Status and perspective of laparoscopic repeat liver resection

Abstract

Liver resection (LR) is now actively applied to intrahepatic recurrence of liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although indications of laparoscopic LR (LLR) have been expanded, there are increased risks of intraoperative complications and conversion in repeat LLR. Controversy still exists for the indication. There are 16 reports of small series to date. These studies generally reported that repeat LLR has better short-term outcomes than open (reduced bleedings, less or similar morbidity and shorter hospital stay) without compromising the long-term outcomes. The fact that complete adhesiolysis can be avoided in repeat LLR is also reported. In the comparison of previous procedures, it is reported that the operation time for repeat LLR was shorter for the patients previously treated with LLR than open. Furthermore, it is speculated that LLR for minor repeat LR of cirrhotic liver can be minimized the deterioration of liver function by LR. However, further experience and evaluation of anatomical resection or resections exposing major vessels as repeat LLR, especially after previous anatomical resection, are needed. There should be a chance to prolong the overall survival of the patients by using LLR as a powerful local therapy which can be applied repeatedly with minimal deterioration of liver function.

Core tip: There are 16 reports of repeat laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). They reported that it has better short-term outcomes than open (reduced bleedings, less or similar morbidity and shorter hospital stay). The fact that complete adhesiolysis can be avoided in repeat LLR is also reported. It is speculated that LLR for minor repeat LR of cirrhotic liver can be minimized the deterioration of liver function by LR. Repeated application of LLR as a powerful local therapy, which can be applied repeatedly with minimal deterioration of liver function, could improve the overall survival of the patients.

INTRODUCTION

The neoplastic liver background of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with chronic liver disease (CLD) develops multifocal and metachronous liver tumors repeatedly. Also, metastases of various tumors can occur repeatedly in the liver. Repeat treatments for HCC and metastases, especially of colorectal cancer, are often needed.

Nowadays, liver resection (LR) is often performed to such lesions, if they are resectable without other uncontrollable/distant disease, and the reports for repeat LR has increased[1-4]. Furthermore, indications of laparoscopic LR (LLR) are expanding with the accumulation of experiences and technical/instrumental developments[5-8]. In LLR, surgeons should overcome restricted manipulation, lack of tactile sensation and three-dimensional (3D) vision (which is recently partially resolved by 3D-laparoscope), and disorientation from the lack of an overview of operative field, during liver mobilization, pedicle control and parenchymal transection, which is a trade-off to magnified fine local view[9,10]. Postoperative adhesions with the need for adhesiolysis are known to increase the operation time of subsequent surgeries and the incidence of bowel injury[11,12]. Therefore, increased rates of complications and conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery had been reported in repeat laparoscopic surgery[13]. A previous history of surgery had been among the contraindications for laparoscopic surgery. However, many laparoscopic procedures with previous surgical history, such as cholecystectomy[12,13], appendectomy[14], colectomy[15], and gastrectomy[16], can be performed nowadays with technical and instrumental improvements. On the other, LLR itself remains a demanding procedure and the indications of repeat LLR are under discussion. Adequate dissection of adhesion and mobilization of the involved liver should be performed before repeat LR. Adhesion can disrupt the dissection of hilar area and hepatoduodenal ligament, which is often crucial in LR. The deformity of the liver and surrounding scars and adhesion makes the localization of tumors and the important structures (vessels) difficult. The fact that liver capsule bleeds easily during adhesiolysis and mobilization leads to increase the intraoperative bleeding and create a suboptimal operative field[17]. These changes after previous surgery can increase the risks of intraoperative injury to vascular or biliary structures.

STUDIES OF REPEAT LLR

Only 16 reports of small series were found out under Medline-search with the words “repeat” and “laparoscopic liver resection” and their re-quotations[18-33] (Table 1), although they are gradually increasing. Belli et al[20] reported that LLR with its magnifies view facilitates more meticulous dissection of adhesions strained by the pneumoperitoneum. An additional possible advantage of repeat LLR is reported that complete adhesiolysis can be avoided when the adhesion does not affect the current operative procedure[24,29]. Generally, these studies reported that repeat LLR has better short-term outcomes (similar or longer operation time, reduced bleedings, less blood transfusion, less or similar morbidity and shortened hospital stay) with the comparable long-term outcomes. Each study concluded that repeat LLR is feasible and safe for selected patients, although those studies are the mixtures of the patients with HCC and metastases. The settings of the patients with HCC and metastases are different in LR. The patients with metastases sometimes undergo major LR with the handling of Glissonian pedicles on the soft liver with congestion and/or steatosis. Minor LR on the fibrous hard liver with poor functional reserve and surrounding collateral vessels is often performed for HCC patients. Five studies of repeat LLR, which only include HCC patients[20,24,26,27,31], reported the outcomes for the series of 12, 6, 3, 20 and 8 patients. The conclusions of all studies are that repeat LLR for recurrent HCC in CLD backgrounds is a safe and feasible procedure. It is mentioned that the adhesiolysis was easier and the operation time was shorter in repeat LLR for the patients with previous LLR compared to open LR[20]. Belli et al[20] referred the advantages of LLR for the management during the long history with repeat oncogenesis in cirrhotic patients. Kanazawa et al[27] mentioned that the complication rate and the hospital stay had been decreased in their institute by the introduction of LLR for recurrent HCC patients.

