The tumor suppressive miR-302c-3p inhibits migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting TRAF4

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as key regulators of tumorigenesis and progression. Serum miR-302c-3p expression is prominently deregulated in HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the expression of miR-302c-3p and its functional role in HBV-related HCC are rarely investigated. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-302c-3p were prominently down-regulated in HCC tissues compared to matched tumor-adjacent tissues. Moreover, miR-302c-3p under-expression was detected in HCC cell lines compared to a normal hepatic cell line LO2. Low miR-302c-3p expression was positively correlated with multiple tumor nodes, venous infiltration and advanced TNM tumor stage of HCC patients. Notably, our follow up data and TCGA data demonstrated that low miR-302c-3p expression predicted a poor survival of HCC patients. Functionally, miR-302c-3p overexpression inhibited migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells in vitro. Additionally, miR-302c-3p knockdown showed an opposite effect on these metastatic behaviors of HepG2 cells. MiR-302c-3p negatively regulated tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) abundance by directly targeting 3'-UTR of TRAF4 mRNA. The expression of TRAF4 was up-regulated in HCC tissues. The level of TRAF4 mRNA was inversely correlated with miR-302c-3p expression in HCC specimens. Mechanistically, miR-302c-3p restrained AKT-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells. Importantly, TRAF4 restoration reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-302c-3p on AKT-induced EMT and HCC cell metastasis. MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, inhibited miR-302c-3p knockdown-induced EMT in HepG2 cells. In summary, these results indicate that miR-302c-3p exhibits a tumor suppressive role in HCC by targeting TRAF4. Inhibition of miR-302c-3p/TRAF4 axis may serve as a therapeutic target for HCC.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fifth most common cancer, exhibits extremely high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide ¹. In 2012, more than approximately 700,000 died of HCC, which accounts for 9.1% in all cancers ². Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the main causes for the poor survival rate of patients with advanced stage HCC ³. Therefore, identification of novel biomarkers for early stage detection and novel potential therapeutic targets for HCC is desirable and urgently needed.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as a family of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are approximately 22 nucleotides in length, which act as post-transcriptional regulators by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of their target mRNAs ⁴. Recent studies have shown the association between miRNAs and HCC progression. For example, miR-187-3p, miR-542-3p, miR-1296 etc. function as tumor suppressors by targeting different genes ^5-7, while miR-324-3p, miR-1468 and miR-519a act as oncogenes in HCC ^8-10 and miR-367 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis during the progression of human HCC ¹¹. MiR-302c-3p has been recognized as a cancer-related miRNA in previous studies. MiR-302c-3p is identified a potent estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) regulating miRNA and inhibits estrogen-induced cell growth of breast cancer ^{12, 13}. Down-regulation of miR-302c-3p leads to the resistance of tumor cells to natural killer (NK) cells via up-regulation of UL-16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) and MHC class I chain-related A and B (MICA/B) ¹⁴. Furthermore, miR-302c-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma via inhibiting proliferation and invasion of cancer cells ¹⁵. MiR-302c-3p/interleukin-8 (IL8) axis plays an essential role in receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1)-mediated metastasis of gastric cancer ¹⁶. Meanwhile, miR-302c-3p suppresses HCC growth via inhibiting endothelial cell-mediated angiogenesis ¹⁷. Recently, serum miR-302c-3p expression is prominently deregulated in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC ¹⁸. However, the expression of miR-302c-3p and its functional role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC are rarely investigated.

In the current study, we were aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of miR-302c-3p in HCC, and disclosed the effects of miR-302c-3p on migration and invasion of HCC cells. Down-regulation of miR-302c-3p was observed in HCC tissues. Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) was recognized as a novel target of miR-302c-3p and it possibly mediated the tumor suppressive role of miR-302c-3p in HCC.

