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Annals of Saudi Medicine logoLink to Annals of Saudi Medicine
. 2016 Jan-Feb;36(1):2–6. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.2

Growth reference for Saudi preschool children: LMS parameters and percentiles

Shaffi Ahamed Shaik a, Mohammad Issa El Mouzan b,, Abdullah Abdulmohsin Al Salloum c, Abdullah Sulaiman Al Herbish d
PMCID: PMC6074277  PMID: 26922681

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Previous growth charts for Saudi children have not included detailed tables and parameters needed for research and incorporation in electronic records.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this report is to publish the L, M, and S parameters and percentiles as well as the corresponding growth charts for Saudi preschool children.

DESIGN

Community-based survey and measurement of growth parameters in a sample selected by a multistage probability procedure.

SETTING

A stratified listing of the Saudi population.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Raw data from the previous nationally-representative sample were reanalyzed using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) methodology to calculate the L, M, and S parameters of percentiles (from 3rd to 97th) for weight, length/height, head circumference, and body mass index-for-age, and weight-for-length/height for boys and girls from birth to 60 months.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Length or height and weight of Saudi preschool children.

RESULTS

There were 15 601 Saudi children younger than 60 months of age, 7896 (50.6 %) were boys. The LMS parameters for weight for age from birth to 60 months (5 years) are reported for the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles as well as the corresponding graphs. Similarly, the LMS parameters for length/height-for-age, head circumference-for-age, weight-for-length/height and body mass index-for-age (BMI) are shown with the corresponding graphs for boys and girls.

CONCLUSION

Using the data in this report, clinicians and researchers can assess the growth of Saudi preschool children.

LIMITATIONS

The report does not reflect interregional variations in growth.


The use of growth charts is one of the ways to assess nutrition and growth in children and adolescents.1 Although the CDC 2000 reference growth charts for children in the United States are commonly used, the recently developed World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and Reference have been developed and recommended as international growth charts.2,3 However, many countries continue to use their own local charts.4,5 In Saudi Arabia, following a few attempts to develop national growth charts,68 nationally representative growth charts have been recommended for use in hospitals and clinics in Saudi Arabia.9 The current trend of using electronic medical records in Saudi Arabia requires calculation of additional variables, not available in previous analyses. These include the L, M, and S parameters percentiles and tables, which are useful to calculate other parameters including z-scores. We report the percentile tables for the L, M, and S parameters and the corresponding growth charts for preschool Saudi children. A similar analysis for older children from 5 to 18 years will be reported later.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The methodology of sampling, data collection and analysis have been reported.9 Briefly, the study sample was selected by multistage probability sampling procedure from a stratified listing based on the population census. Accordingly, the sample was representative of all the socioeconomic strata of each of the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was made by house-to-house visits where a survey questionnaire, clinical examination and body measurements were completed by primary care physicians and nurses. Data were analyzed after “cleaning” using new statistical methods.1012 The length of children younger than 3 years of age was measured in a supine position and the height was taken for children older than 3 years of age. Therefore, The terminology length/height is used to cover the age range from birth to 60 months. The weight is expressed in kilograms (kg) and length/height in centimeter (cm). As in previous analyses, the age was converted to Gregorian to facilitate comparison with growth charts of other populations.

Statistical methods

To calculate the percentiles of weight, height, body mass index and head circumference in boys and girls from birth to 60 months, the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method was applied to synthesize the changing distribution of these anthropometric measurements during growth as a function of age. The LMS parameters are the median (M), the generalized coefficient of variation (S), and the power in the Box-Cox transformation (L). The LMS method corrects for skewness, represented by the Box-Cox transformation (lambda), to adjust the distribution of anthropometric data to a normal distribution by minimizing the effects of asymmetry.10 The LMS method is used to model the data, smooth the model parameters, and then estimate smoothed percentiles from the model parameters. The LMS method models the entire distribution taking into account degree of skewness (L), central tendency (M), and dispersion (S). The L M and S parameters are estimated and then smoothed. The parameters L, M and S were calculated according to the method of maximum penalized likelihood.10 Percentiles for all the anthropometric measures were estimated from those values applying the following formula:13

P=M [1+LSZ]1/L,L0

Where the L, M, and S are the values from the appropriate table corresponding to the age in months of the child. Z is the z-score that corresponds to the percentile. Z-scores correspond exactly to percentiles, e.g., z-scores of −1.881, −1.645, −1.282, −0.674, 0, 0.674, 1.036, 1.282, 1.645, and 1.881 correspond to the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles, respectively. Any desired percentile or z-score can be calculated from the smoothed L, M and S parameters.

For our data, we have calculated the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th and the 97th percentiles for weight for age, height for age, head circumference-forage, weight for length/height, and added the 85th percentile for body mass index-for-age, commonly used to define overweight. Data processing was performed using the LMS Chart Maker Light 2.1 (Medical Research Council, London, UK). The goodness of fit of our all LMS models was assessed using the Q-test.