Table 1.

Summary of previous reports of repeat laparoscopic liver resection

n	Disease	Previous LR (open:lap)	Procedure	Bleeding (mL)	Operating time (min)	Conversion (n)	Postoperative hospital stay (d)	Morbidity	Mortality	Ref.
12	HCC	4:8	LLS (n = 5), Pt (n = 4), Seg (n = 3)	297 ± 134 272.2 ± 120	114.4 ± 11.0 63.9 ± 13.3	1	7.4 ± 2.5 6.2 ± 3.0	26.60%	0%	[20]
2	Met	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	[21]
6	HCC	3:3 (Lap RFA, n = 2)	LLS (n = 2), Pt (n = 4)	283.3 ± 256.3	140.8 ± 35.7	0	5.67 ± 1.63	16.7%	0%	[24]
76	Met (n = 63), HCC (n = 3), others (n = 10)	28:44	LLS (n = 4), Pt, seg (n = 53), above-seg (n = 19)	300 (0–5000)	180 (80–570)	8	6 (2–42)	26%	0%	[23]
4	HCC (n = 3), Met (n =1)	0:4	LLS (n = 1), Pt (n = 3)	481.7 ± 449.5	312.3 ± 158.4	1	10.6 ± 7.4	23.4%	0%	[22]
3	HCC	0:3	ND	281.3 (mean)	264.6 (mean)	0	8.6 (mean)		0%	[26]
17	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	[25]
20	HCC	15:5	Pt	78 (1–1500)	239 (69–658)	2 (HALS)	9 (5–22)	5%	0%	[27]
20	HCC (n = 2), Met (n = 16), others (n = 2)	0:20	Minor (n = 14), major (n = 6)	400 (IQR 150-200 mL)	285 (IQR 195-360)	3	4 (1-57)	10%	0%	[30]
12	HCC (n = 8), Met (n = 2), others (n = 2)	8:4	Pt (n = 9), Subseg (n = 3)	50 (NC–840)	301 (104–570)	0	12 (9–30)	0%	0%	[29]
11	HCC	6:5	LLS = 2 Subseg = 9	100 (50-500)	200 (131-352)	0	6 (3-17)	18.2%	0%	[33]
27	Met	ND	Major = 25 Minor = 2	ND (4 patients received transfusion)	252.5 (180-300)	1	9 (IQR 8-18)	48.1%	0%	[32]
8	HCC	6:2	Sec = 2 Seg = 2 Subseg = 4	200 (30-5000)	343 (120-530)	1	3.5 (3-8)	12.5%	0%	[31]
20	HCC (n = 15) Met (n = 5)	12:8	Anatomical = 1 Non-anatomical = 19	159 +/- 256	225 +/- 85	1	14.2 +/- 5.4	0%	0%	[19]
33	HCC and combined (n = 18) Met (n = 15)	21:12	Anatomical = 11 Non-anatomical = 22	30 (NC-1012)	217 (43-356)	0	6.5 (3-47)	6.1%	3%	[18]

Data are expressed as median (range) or mean ± SD, unless stated otherwise. In the paper from Belli, operation time, bleeding and postoperative hospital stay are described separately for patients whose previous hepatectomy was open (upper) or laparoscopic (lower). LLR: Laparoscopic liver resection; LR: Liver resection; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; LLS: Left lateral sectorectomy; Met: Metastasis; Minor: Resection of 2 segments or less; Major: Resection of 3 segments or more; ND: Not documented; Pt: Partial resection; Sec: Sectionectomy; Seg: Segmentectomy; Subseg: Subsegmentectomy; IQR: Interquartile range; NC: Not countable.