Materials and methods

Clinical samples

Eighty pairs of HCC and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from the Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital. All samples were confirmed by experienced pathologists and were conserved in liquid nitrogen for further analysis. All patients did not receive therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation prior to surgery. The study was approved by Ethic Committee of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and written informed consent was signed by all patients. The clinicopathologic parameters of patients were shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinicopathological correlation analysis of miR-302c-3p expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Clinicopathologic features		n	miR-302c-3p expression		P
			Low level (n=40)	High level (n=40)
Age (year)	≤50	32	14	18	0.361
	>50	48	26	22
Sex	Male	64	30	34	0.264
	Female	16	10	6
HBV infection	No	17	6	9	0.390
	Yes	63	34	31
Serum AFP level (ng/mL)	≤20	22	8	14	0.133
	>20	58	32	26
Tumor size (cm)	≤5	20	8	12	0.302
	>5	60	32	28
No. of tumor nodules	1	68	30	38	0.012*
	≥2	12	10	2
Cirrhosis	Absent	28	16	12	0.348
	Present	52	24	28
Venous infiltration	Absent	40	15	25	0.025*
	Present	40	25	15
Edmondson-Steiner grading	I+II	60	28	32	0.302
	III+IV	20	12	8
TNM tumor stage	I+II	64	27	37	0.005*
	III+IV	16	13	3

HBV, hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis. *Statistically significant.

Cell culture, transfection and reagent

The human HCC cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721, Huh7, Hep3B and MHCC97H) and normal hepatic cell line (LO2) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) added with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). All cell lines were incubated in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37°C.

The miR-302c-3p mimics, miR-302c-3p inhibitors and their corresponding negative control were purchased from GeneCopoeia (Guangzhou, China). TRAF4 expression plasmid (pcDNA3.1-TRAF4) was constructed and purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). Cells transfection was performed by using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. An AKT inhibitor, MK-2206 (1μM, Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA) was used to treat HCC cells for 12h.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)

The total RNA from HCC cells and tissues was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA was synthesized by TaqMan miRNA reverse transcription (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and a PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase kit (Takara, Dalian, China). The relative expression of miR-302c-3p and TRAF4 mRNA were quantified using miRNA-specific TaqMan miRNA Assay Kit (Applied Biosystems) and the SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ Kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan) in the Applied Biosystems 7500 Sequence Detection system. The relative expression of miR-302c-3p and TRAF4 mRNA were normalized by U6 small nuclear RNA and GAPDH, respectively. The primers of miR-302c-3p, U6, TRAF4 and GAPDH were designed and synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).

Western blotting

Western blotting was performed according to the protocol described previously ¹⁹. The protein concentration was measured using spectrophotometer (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA), then equal protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. Subsequently, the PVDF membranes were probed with antibody against TRAF4 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), p-AKT (Ser473, Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), AKT (Cell Signaling Technology), E-cadherin (Cell Signaling Technology), Vimentin (Cell Signaling Technology), Slug (Cell Signaling Technology) and GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), then probed with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (#7074 and #7076, Cell Signaling Technology). The western blot was detected with enhanced chemiluminescence regent (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Luciferase reporter assay

The sequence of TRAF4 3'-UTR containing the putative miR-302c-3p binding region was amplified from human genomic DNA. Then the sequence was cloned into pGL3 luciferase reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The potential miR-302c-3p binding sites were mutated by the Quick-change site-directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The wild type (wt) TRAF4 3'-UTR vector or mutant (mt) TRAF4 3'-UTR vector and miR-302c-3p mimics or miR-302c-3p inhibitors were co-transfected into HepG2 cells by using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The luciferase activity was measured using Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) under luminometer (Berthold Detection System, Pforzheim, Germany), and luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla activity.

Cell migration and invasion assay

1 × 10⁴ indicated HCC cells were seeded into the upper chamber coated with or without Matrigel (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA) and added DMEM without FBS. Then, the chamber was put into the cell culture plate containing DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. subsequently, the cells inside the upper chamber were carefully removed with cotton swabs. Migrated and invaded cells were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and subsequently stained by hematoxylin for 5 min. The migratory and invasive cells were finally examined and counted under microscope.

Statistical analysis

All data were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by using GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 (San Diego, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was calculated by Chi-squared test, Student's t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Each experiment was repeated three times.

Results

The expression of miR-302c-3p in HCC specimens

First, the expression of miR-302c-3p between HCC and tumor-adjacent tissues was determined by qRT-PCR. Our data showed that the expression of miR-302c-3p in HCC was obviously lower than that in tumor-adjacent tissues (P<0.0001, Figure 1A). Furthermore, the levels of miR-302c-3p in different HCC cell lines were detected. In accordance, low miR-302c-3p level was observed in all HCC cell lines compared to normal hepatic cell line LO2 (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 1B). These data reveal an under-expression of miR-302c in HCC.