RESULTS

There were 15 601 Saudi children younger than 60 months (5 years) of age and 7896 (50.6%) were boys. The exact age at the time of growth measurement was calculated based on the date of birth in the birth certificate or family card subsequently converted to Gregorian dates. Only healthy children as determined by history and clinical examination performed by physicians were included.

Figure 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the growth curves by for percentile (3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentiles) for weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, head circumference-for-age, weight-for-length/height, and body mass index (BMI) for age for boys. Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the corresponding L M S parameters by percentile for weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, head circumference-for-age, weight-for-length/height, and BMI for age for boys. The same data for girls are shown in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 with the corresponding tabular data in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Weight-for-age, boys 0 to 60 months.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Length/height-for-age, boys 0 to 60 months.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Head circumference-for-age, boys 0 to 60 months.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Weight-for-length/height, boys 0 to 60 months.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Body mass index-for-age, boys 0 to 60 months.

Table 1.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for weight (kg) for age: boys 0 to 60 months

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −0.4720694 3.147095 0.1389603 2.459683 2.533042 2.652456 2.871306 3.147095 3.463723 3.790501 4.008216 4.159607
1 −0.243237 4.176147 0.1397221 3.237035 3.339298 3.504745 3.804604 4.176147 4.59389 5.015167 5.290354 5.479162
2 −1.77E-02 5.12747 0.140446 3.939589 4.071734 4.284093 4.664413 5.12747 5.637389 6.140387 6.463027 6.681751
3 0.2018186 5.942932 0.1411113 4.524147 4.685547 4.94303 5.398377 5.942932 6.530465 7.098063 7.456138 7.696302
4 0.4126544 6.637647 0.1417001 5.004926 5.195008 5.495872 6.020959 6.637647 7.289947 7.907971 8.292034 8.547205
5 0.613355 7.242529 0.1422046 5.407765 5.62649 5.9698 6.560834 7.242529 7.94999 8.608312 9.011912 9.277837
6 0.8027659 7.76878 0.1426231 5.74328 5.990615 6.375417 7.028673 7.76878 8.523076 9.213455 9.631606 9.905107
7 0.9794207 8.217348 0.1429559 6.014665 6.290182 6.714907 7.425824 8.217348 9.010447 9.725495 10.15395 10.4324
8 1.141048 8.602978 0.1432025 6.235794 6.538936 7.001904 7.766119 8.602978 9.428488 10.16282 10.5987 10.88041
9 1.284757 8.943767 0.1433605 6.423349 6.753385 7.252828 8.066394 8.943767 9.797243 10.54763 10.98946 11.27371
10 1.4073 9.252262 0.1434253 6.590413 6.946034 7.479629 8.338455 9.252262 10.13064 10.89541 11.34275 11.62945
11 1.50576 9.533834 0.1433937 6.745118 7.124025 7.688389 8.587591 9.533834 10.43472 11.21308 11.66602 11.95546
12 1.577266 9.791095 0.1432646 6.893828 7.292484 7.88293 8.816573 9.791095 10.71251 11.50424 11.9633 12.25605
13 1.620357 10.0307 0.1430392 7.044845 7.458843 8.069897 9.031685 10.0307 10.97139 11.77709 12.24326 12.54018
14 1.637432 10.25982 0.1427357 7.20368 7.628633 8.255047 9.239317 10.25982 11.21929 12.04008 12.5146 12.8167
15 1.632593 10.47884 0.1423813 7.368913 7.800806 8.437817 9.439492 10.47884 11.45663 12.2935 12.77746 13.08563
16 1.609559 10.68653 0.1419995 7.537497 7.972825 8.616246 9.630789 10.68653 11.68211 12.5358 13.03008 13.34504
17 1.571617 10.88285 0.1416107 7.707049 8.142952 8.789308 9.812871 10.88285 11.89573 12.76684 13.27221 13.5946
18 1.521697 11.0635 0.1412328 7.872153 8.30625 8.952527 9.981544 11.0635 12.09279 12.98149 13.49839 13.82862
19 1.462331 11.22666 0.1408804 8.029345 8.459778 9.10352 10.13489 11.22666 12.27134 13.17751 13.70622 14.04458
20 1.395415 11.37503 0.1405639 8.178851 8.604329 9.243753 10.27512 11.37503 12.43433 13.35803 13.89886 14.24567
21 1.322469 11.51265 0.1402884 8.322306 8.742032 9.375978 10.40574 11.51265 12.5862 13.52771 14.08112 14.43678
22 1.244739 11.64491 0.1400554 8.462691 8.876316 9.504203 10.53151 11.64491 12.73281 13.69278 14.25943 14.62449
