Abstract
Purpose: To measure disparities in exposure to food/beverage websites by Hispanic youth.
Methods: Observational study using market research panel data compared frequency and time spent visiting food/beverage websites and the Internet overall for Hispanic and non-Hispanic children (6–11 years) and youth (6–17 years).
Results: Hispanic children and youth, particularly Spanish-speaking youth, were less likely to visit the Internet overall, but more likely to visit food/beverages websites, compared with their non-Hispanic peers.
Conclusions: Food and beverage company websites disproportionately appeal to Hispanic youth. Public health advocates and companies should take action to reduce Hispanic youth exposure to unhealthy food marketing online.
Keywords: : Hispanic, Internet, marketing, obesity
Introduction
Public health experts raise concerns that disproportionate exposure to unhealthy food marketing contributes to poor diet and disparities in obesity and related diseases among Hispanic youth.1–12 Furthermore, food and beverage companies often target marketing for nutrient-poor products such as candy, sugary drinks, snack foods, and fast-food restaurants to Hispanic audiences, including youth.13–15
Previous research has documented disproportionate exposure to unhealthy food marketing by Hispanic youth in their communities and on TV.16,17 However, marketing to Hispanic youth on the Internet also may pose health risks. Food and beverage companies have increased their marketing aimed at all youth on digital media,18 including food company websites.19 Previous research has documented frequent youth visitors to food company websites, including those featuring child-directed games.13,20,21 However, research has not assessed Hispanic youth's exposure to food and beverage marketing on the Internet. This research utilizes syndicated market research data to compare Internet behavior, including visits to food/beverage websites, for Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth.
Methods
Data
Researchers obtained data for Hispanic and non-Hispanic youth Internet visitors (6–17 years) for July 2012 through June 2013, using comScore's Media Metrix Key Measures Report. Data for Hispanic and non-Hispanic child visitors (6–11 years) and for Hispanic youth visitors segmented by household language preference (primarily English speaking, bilingual, and primarily Spanish speaking) also were obtained for total Internet and higher volume websites. Household language preferences are self-identified by the head-of-household.
comScore conducts monthly phone surveys, weighted to be representative of the U.S. population, to estimate Internet users by age and ethnicity.22 It also tracks visitors to the total Internet and individual websites through its panel of approximately 350,000 active monthly Internet users in the United States, the largest U.S. panel, including individual users within a household. comScore provides data for websites visited on personal computers by at least 30 panel members in a given quarter, but does not provide visits on mobile devices for youth under age 18.
Measures
Measures are reported by age group, ethnicity, and language preference for the total Internet and for individual websites with available data.22 comScore provided four quarterly reports of average monthly data, which researchers averaged to obtain mean monthly numbers for the 12-month period examined. Visits-per-visitor, minutes-per-visit, and minutes-per-visitor provided frequency and duration of visits. Researchers used these measures to calculate (1) audience reach for individual food/beverage websites (unique visitors-per-month for the website/the total Internet) per demographic group; (2) Hispanic audience ratios for individual websites (Hispanic audience reach/non-Hispanic audience reach); (3) Hispanic audience ratios for minutes-per-visitor (average monthly minutes for Hispanic visitors/non-Hispanic visitors); and (4) Spanish-speaking audience ratios (audience reach for primarily Spanish-speaking and bilingual Hispanic youth/primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth). Hispanic audience ratios >1.0 indicate that visits and/or time spent on the website were higher for Hispanic individuals than for non-Hispanic individuals. Spanish-speaking ratios >1.0 indicate that visits and/or time spent on the website were higher for individuals living in Spanish-speaking households than those in primarily English-speaking households.
To identify popular food/beverage websites, researchers used comScore's Media Metrix Key Measures Report to select all websites from 48 food and beverage companies engaged in youth-directed marketing.18 Researchers then excluded non-U.S. URLs and websites promoting other types of products (e.g., household cleaners and baby foods), websites aimed at company shareholders or employees, and those with fewer than 1000 unique Hispanic youth visitors-per-month and/or with less than three quarters of available data.