Figure 1.

miR-302c-3p expression is down-regulated in HCC. (A) The expression of miR-302c-3p in HCC tissues was significantly lower than that in matched tumor-adjacent tissues. n=80, P<0.0001 by Student's t-test. (B) The expression differences of miR-302c-3p between HCC cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721, MHCC97H, Huh7 and Hep3B) and normal hepatic cell line (LO2). n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA.

The clinical significance of miR-302c-3p in HCC patients

Different subgroups (low/high miR-302c-3p expression) were divided according to the median level of miR-302c-3p in the cohort. Clinicopathological correlation analysis revealed that low miR-302c-3p level was correlated with multiple tumor nodes, venous infiltration and advanced TNM tumor stage (P < 0.05, respectively, Table 1). Notably, Kaplan-Meier plots indicated that HCC patients with low miR-302c-3p level had a significant shorter 3-year overall survival compared to cases with high miR-302c-3p expression (P=0.0393, Figure 2A). Meanwhile, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data also showed that low miR-302c-3p level indicated a poor prognosis of HCC patients (P=0.0011, Figure 2B). These data suggest that miR-302c-3p is a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC patients.

Figure 2.

The prognostic significance of miR-302c-3p in HCC patients. (A) Different subgroups (low/high miR-302c-3p expression) were divided according to the median of miR-302c-3p in our cohort. HCC patients with low miR-302c-3p level had a significant shorter overall survival compared to those with high miR-302c-3p level. P<0.05 by Log-rank test. (B) TCGA data showed that low miR-302c-3p level predicted an obvious poor prognosis of HCC patients. P<0.05 by Log-rank test.

MiR-302c-3p inhibits migration and invasion of HCC cells

Since our clinical data revealed the correlation between miR-302c-3p expression and metastatic features of HCC, the regulatory effect of miR-302c-3p on migration and invasion of HCC cells was determined. MHCC97H cells with low miR-302c-3p level and HepG2 cells with high miR-302c-3p level were used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments, respectively. Further experiments were performed in MHCC97H cells after miR-302c-3p overexpression (P < 0.05, Figure 3A). Transwell assays showed that miR-302c-3p overexpression remarkably decreased the migration and invasion capacities of MHCC97H cells (P < 0.05, respectively, Figure 3B). Furthermore, miR-302c-3p knockdown prominently facilitated migration and invasion of HepG2 cell (P < 0.05, respectively, Figure 3C and 3D). Thus, miR-302c-3p functions as a tumor suppressor by suppressing migration and invasion of HCC cells.

Figure 3.

miR-302c-3p inhibits migration and invasion of HCC cells. (A) MHCC97H cells that were transfected with miR-302c-3p mimics and control mimics, respectively, were subjected to qRT-PCR for miR-302c-3p expression. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (B) Transwell assays indicated that miR-302c-3p overexpression suppressed the migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (C) HepG2 cells that were transfected with miR-302c-3p inhibitors and control inhibitors, respectively, were detected by qRT-PCR for miR-302c-3p expression. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (D) The migration and invasion capacities of HepG2 cells was enhanced by miR-302c-3p knockdown. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test.

miR-302c-3p regulates TRAF4 abundance by directly targeting its 3'UTR in HCC cells

Next, the candidate target genes of miR-302c-3p were predicted using TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) and miRanda (microRNA.org). We found that the 3'-UTR of TRAF4 mRNA contained the complementary sequence of miR-302c-3p according to public available database analysis (Figure 4A). Thus, TRAF4 was selected for further experimental validation. Subsequently, we found that miR-302c-3p restoration significantly reduced while miR-302c-3p silencing increased the levels of TRAF4 mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 4B). Then, plasmids with wt 3'-UTR of TRAF4 or mt 3'-UTR of TRAF4 were transfected into HepG2 cells. Notably, miR-302c-3p restoration prominently reduced while miR-302c-3p silencing increased the fluorescence intensity of cells transfected with wt 3'-UTR of TRAF4 (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 4C). While, the fluorescence intensity had no significant variation after being transfected with miR-302c-3p mimics or inhibitors in the mutant group (Figure 4C). Our data further confirmed the overexpression of TRAF4 mRNA in HCC tissues compared to tumor-adjacent tissues (P<0.0001, Figure 4D). Notably, an inverse correlation between TRAF4 mRNA and miR-302c-3p expression was detected in HCC tissues (r=-0.562, P<0.0001, Figure 4E). Furthermore, six HCC tissues with different expression levels of miR-302c-3p were subjected to immunoblotting for TRAF4 expression. Quantitative data revealed that TRAF4 protein expression in HCC tissues with low miR-302c-3p level was prominently higher than that in HCC tissues with high miR-302c-3p level (P<0.05, Figure 4F). Taken together, we firstly disclose miR-302c-3p regulation of TRAF4 in HCC tissues.