23 1.163248 11.77525 0.1398664 8.601828 9.009295 9.630937 10.65545 11.77525 12.87789 13.85724 14.43792 14.813
24 1.078723 11.90677 0.1397207 8.741606 9.14307 9.758567 10.78035 11.90677 13.02484 14.0247 14.62038 15.0062
25 0.9915715 12.04159 0.1396132 8.883509 9.279221 9.888816 10.90812 12.04159 13.17595 14.19762 14.80935 15.20674
26 0.9024228 12.17954 0.1395382 9.027297 9.417541 10.02152 11.03864 12.17954 13.33098 14.37571 15.00453 15.4143
27 0.812551 12.3183 0.1394954 9.170727 9.555828 10.15452 11.16972 12.3183 13.48733 14.55605 15.20282 15.62565
28 0.722931 12.45702 0.1394861 9.31279 9.693124 10.28692 11.30054 12.45702 13.64407 14.73758 15.40303 15.83952
29 0.6342878 12.59662 0.1395109 9.453928 9.829933 10.41932 11.43186 12.59662 13.80217 14.92127 15.60615 16.05692
30 0.5472555 12.73835 0.1395699 9.594921 9.967095 10.55268 11.56481 12.73835 13.96299 15.10855 15.81363 16.27931
31 0.4624805 12.88261 0.1396633 9.735921 10.10479 10.68722 11.6997 12.88261 14.12696 15.29982 16.02582 16.50701
32 0.3805447 13.02915 0.1397898 9.876638 10.24273 10.82266 11.83628 13.02915 14.29378 15.49465 16.24223 16.73946
33 0.3019424 13.17526 0.1399466 10.01498 10.37873 10.95672 11.97208 13.17526 14.46039 15.68967 16.45922 16.97286
34 0.2270883 13.31817 0.1401287 10.14885 10.51063 11.08711 12.10459 13.31817 14.62372 15.88136 16.67301 17.20323
35 0.1561717 13.45833 0.1403313 10.27866 10.63883 11.21422 12.23425 13.45833 14.78418 16.07011 16.88389 17.43079
36 8.92E-02 13.59834 0.1405534 10.40648 10.76543 11.34025 12.36343 13.59834 14.94461 16.25893 17.09499 17.65873
37 0.0263559 13.74069 0.1407959 10.53417 10.89237 11.46723 12.49435 13.74069 15.10775 16.45074 17.30934 17.89013
38 −3.23E-02 13.88631 0.1410598 10.66246 11.02037 11.59592 12.62786 13.88631 15.27463 16.64664 17.528 18.12606
39 −8.66E-02 14.03564 0.1413438 10.79167 11.14977 11.72668 12.76435 14.03564 15.44569 16.84703 17.75135 18.36681
40 −0.1363783 14.18867 0.1416474 10.92178 11.28054 11.85946 12.90379 14.18867 15.62092 17.05182 17.97918 18.61212
41 −0.1817196 14.34732 0.1419759 11.05422 11.41414 11.99581 13.04788 14.34732 15.80249 17.2634 18.21404 18.86459
42 −0.2226177 14.51024 0.1423352 11.18781 11.54937 12.13448 13.19532 14.51024 15.98896 17.48024 18.45429 19.12251
43 −0.2591004 14.67397 0.1427303 11.3198 11.68339 12.27251 13.34293 14.67397 16.17661 17.69829 18.69563 19.38141
44 −0.2911989 14.83294 0.1431654 11.44578 11.81166 12.40513 13.48556 14.83294 16.35931 17.91086 18.93098 19.6339
45 −0.3190717 14.9825 0.1436432 11.56213 11.93044 12.52842 13.61898 14.9825 16.532 18.1124 19.15445 19.87387
46 −0.3430268 15.12047 0.1441638 11.66725 12.03805 12.64061 13.74121 15.12047 16.69226 18.30029 19.3633 20.09844
47 −0.3636157 15.24953 0.1447265 11.76338 12.13676 12.744 13.8547 15.24953 16.84307 18.47786 19.56107 20.31136
48 −0.3814763 15.37428 0.1453281 11.85435 12.23048 12.84262 13.96372 15.37428 16.98955 18.6508 19.75389 20.51905
49 −0.3971446 15.49698 0.1459659 11.94214 12.32118 12.93847 14.07033 15.49698 17.13416 18.8219 19.94479 20.72474
50 −0.4110417 15.61677 0.1466403 12.02621 12.40828 13.03089 14.1738 15.61677 17.27602 18.99028 20.13296 20.92764
51 −0.4236667 15.73361 0.1473539 12.10667 12.49185 13.11992 14.27409 15.73361 17.41516 19.15615 20.31872 21.12822
52 −0.4355592 15.84894 0.1481071 12.1848 12.57318 13.20683 14.37252 15.84894 17.55323 19.32146 20.50432 21.32894
53 −0.4470907 15.96419 0.1488992 12.26185 12.65351 13.29291 14.47042 15.96419 17.69184 19.48811 20.69188 21.5321
54 −0.4584882 16.07607 0.1497291 12.33542 12.73034 13.37547 14.56482 16.07607 17.82737 19.65218 20.87731 21.7335
55 −0.4699686 16.18052 0.1505947 12.40252 12.80058 13.45122 14.6521 16.18052 17.95533 19.80875 21.05545 21.92784
56 −0.4817454 16.27605 0.151493 12.46219 12.86318 13.51903 14.73093 16.27605 18.07402 19.95598 21.22439 22.11316
57 −0.4940707 16.36333 0.1524194 12.51516 12.91886 13.57961 14.80201 16.36333 18.18416 20.09469 21.38505 22.29049
58 −0.5072025 16.44382 0.1533666 12.56284 12.96905 13.63436 14.86676 16.44382 18.28729 20.22658 21.53927 22.46178
59 −0.5213145 16.51961 0.154328 12.60708 13.0156 13.68519 14.92715 16.51961 18.38567 20.35412 21.68971 22.62984
60 −0.5363294 16.59282 0.1552981 12.64959 13.06028 13.73393 14.98515 16.59282 18.48158 20.47975 21.83891 22.7973