Using content analysis, researchers classified food/beverage websites according to product category and child-directed content. The codebook for child-directed content was adapted from a previous study that identified messages appealing to children,13 including techniques such as advergames, anthropomorphized food, and animated characters. Two independent coders achieved 97% agreement for product category and 82% agreement for child-directed messages. Researchers reconvened to reach a consensus on discrepancies.
Statistical analysis
One-sample t-tests assessed whether Hispanic and Spanish-speaking audience ratios differed significantly from 1.0 (i.e., equal audience reach for Hispanic and non-Hispanic individuals, or youth living in Spanish-speaking versus primarily English-speaking households). Statistical analyses were conducted in 2015 using STATA, version 14.0.
Results
Internet overall
On average, 36% of Hispanic youth (6–17 years) visited the Internet on a given day, averaging ∼24 minutes-per-visit (Table 1). However, Hispanic youth visited somewhat less often than non-Hispanic youth. Primarily English speakers comprised 48% of the Hispanic youth Internet audience, and bilingual and primarily Spanish speakers comprised approximately one-quarter each. Time spent on the Internet increased with amount of English spoken in the household. On average, Hispanic youth in households that primarily spoke English spent 2.5 more hours-per-month online than primarily Spanish speakers. However, primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth spent ∼1.5 fewer hours-per-month online than non-Hispanic youth. Just 19% of Hispanic children (6–11 years) visited the Internet on a given day, and they spent approximately 1 less hour-per-month than non-Hispanic children.
Table 1.
Total Internet Visits by Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Youth and Children
| Mean monthly unique visitors to the Internet (000) | Mean monthly visits-per-visitor | Mean minutes- per-visit | Mean monthly minutes-per-visitor | Mean daily audience penetration, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic youth (6–17 years) | 6495.3 | 28.8 | 23.8 | 688.7 | 35.8 |
| Primarily English speakinga | 3138.4 | 30.7 | 24.3 | 749.5 | 36.8 |
| Bilingual | 1726.1 | 28.0 | 23.4 | 657.8 | 36.4 |
| Primarily Spanish speaking | 1630.9 | 25.9 | 23.1 | 601.7 | 33.4 |
| Non-Hispanic youth (6–17 years) | 36207.8 | 34.8 | 24.1 | 839.8 | 40.2 |
| Hispanic children (6–11 years) | 3274.3 | 10.5 | 18.9 | 199.2 | 19.0 |
| Non-Hispanic children (6–11 years) | 18161.3 | 13.5 | 19.1 | 259.1 | 21.4 |
Source: comScore Media Metrix Key Measures report, July 2012–June 2013.
Household language preference.
Food/beverage websites
comScore identified 274 U.S-based food/beverage company websites, of which 24% (n=67) averaged 1000 or more unique Hispanic youth visitors-per-month and met the other inclusion criteria. Approximately one-third (n=20) also attracted enough Hispanic child (6–11 years) visitors to measure, and one-third (n=21) had data for Hispanic youth by language preference.
Despite fewer visits to the total Internet, Hispanic youth were significantly more likely to visit food/beverage websites than non-Hispanic youth (MHispanic youth audience ratio=1.72, 95% CI=1.11–2.33, p=0.02). These sites were also relatively more popular with Spanish-speaking youth (MSpanish-speaking youth audience ratio=1.35, 95% CI=1.00–1.70, p=0.04) and with Hispanic children (MHispanic child audience ratio=1.67, 95% CI=1.00–2.34, p=0.05) than with non-Hispanic children.
Restaurants and multiproduct sites represented almost one-half of the food/beverage sites examined (Table 2). Compared with non-Hispanic youth, Hispanic youth were more likely to visit 31 of the identified sites (46%), including the 14 sites featuring child-directed messages. Furthermore, Spanish-speaking youth were equally or more likely to visit most of the food/beverage websites with language preference data than primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth, including all sites with child-directed messages.