Figure 4.

miR-302c-3p regulates TRAF4 expression by directly binding to its 3'-UTR in HCC cells. (A) The complementary sequences of miR-302c-3p were discovered in 3'-UTR of TRAF4 mRNA using TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) and miRanda (microRNA.org). The mutagenesis was performed in the complementary sites for the seed region of miR-302c-3p. (B) miR-302c-3p overexpression reduced while miR-302c-3p knockdown increased the expression of TRAF4 in HepG2 cells. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (C) miR-302c-3p inversely modulated the luciferase activity of plasmids that carried wt rather than mt 3'-UTR of TRAF4 (wt, wild type; mt, mutant type). n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (D) The expression of TRAF4 mRNA in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in matched tumor-adjacent tissues. n= 80, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (E) A negative correlation between TRAF4 mRNA expression and miR-302c-3p level was found in HCC tissues. n= 80, *P<0.05 by Pearson correlation test. (F) Western blotting analysis indicated that the expression of TRAF protein in HCC tissues with high miR-302c level was remarkably lower than that in cases with low miR-302c level. n= 6, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test.

miR-302c-3p inhibits AKT-mediated EMT in HCC cells

Since previous study reports that TRAF4 contributes to HCC cell metastasis via PI3K/AKT-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) ²⁰. As an upstream regulator of TRAF4, the regulatory effect of miR-302c-3p on AKT-mediated EMT in HCC cells was subsequently determined. As expected, miR-302c-3p overexpression reduced the expression of p-AKT and mesenchymal markers (Vimentin and Slug), and increased the level of epithelial marker (E-cadherin) in MHCC97H cells (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 5). Furthermore, miR-302c-3p knockdown promoted AKT signaling activation and EMT progression in HepG2 cells (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 5). Thus, miR-302c-3p is a regulator of EMT process in HCC cells.

Figure 5.

miR-302c-3p suppresses AKT-mediated EMT in HCC cells. MHCC97H cells were transfected with miR-302c-3p mimics and control mimics, respectively. miR-302c-3p overexpression reduced the levels of p-AKT, Vimentin and Slug, and increased E-cadherin expression. HepG2 cells were transfected with miR-302c-3p inhibitors and control inhibitors, respectively. miR-302c-3p knockdown promoted the activation of AKT signaling pathway and EMT progression. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test.

TRAF4 mediates the role of miR-302c-3p in HCC cells

To clarify whether TRAF4 was a downstream effector of miR-302c-3p, the rescue experiments were performed in HCC cells. TRAF4 expression was restored in miR-302c-3p overexressing MHCC97H cells (P<0.05, Figure 6A). TRAF4 restoration increased the levels of p-AKT, Vimentin and Slug, and reduced E-cadherin expression in MHCC97H cells with miR-302c-3p overexpression (P<0.05. respectively, Figure 6A). Functional experiments revealed that TRAF4 restoration reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-302c-3p on migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 6B). An AKT inhibitor, MK2206, was used to block AKT activation in HepG2 cells with miR-302c-3p knockdown (P<0.05, Figure 7). Furthermore, inactivation of AKT increased E-cadherin expression and reduced the levels of Vimentin and Slug in miR-302c-3p silencing HepG2 cells (P<0.05, respectively, Figure 7). These results suggest that TRAF4 is a downstream functional effector of miR-302c-3p in HCC.

Figure 6.

TRAF4 restoration reverses the tumor suppressive role of miR-302c-3p in MHCC97H cells. (A) miR-302c-3p overexpressing MHCC97H cells were transfected with TRAF4 expression plasmid and control plasmid, respectively. TRAF4 restoration promoted the activation of AKT signaling pathway and EMT progression. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test. (B) The number of migrated and invaded MHCC97H cells was reduced by miR-302c-3p overexpression and subsequently reversed by TRAF4 restoration. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test.

Figure 7.