Table 2.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for length/height (cm) for age: boys 0 to 60 months

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −2.10129 50.56043 4.92E-02 46.46093 46.91938 47.65359 48.96424 50.56043 52.3299 54.09861 55.25021 56.04015
1 −2.265826 53.72101 5.08E-02 49.27234 49.76551 50.5575 51.97818 53.72101 55.67044 57.63873 58.93158 59.82383
2 −2.37484 56.77852 5.21E-02 51.98659 52.51431 53.36351 54.89244 56.77852 58.90283 61.06461 62.49444 63.48606
3 −2.386791 59.6358 5.32E-02 54.51447 55.07685 55.98265 57.61605 59.6358 61.91733 64.24683 65.79209 66.86596
4 −2.2686 62.24357 5.40E-02 56.80726 57.40561 58.36867 60.10313 62.24357 64.65515 67.10982 68.73351 69.85957
5 −1.993207 64.57757 5.44E-02 58.83437 59.47197 60.49548 62.33006 64.57757 67.08649 69.6132 71.26875 72.40922
6 −1.517103 66.63235 5.45E-02 60.57384 61.25787 62.35014 64.28961 66.63235 69.20258 71.74128 73.37689 74.49061
7 −0.8599619 68.4252 0.0544365 62.02989 62.77024 63.94291 65.99586 68.4252 71.0263 73.52936 75.1072 76.16604
8 −0.122899 70.00534 5.43E-02 63.25323 64.05875 65.32171 67.49496 70.00534 72.62106 75.0694 76.5789 77.57748
9 0.5928668 71.42953 5.41E-02 64.31213 65.18827 66.54677 68.84216 71.42953 74.05563 76.45212 77.90115 78.84812
10 1.208031 72.7522 5.40E-02 65.28197 66.22851 67.68051 70.09244 72.7522 75.39187 77.75131 79.15622 80.06583
11 1.670416 74.00793 5.39E-02 66.22234 67.23188 68.76682 71.2817 74.00793 76.66842 79.01107 80.39101 81.27874
12 1.941494 75.20693 5.39E-02 67.17747 68.23347 69.83009 72.42393 75.20693 77.89619 80.24395 81.61855 82.49969
13 2.006302 76.34641 5.39E-02 68.17375 69.25226 70.88067 73.52074 76.34641 79.07056 81.44402 82.83173 83.72054
14 1.909457 77.42347 5.38E-02 69.19448 70.27475 71.90925 74.56754 77.42347 80.18665 82.60155 84.01652 84.92395
15 1.712727 78.43739 5.37E-02 70.20771 71.27696 72.90143 75.55981 78.43739 81.24162 83.70776 85.15915 86.09235
16 1.465425 79.39315 5.36E-02 71.19154 72.24384 73.85039 76.49924 79.39315 82.23876 84.76124 86.25423 87.2174
17 1.215923 80.30221 5.35E-02 72.13105 73.16668 74.7552 77.39347 80.30221 83.18836 85.76761 87.30318 88.2973
18 1.00309 81.1735 5.34E-02 73.01445 74.03813 75.61431 78.24781 81.1735 84.09886 86.73151 88.30693 89.33001
19 0.8359149 82.0172 5.34E-02 73.84204 74.8598 76.43139 79.06928 82.0172 84.9826 87.66617 89.27867 90.32846
20 0.7079906 82.84536 5.36E-02 74.62514 75.64252 77.2169 79.86864 82.84536 85.85364 88.58779 90.23598 91.31112
21 0.6155956 83.66409 5.37E-02 75.37412 76.39578 77.97926 80.65295 83.66409 86.71747 89.50144 91.18367 92.2826
22 0.5604849 84.47366 5.40E-02 76.09379 77.12388 78.72192 81.42426 84.47366 87.57224 90.40291 92.11585 93.23586
23 0.5483808 85.26893 5.42E-02 76.77861 77.82161 79.44005 82.17792 85.26893 88.41139 91.28355 93.02224 94.15932
24 0.5801857 86.04656 5.45E-02 77.42435 78.48497 80.12996 82.91055 86.04656 89.2313 92.1391 93.89799 95.04774
25 0.650763 86.8065 0.0547227 78.03446 79.11691 80.79385 83.62321 86.8065 90.03109 92.96827 94.74174 95.89975
26 0.7501682 87.55042 5.50E-02 78.61505 79.7227 81.4358 84.31846 87.55042 90.81246 93.77368 95.55714 96.71985
27 0.8594704 88.27994 5.52E-02 79.17742 80.3116 82.06241 84.99965 88.27994 91.57745 94.55966 96.35077 97.51649
28 0.9572632 88.99493 5.54E-02 79.73518 80.89438 82.68069 85.66923 88.99493 92.32596 95.32839 97.12717 98.29612
29 1.037631 89.69332 5.56E-02 80.28991 81.47172 83.29022 86.32555 89.69332 93.05634 96.07925 97.88662 99.05971
