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Roberts S. J.1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Disease, Published by the author, Woodstock. [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Schlafer D. H.2007. Pathology of the Ovary (Nondevelopmental Lesions). pp. 444–450. In: Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals, (Grant Maxie, M. ed.), Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Scholl D. T., Carpenter T. E. and BonDurant, R. H. 1992. Economic evaluation of not-treating cows with bovine cystic ovarian disease relative to gonadotropin releasing hormone therapy: a decision-tree analysis approach. pp. 304–309. In: Proceedings of the XXV World Association for Buiatrics Congress, St. Paul. [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Scully D., Kolle S.2017. Bovine cystic ovary disease: how does it affect tubal functional integrity and gameto-maternal interaction? Reprod. Domest. Anim. 52(Supple): S49. [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Silvia W. J., Hatler T. B., Nugent A. M., Laranja da Fonseca L. F.2002. Ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows: an abnormality in folliculogenesis. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 23: 167–177. doi: 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00154-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Suriyasathaporn W., Nielen M., Dieleman S. J., Brand A., Noordhuizen-Stassen E. N., Schukken Y. H.1998. A Cox proportional-hazards model with time-dependent covariates to evaluate the relationship between body-condition score and the risks of first insemination and pregnancy in a high-producing dairy herd. Prev. Vet. Med. 37: 159–172. doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(98)00100-7 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Taktaz T., Kafi M., Mokhtari A., Heidari M.2015. Reproductive responses of dairy cows with ovarian cysts to simultaneous human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cloprostenol compared to gonadotropin-releasing hormone alone treatment. Vet. World 8: 640–644. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.640-644 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Vanholder T., Opsomer G., de Kruif A.2006. Aetiology and pathogenesis of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cattle: a review. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 46: 105–119. doi: 10.1051/rnd:2006003 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Watson C. L., Cliff A. J. A.1997. Survey of cystic ovarian disease in practice. Bov. Pract. 31: 15–18. [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Woolums A. R., Peter A. T.1994. Cystic ovarian condition in cattle. 1. Folliculogenesis and ovulation. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 16: 935–942. [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science are provided here courtesy of Japanese Society of Veterinary Science

RESOURCES