AKT inhibition suppresses miR-302c-3p silencing-induced EMT of HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells with miR-302c-3p knockdown were treated with MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, and DMSO, respectively. Western blot analysis indicated that MK2206 treatment significantly reduced the levels of p-AKT, Vimenting and Slug, and increased E-cadherin expression. n= three repeats with similar results, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test.

Discussion

Deregulated expression of miR-302c-3p has been found in various human cancers including breast cancer ¹³, glioma ^{15, 21} and gastric cancer ²². Meanwhile, aberrant expression of miR-302c-3p is associated with prognostic features of human cancer. For instance, low miR-302c-3p expression is positively correlated with more invasive depth, advanced TNM tumor stage and absent of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer ²². Glioma patients with decreased miR-302c-3p expression had high Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score and WHO grade ²¹. In the present study, under-expression of miR-302c-3p was confirmed by qRT-PCR in our cohort of HCC cases. Low miR-302c-3p expression was frequently associated with multiple tumor nodes, venous infiltration and advanced TNM tumor stage. Notably, decreased expression of miR-302c-3p in HCC tissues indicated a remarkable reduced overall survival of patients based on our follow up data and TCGA data. The prognostic significance of miR-302c-3p is also reported in glioma, gastric cancer and adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction ^21-23. Thus, these data suggest miR-302c-3p as a promising prognostic biomarker in HCC.

miRNAs are implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion ²⁴. Increasing studies recognize miR-302c-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, glioma and gastric cancer ^{15, 16, 25}, and inhibits HCC growth by suppressing endothelial cell-mediated angiogenesis ¹⁷. Here, we demonstrated that miR-302c-3p played a tumor suppressive role via inhibiting migration and invasion of HCC cells. Interestingly, we found that miR-302c-3p also suppressed proliferation of HCC cells (Supplementary Figure 1). Thus, it is worth to disclose the mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of miR-302c-3p in HCC growth. miRNAs exhibit its functional role by inhibiting various downstream target genes in human cancer. Subsequently, TRAF4 was identified as a candidate target gene of miR-302c-3p. Public available database and luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that TRAF4 was a direct target of miR-302c-3p in HCC cells. TRAF4, a member of TRAFs family, belongs to signal adaptor proteins in the cytoplasm ²⁶. Some studies reveal the vital role of TRAF4 in embryogenesis and central nervous system myelin homeostasis ^{27, 28}. TRAF4 is firstly identified in breast cancer and its overexpression has been verified in numerous cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer and HCC ^{20, 29-31}. Recently, several studies have reported that TRAT4 plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and progression via regulating multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT pathway, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway and Wnt/β-catenin^{20, 32-34}. As a direct negative regulator of TRAF4, miR-302c-3p showed an opposite role in regulating AKT signaling pathway and EMT progression in HCC cells. miR-302c-3p reduced the levels of p-AKT, Vimentin and Slug, and increased E-cadherin expression. Notably, TRAF4 restoration reversed the tumor suppressive role of miR-302c-3p in HCC cells. Inactivation of AKT by MK2206 repressed miR-302c-3p knockdown-induced EMT of HCC cells. These data indicate that miR-302c-3p inhibits the metastasis of HCC cells by suppressing TRAF4.

In conclusion, we demonstrate that miR-302c-3p acts as a potential prognostic indicator and plays a tumor suppressive role in HCC. MiR-302c-3p inhibits the phosphorylation of AKT, EMT progression, migration and invasion in HCC cells (Supplementary Figure 2). TRAF4 restoration abrogates the tumor suppressive effect of miR-302c-3p in HCC cells. Thus, these findings suggest a potential therapeutic value of miR-302c-3p/TRAF4 axis for HCC.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary figures.

Abbreviations

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

miRNAs

microRNAs

ncRNAs

non-coding RNAs

3'-UTRs

3'-untranslated regions

ERα

estrogen receptor-alpha

NK

natural killer

ULBP2

UL-16 binding protein 2

MICA/B

MHC class I chain-related A and B

IL8

interleukin-8

RACK1

receptor for activated C-kinase 1

HCV

hepatitis C virus

HBV

hepatitis B virus

TRAF4

tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4

qRT-PCR

quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

TCGA

The Cancer Genome Atlas

EMT

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

KPS

Karnofsky performance status

TGF-β

transforming growth factor-β

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein

TNM

tumor-node-metastasis.