30 1.09876 90.37688 5.58E-02 80.84355 82.04533 83.89246 86.97002 90.37688 93.77109 96.81563 98.63313 99.81171
31 1.138442 91.04941 5.59E-02 81.40125 82.61993 84.49163 87.60647 91.04941 94.47441 97.54237 99.37202 100.5578
32 1.154353 91.71189 5.60E-02 81.96662 83.19857 85.09007 88.23633 91.71189 95.16724 98.26065 100.1047 101.2995
33 1.151339 92.36406 5.61E-02 82.53871 83.78062 85.68748 88.85959 92.36406 95.84852 98.96831 100.8283 102.0334
34 1.138636 93.00664 5.61E-02 83.1153 84.36475 86.28366 89.47701 93.00664 96.51778 99.66283 101.5384 102.7539
35 1.124733 93.64156 5.61E-02 83.69099 84.94704 86.87661 90.08901 93.64156 97.17738 100.346 102.2364 103.4617
36 1.114651 94.27061 5.61E-02 84.26119 85.52403 87.4644 90.69575 94.27061 97.83 101.0209 102.925 104.1594
37 1.105456 94.89699 5.61E-02 84.82814 86.09789 88.04922 91.29971 94.89699 98.47995 101.693 103.6107 104.8542
38 1.087223 95.52625 5.61E-02 85.40166 86.67728 88.63829 91.90668 95.52625 99.1339 102.3711 104.3042 105.5579
39 1.052716 96.16346 5.61E-02 85.99236 87.27163 89.23954 92.52275 96.16346 99.79691 103.0612 105.0121 106.2781
40 0.9991627 96.8102 5.60E-02 86.60583 87.88588 89.85695 93.1506 96.8102 100.4699 103.7639 105.7352 107.0155
41 0.9290915 97.46687 5.60E-02 87.24108 88.51942 90.49036 93.7905 97.46687 101.1531 104.479 106.473 107.7694
42 0.8496999 98.12937 5.59E-02 87.89156 89.16648 91.13496 94.43847 98.12937 101.8413 105.1996 107.2172 108.5305
43 0.7658156 98.79044 5.58E-02 88.55228 89.82214 91.78571 95.08876 98.79044 102.5249 105.9135 107.9537 109.2836
44 0.6808339 99.4417 5.56E-02 89.21736 90.48046 92.43644 95.73442 99.4417 103.1936 106.6082 108.6685 110.0133
45 0.6025665 100.0764 5.53E-02 89.87883 91.13413 93.08055 96.36931 100.0764 103.8388 107.2722 109.3481 110.7047
46 0.5393616 100.6901 5.50E-02 90.5284 91.77582 93.71195 96.98866 100.6901 104.4552 107.8984 109.9835 111.3475
47 0.4987937 101.2795 5.45E-02 91.15652 92.39712 94.32384 97.58777 101.2795 105.0399 108.4832 110.5705 111.9367
48 0.4895232 101.8408 5.41E-02 91.75114 92.98739 94.90751 98.16066 101.8408 105.5901 109.0238 111.1056 112.4683
49 0.5139129 102.374 5.36E-02 92.30433 93.53974 95.45764 98.70458 102.374 106.1086 109.5254 111.5954 112.9498
50 0.5644345 102.8828 5.32E-02 92.81378 94.05209 95.97281 99.21992 102.8828 106.6033 110.001 112.0566 113.4004
51 0.6380228 103.3712 0.052873 93.2784 94.52386 96.45328 99.70863 103.3712 107.0814 110.461 112.5016 113.8341
52 0.7336839 103.842 0.0526452 93.69787 94.9551 96.89969 100.1723 103.842 107.5467 110.9103 112.9364 114.2575
53 0.8502052 104.2984 5.25E-02 94.07491 95.34867 97.31502 100.614 104.2984 108.0025 111.3526 113.3648 114.6745
54 0.9888283 104.7412 5.25E-02 94.41025 95.70557 97.70049 101.0349 104.7412 108.4489 111.7871 113.7855 115.0835
55 1.150493 105.1718 5.25E-02 94.70503 96.02727 98.05792 101.4371 105.1718 108.8867 112.2139 114.1981 115.4838
56 1.335084 105.5932 5.26E-02 94.96101 96.31598 98.38999 101.8234 105.5932 109.3184 112.6352 114.6046 115.8775
57 1.540845 106.006 5.28E-02 95.17577 96.56998 98.6958 102.1938 106.006 109.7454 113.053 115.0076 116.2674
58 1.763586 106.414 5.31E-02 95.35296 96.79315 98.97934 102.5524 106.414 110.1715 113.4715 115.4118 116.6586
59 1.995635 106.8219 0.0533653 95.50311 96.99517 99.24899 102.9054 106.8219 110.6003 113.8944 115.8211 117.0555
60 2.22783 107.2314 5.37E-02 95.63829 97.18641 99.51269 103.2574 107.2314 111.0324 114.3217 116.2358 117.4585