Table 2.
Categories of Food and Beverage Websites Visited by Hispanic Children (6–11 years) and Youth (6–17 Years)
| Audience share ratios (range) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unique Hispanic youth visitors-per-month (000) | |||||||
| Product category | No. of websites | % of total | Median | Range | Hispanic youth (6–17 years)a (n=67) | Hispanic children (6–11 years)b (n=20) | Spanish-speaking youth (6–17 years)c (n=21) |
| Restaurants | 19 | 28 | 6.7 | 1.1–65.1 | 0.4–6.6 | 0.6–7.3 | 0.5–3.3 |
| Multiproduct | 13 | 19 | 5.0 | 1.3–16.3 | 0.3–17.8 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.7–0.9 |
| Beverages | 12 | 18 | 2.1 | 1.0–12.5 | 0.4–3.0 | 1.9 | 1.2–1.5 |
| Cereals | 7 | 10 | 3.6 | 2.6–25.3 | 0.9–2.4 | 0.8–1.1 | 1.4–23.0 |
| Snacks | 7 | 10 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.5 | 0.6–3.4 | * | * |
| Candy | 6 | 9 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.2 | 0.7–1.0 | 1.0 | * |
| Other | 3 | 4 | 2.2 | 1.0–14.7 | 1.6–2.9 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Total sites with child-directed messages | 14 | 21 | 4.2 | 1.2–65.1 | 0.8–3.4 | 1.4–2.1 | 1.0–3.3 |
| Other popular sites | 53 | 79 | 2.7 | 1.0–49.7 | 0.3–17.9 | 0.6–7.3 | 0.5–2.9 |
Source: comScore Media Metrix Key Measures report, July 2012–June 2013.
Data were not available in comScore for these demographic groups.
Hispanic youth (6–17 years) audience reach/non-Hispanic youth audience reach.
Primarily Spanish-speaking and bilingual Hispanic youth audience reach/primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth audience reach.
Hispanic child (6–11 years) audience reach/non-Hispanic youth audience reach.
Table 3 presents the food/beverage websites visited most frequently (n=31) by Hispanic youth and additional sites with data by language preference and for Hispanic children. Sites that were relatively more popular with Hispanic youth than with non-Hispanic youth included ChuckeCheese.com, HappyMeal.com, the Lunchables website, FrostedFlakes.com, and two Spanish language websites (ComidaKraft.com and McDonald's MeEncanta.com). Among Hispanic children (under 12 years), ChuckeCheese.com, FrootLoops.com, HappyMeal.com, TacoBell.com, LuckyCharms.com, and SubwayKids.com were relatively more popular.
Table 3.
Popular Food and Beverage Websites with Hispanic Youth (6–17 Years)
| Unique visitors-per-month (000) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| By age group | By household language preference | Audience ratios | |||||||||
| Company | Website | Category | Child-directed messages | Hispanic youth (6–17 years) | Hispanic children (6–11 years) | Primarily English | Bilingual | Primarily Spanish | Hispanic youtha | Spanish-speaking youthb | Hispanic childrenc |
| CEC Entertainment | ChuckECheese.com | Restaurant | X | 65.1 | 41.6 | 28.6 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
| Yum! Brands | PizzaHut.com | Restaurant | 49.7 | 4.7 | 26.2 | 15.6 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | |
| McDonald's | McDonalds.com | Restaurant | 31.4 | 3.5 | 17.6 | 10.0 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
| Kellogg | FrootLoops.com | Cereal | X | 25.3 | 18.9 | 10.2 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
| McDonald's | HappyMeal.com | Restaurant | X | 23.2 | 17.9 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Doctors Associates | Subway.com | Restaurant | 19.9 | 3.4 | 9.6 | 6.8 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 | |
| General Mills | BettyCrocker.com | Multi | 16.3 | 2.1 | 9.6 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | |
| Kraft Foods | KraftRecipes.com | Multi | 14.9 | 4.4 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |
| McDonald's | McState.com | Restaurant | 14.9 | * | 6.8 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | * | |
| Kraft Foods | Lunchables | Other | X | 14.7 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Kellogg | KelloggsFamilyRewards.com | Multi | 14.1 | * | * | * | * | 1.2 | * | * | |