LLR CHARACTERISTICS

It is previously reported that LLR is especially beneficial for severe CLD patients[34]. LLR with minimal laparotomy and mobilization can minimize the destruction of blood and lymphatic collaterals, as well as the parenchymal injury by compression. It reduces postoperative ascites and liver failure for CLD patients[35]. In LR, resection of the liver inside the subphrenic rib cage is performed. The cage is opened with a big subcostal incision and then the liver is picked up with mobilization in open LR. On the other, laparoscope and forceps intrude into the cage directly from the caudal direction (“Caudal approach”[36-38], Figure 1) and perform LR in the small targeted area without damages to the surrounding area in LLR. LLR also facilitates the usage of postural change and the gravity for handling organs/tumors, since the same surgical view under position changes can be established by the adjustments of laparoscope’s positioning and rotation. That reduces compression on the liver during surgery. Our previous report of the caudal approach posterior sectionectomy in the left lateral position[36] posed the novel concept of “caudal approach” in LLR. Although the supine to semi-lateral positioning had been employed for the other resections, the transection plane of posterior sectionectomy was horizontal and gravity obstructs the exposure of the plane in the supine position. A clear view from the caudal direction and an easy access to postural changes is among the advantages of LLR (Figure 1). We perform parenchymal transection prior to mobilization in the left lateral position for laparoscopic posterior sectionectomy. It facilitates exposure of the cutting plane during the transection in caudal-to-cranial one direction. The transection plane is well-opened between the retroperitoneal-fixed posterior section and the remnant liver falling down to left by gravity. Moreover, the resection of segment(s) 7 should be performed in the deeper and smaller cranial subphrenic space and S6 is an obstacle under the laparoscopic caudal view even in the left lateral position. Semi-prone position with only partial dissection of the retroperitoneum is employed for those resections[39]. Our key aim in LLR is to carry out minimal dissection around the liver with the intrusion and manipulation of laparoscope and forceps to the small target area under postural changes. In the same context, repeat LLR requires smaller (than open) working space between adhesions. Direct approach to the tumor after minimal adhesiolysis for the space where laparoscope and forceps can intrude and do manipulation can be allowed especially in repeat small LLR[23,24,29]. That is why some studies showed that operation time and bleeding amount were similar in primary and repeat LLR[18,29]. The operation time and blood loss are usually much longer and larger in open repeat than open primary LR. Operation time and bleeding amount of repeat partial resection could be reduced under laparoscopic approach.

Figure 1.

Schema of open liver resection (A), laparoscopic liver resection (B), position change in laparoscopic liver resection (tilting the bed for head-up position, C) and position change in laparoscopic liver resection (rotation from supine to semi-prone position, D). Red arrows indicate the directions of the view and manipulation in each approach. A: In the open approach, the subcostal cage containing the liver is opened with a large subcostal incision, and instruments are used to lift the costal arch up. The liver is dissected and mobilized (picked up) from the retroperitoneum; B: In the laparoscopic caudal approach, the laparoscope and forceps are placed into the subcostal cage from caudal direction, and surgery is performed with minimal alteration and destruction of the associated structures; C and D: In the laparoscopic approach, the same surgical view under position changes (tilting the bed and rotation of the patient’s body), acquired by the adjustments of laparoscope’s positioning and rotation, allows for handling large-volume liver/tumor by postural changes.

OUR EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF REPEAT LLR

Most reported cases of repeat LLR underwent minor resection of HCC with CLD, as mentioned above. The impact of alterations from the previous surgery on hepatic parenchyma and intrahepatic structure could be smaller in such cases. There were three repeat cases with anatomical resection or resections exposing major vessels (including S8 segmentectomy after 4-times LLR[40]) after previous anatomical resection who developed bile leakage and > 30 d hospital stay, among our 33 repeat and 12 three or more-time repeat LLR cases. Anatomical alterations surrounded by the scars and adhesions on major vessel structures could have big impacts on subsequent anatomical resection or resections exposing major vessels, experiences and evaluations of such setting of repeat LLR are required for the settlement (Table 2).

Table 2.

The summary of present status and future perspectives of repeat laparoscopic liver resection

Present status
There are 16 reports of small series. Controversy still exists in the indication of repeat LLR
These studies generally reported that it has better short-term outcomes without compromising the long-term outcomes (similar or longer operation time, reduces bleedings, reduced blood transfusion rate, less or similar morbidity and shorter hospital stay)
It facilitates more meticulous dissection of adhesions strained by the pneumoperitoneum using magnified laparoscopic view
Complete adhesiolysis can be avoided when the adhesion does not affect the current operative procedure
Operation time was shorter and the adhesiolysis was easier for the patients previously treated with LLR than open LR
It requires smaller (than open) working space between adhesions (this fact allows for minimal adhesiolysis, and operation time and bleeding amount were similar in primary and repeat LLR, although those from open LR are longer and increased)
Future perspectives
Further evaluations of anatomical resection or resections exposing major vessels after previous anatomical resection are needed
One of the possible advantages for minor repeat LR of CLD liver is that the deterioration of liver function can be minimized
It could prolong the overall survival of the HCC patients with CLD as a powerful local therapy which can be applied repeatedly with minimal deterioration of liver function

LLR: Laparoscopic liver resection; LR: Liver resection; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CLD: Chronic liver disease.