Table 3.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for head circumference (cm) for age: boys 0 to 60 months.

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −2.257671 34.70079 4.50E-02 32.11331 32.40393 32.8687 33.69633 34.70079 35.80985 36.91381 37.63012 38.12035
1 −2.037097 36.53206 4.45E-02 33.81544 34.12293 34.61347 35.48323 36.53206 37.68109 38.81498 39.54525 40.04248
2 −1.805035 38.25885 0.0439623 35.42113 35.74493 36.26014 37.16952 38.25885 39.44274 40.60089 41.34127 41.84286
3 −1.551965 39.80833 4.34E-02 36.86194 37.20107 37.73916 38.68426 39.80833 41.01969 42.19402 42.93905 43.44123
4 −1.270857 41.14749 4.29E-02 38.1064 38.45979 39.01874 39.99517 41.14749 42.37807 43.55965 44.30337 44.80204
5 −0.9632826 42.27169 4.23E-02 39.15009 39.51661 40.09434 41.0976 42.27169 43.51349 44.69399 45.43102 45.92258
6 −0.6349689 43.19625 4.18E-02 40.00755 40.38611 40.98058 42.00637 43.19625 44.44224 45.61474 46.34083 46.82256
7 −0.293523 43.94557 4.12E-02 40.70197 41.09149 41.70076 42.74514 43.94557 45.18996 46.34919 47.06138 47.5315
8 4.95E-02 44.55607 4.07E-02 41.26802 41.66747 42.28974 43.34927 44.55607 45.79476 46.93754 47.63436 48.09215
9 0.3803295 45.06388 4.01E-02 41.74032 42.14862 42.78214 43.85383 45.06388 46.29441 47.41954 48.10091 48.54665
10 0.686585 45.49584 3.96E-02 42.1448 42.56075 43.20374 44.28486 45.49584 46.717 47.82472 48.49152 48.92611
11 0.9587952 45.86969 3.91E-02 42.49876 42.92105 43.57162 44.6596 45.86969 47.08111 48.17252 48.82618 49.25087
12 1.190907 46.19546 3.87E-02 42.81204 43.23921 43.8954 44.98772 46.19546 47.3972 48.47384 49.11599 49.53216
13 1.379811 46.47982 3.82E-02 43.09108 43.52162 44.18143 45.27568 46.47982 47.67223 48.73582 49.36813 49.77713
14 1.525233 46.73185 0.037802 43.34407 43.77654 44.43812 45.53221 46.73185 47.91553 48.9679 49.59204 49.99518
15 1.62778 46.95858 3.74E-02 43.57714 44.01022 44.67189 45.76402 46.95858 48.13437 49.17739 49.795 50.19353
16 1.688837 47.16539 3.71E-02 43.79484 44.22731 44.88761 45.97627 47.16539 48.33421 49.36977 49.98241 50.37753
17 1.710789 47.35796 3.67E-02 44.0019 44.43274 45.09041 46.1744 47.35796 48.52086 49.55082 50.15998 50.55279
18 1.695824 47.53992 3.64E-02 44.20115 44.62947 45.28347 46.36186 47.53992 48.698 49.72417 50.33129 50.72286
19 1.646329 47.71169 3.62E-02 44.39247 44.81752 45.46696 46.539 47.71169 48.86605 49.89013 50.49654 50.88786
20 1.565903 47.86945 3.59E-02 44.57175 44.99288 45.63702 46.70203 47.86945 49.02097 50.04444 50.65131 51.04323
21 1.458943 48.00896 3.57E-02 44.73453 45.15122 45.78941 46.84681 48.00896 49.15833 50.18235 50.79062 51.18387
22 1.32998 48.12736 3.55E-02 44.87767 45.28951 45.92125 46.97053 48.12736 49.27508 50.30058 50.911 51.30614
23 1.181292 48.22566 3.53E-02 45.00176 45.40843 46.03334 47.07413 48.22566 49.37223 50.40005 51.01335 51.41093
24 1.014017 48.30654 3.52E-02 45.10906 45.51034 46.12815 47.16021 48.30654 49.45249 50.48356 51.10047 51.50106
25 0.8283504 48.37608 3.51E-02 45.20514 45.60089 46.21142 47.23468 48.37608 49.52212 50.5575 51.17888 51.58313
26 0.6244437 48.4424 3.50E-02 45.29749 45.68765 46.29088 47.30547 48.4424 49.58945 50.63043 51.25729 51.66594
27 0.4032236 48.51225 3.49E-02 45.39234 45.77694 46.37296 47.37915 48.51225 49.66137 50.70938 51.34282 51.75671
28 0.1668892 48.5889 3.48E-02 45.49264 45.87179 46.46075 47.45895 48.5889 49.74117 50.79764 51.43878 51.85876
29 −8.06E-02 48.67299 0.0347803 45.5988 45.97268 46.55486 47.54552 48.67299 49.82941 50.89564 51.54551 51.97235