| Kellogg | FrostedFlakes.com | Cereal | X | 12.6 | 7.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| Coca-Cola | MyCokeRewards.com | Beverage | 12.5 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.9 | |
| 3G Capital | BurgerKing.com | Restaurant | 12.3 | * | 8.7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | * | |
| Yum! Brands | TacoBell.com | Restaurant | 10.5 | 3.9 | * | * | * | 0.9 | * | 7.3 | |
| General Mills | Pillsbury.com | Multi | 11.0 | 2.3 | * | * | * | 0.9 | * | 1.4 | |
| Kraft Foods | ComidaKraft.com | Multi | 10.0 | * | * | * | * | 17.8 | * | * | |
| Kraft Foods | KraftBrands.com | Multi | 8.0 | * | 4.5 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | * | |
| Wendy's Company | Wendys.com | Restaurant | 8.0 | * | 4.6 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | * | |
| Yum! Brands | KFC.com | Restaurant | 6.7 | * | 3.9 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | * | |
| General Mills | LuckyCharms.com | Cereal | X | 6.6 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
| McDonald's | MeEncanta.com | Restaurant | 5.2 | * | 1.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 6.6 | 3.3 | * | |
| Doctors Associates | SubwayKids.com | Restaurant | X | 4.8 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 |
| Red Bull | RedBullUSA.com | Beverage | 4.7 | * | * | * | * | 0.9 | * | * | |
| Kellogg | Kelloggs.com | Multi | 4.0 | 1.2 | * | * | * | 1.3 | * | 1.8 | |
| PepsiCo | Pepsi.com | Beverage | 3.8 | * | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | * | |
| Sonic | SonicDriveIn.com | Restaurant | 3.6 | 0.7 | * | * | * | 0.8 | * | 1.1 | |
| Kellogg | SpecialK.com | Cereal | 3.6 | * | 1.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.4 | * | |
| Post Foods | PebblesPlay.com | Cereal | X | 3.5 | 2.0 | * | * | * | 0.9 | * | 0.8 |
| General Mills | ReesesPuffs.com | Cereal | X | 2.6 | 1.5 | * | * | * | 1.1 | * | 0.8 |
| Topps | BabyBottlePop.com | Candy | X | 2.2 | 1.3 | * | * | * | 0.8 | * | 1.0 |
Source: comScore Media Metrix Key Measures report, July 2012–June 2013.
Note: Table 3 presents the food/beverage websites visited most often (n=31) out of the full sample (n=67).
Data were not available in comScore for these demographic groups
Hispanic youth (6–17 years) audience reach/non-Hispanic youth audience reach.
Primarily Spanish-speaking and bilingual Hispanic youth audience reach/Primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth audience reach.
Hispanic child (6–11 years) audience reach/non-Hispanic youth audience reach.
Conclusion
Hispanic children and youth, particularly youth in Spanish-speaking households, visited food/beverage websites at higher rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts, despite fewer visits to the Internet overall. The frequency with which youth in Spanish-speaking households visited popular food and beverage websites compared with primarily English-speaking Hispanic youth raises further concerns due to the potential for these sites to reinforce preferences for an “American” diet among less acculturated youth, which could contribute to Hispanic youth's worsening diet with greater acculturation.23 Further research is needed to understand why Hispanic youth disproportionately visit food/beverage websites to help inform potential actions to reduce their exposure to unhealthy food marketing. However, given higher rates of obesity and diet-related diseases among Hispanic youth,1,4 food and beverage companies should not target marketing of unhealthy products to Hispanic youth online.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
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Cite this article as: Hyary M, Harris JL (2017) Hispanic youth visits to food and beverage company websites, Health Equity 1:1, 134–138, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2016.0026.