30 −0.3341185 48.76301 3.48E-02 45.70924 46.07807 46.65379 47.63742 48.76301 49.92437 51.00139 51.66081 52.09516
31 −0.5885084 48.85564 0.0347511 45.8207 46.18476 46.75439 47.73146 48.85564 50.02247 51.11098 51.78051 52.22283
32 −0.8395363 48.94877 3.48E-02 45.93116 46.29075 46.85467 47.82566 48.94877 50.12138 51.22175 51.90176 52.35234
33 −1.082859 49.0402 3.48E-02 46.03859 46.39401 46.9526 47.91793 49.0402 50.21863 51.33091 52.02146 52.4804
34 −1.313986 49.12773 3.48E-02 46.14094 46.49251 47.04617 48.00624 49.12773 50.31177 51.43558 52.13644 52.60359
35 −1.530048 49.21129 3.48E-02 46.23814 46.5862 47.13533 48.09053 49.21129 50.40058 51.53532 52.24604 52.72108
36 −1.728654 49.29287 3.48E-02 46.33211 46.67701 47.22205 48.17281 49.29287 50.48696 51.63187 52.35182 52.83431
37 −1.906703 49.3737 3.48E-02 46.42402 46.76613 47.30754 48.25434 49.3737 50.57204 51.72608 52.45443 52.94371
38 −2.060411 49.45293 3.47E-02 46.51305 46.85276 47.39104 48.33432 49.45293 50.65475 51.81654 52.5521 53.04727
39 −2.187088 49.53061 3.47E-02 46.59928 46.937 47.47263 48.41287 49.53061 50.73499 51.90287 52.64422 53.14417
40 −2.283951 49.60655 3.46E-02 46.68256 47.01869 47.55219 48.48985 49.60655 50.81241 51.98447 52.72993 53.2333
41 −2.347113 49.67839 3.46E-02 46.76058 47.09555 47.62743 48.56297 49.67839 50.88445 52.05839 52.80595 53.31116
42 −2.371746 49.74288 3.45E-02 46.83012 47.16439 47.69522 48.6291 49.74288 50.94763 52.12076 52.86807 53.37323
43 −2.355124 49.79902 3.44E-02 46.89017 47.22421 47.75457 48.68726 49.79902 51.00082 52.17027 52.9148 53.41789
44 −2.299296 49.84828 3.42E-02 46.94225 47.27651 47.80693 48.73889 49.84828 51.0456 52.2087 52.94812 53.44727
45 −2.207465 49.89029 3.41E-02 46.98619 47.32108 47.85205 48.78365 49.89029 51.08172 52.23605 52.96827 53.46183
46 −2.084899 49.92589 3.39E-02 47.02296 47.35882 47.89075 48.82229 49.92589 51.11026 52.25387 52.97725 53.46392
47 −1.937053 49.95722 3.37E-02 47.05467 47.3918 47.92507 48.85685 49.95722 51.13371 52.2652 52.97855 53.45744
48 −1.768603 49.98489 3.36E-02 47.08195 47.42062 47.95554 48.88786 49.98489 51.1529 52.2713 52.97384 53.44433
49 −1.583715 50.00873 0.0333638 47.1047 47.44514 47.98198 48.91508 50.00873 51.16787 52.27256 52.96381 53.42556
50 −1.386978 50.03133 3.32E-02 47.12545 47.46785 48.00687 48.941 50.03133 51.18149 52.27224 52.95207 53.40501
51 −1.182461 50.05632 3.30E-02 47.14761 47.49217 48.03362 48.96909 50.05632 51.19765 52.27465 52.94322 53.38751
52 −0.973416 50.08593 3.28E-02 47.17331 47.52021 48.06433 49.00148 50.08593 51.21878 52.28249 52.94019 53.37613
53 −0.7624592 50.12079 3.26E-02 47.2032 47.5526 48.09961 49.03877 50.12079 51.24561 52.2966 52.94392 53.37191
54 −0.5518538 50.15989 3.25E-02 47.23647 47.58849 48.13856 49.07998 50.15989 51.27712 52.31604 52.95351 53.37398
55 −0.3430789 50.20412 3.23E-02 47.27403 47.62878 48.18206 49.12599 50.20412 51.31428 52.34182 52.97002 53.38342
56 −0.1377046 50.25581 3.22E-02 47.31812 47.67571 48.23235 49.17906 50.25581 51.35945 52.3764 52.99594 53.40277
57 6.28E-02 50.31604 3.20E-02 47.36996 47.73046 48.2906 49.24032 50.31604 51.41376 52.4209 53.03245 53.43318
58 0.2575816 50.3853 0.0318868 47.43018 47.79365 48.35735 49.31026 50.3853 51.47763 52.47571 53.07985 53.47495
59 0.4468933 50.46309 3.18E-02 47.49849 47.86495 48.43227 49.38851 50.46309 51.55049 52.54015 53.13741 53.52728
60 0.6329499 50.54625 3.16E-02 47.57188 47.94136 48.51235 49.47197 50.54625 51.62897 52.61064 53.20137 53.5863

Table 4.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for weight (kg) for length/height(cm): boys 0 to 60 months.

Length/height L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
55 −0.1600882 4.17039 0.1553799 3.134288 3.246321 3.428045 3.758714 4.17039 4.635299 5.105814 5.413859 5.625466
56 −3.49E-02 4.481163 0.1559384 3.347071 3.471296 3.671988 4.034556 4.481163 4.979128 5.476279 5.798118 6.01756
57 7.47E-02 4.806469 0.155934 3.573069 3.709832 3.929922 4.324825 4.806469 5.337342 5.861023 6.196761 6.424238
58 0.1689286 5.136801 0.1554208 3.806279 3.955479 4.194704 4.621233 5.136801 5.699297 6.248446 6.59762 6.832952
59 0.2491175 5.465156 0.1544679 4.042327 4.203503 4.461059 4.917645 5.465156 6.057217 6.630133 6.991903 7.234657
60 0.3165111 5.787066 0.1531474 4.27849 4.450918 4.725618 5.21012 5.787066 6.406219 7.000888 7.374234 7.623849
61 0.3718814 6.099837 0.1515274 4.513209 4.695964 4.986344 5.496247 6.099837 6.743447 7.357798 7.741683 7.997591
62 0.4153289 6.402017 0.1496771 4.745691 4.937698 5.242096 5.774662 6.402017 7.06752 7.699644 8.093166 8.354895
63 0.4470271 6.693578 0.1476617 4.975936 5.176048 5.492735 6.045215 6.693578 7.378655 8.026955 8.42942 8.696636
64 0.4673859 6.975386 0.1455332 5.204419 5.41149 5.738768 6.308538 6.975386 7.678031 8.341228 8.752148 9.024655
65 0.4778304 7.248506 0.1433381 5.431362 5.644345 5.980672 6.565383 7.248506 7.967006 8.644051 9.063044 9.340701
66 0.4803089 7.513828 0.1411166 5.656616 5.874612 6.218668 6.816315 7.513828 8.246717 8.936695 9.363415 9.646083
67 0.47766 7.771465 0.138904 5.879145 6.101448 6.452189 7.061152 7.771465 8.517408 9.219369 9.653368 9.940811
68 0.4729766 8.021442 0.136728 6.097787 6.323907 6.680584 7.299639 8.021442 8.7792 9.492092 9.932779 10.22463
69 0.468624 8.263862 0.134613 6.311595 6.54122 6.903337 7.531609 8.263862 9.032314 9.755065 10.20177 10.49757
70 0.4640717 8.498915 0.1325928 6.520223 6.753086 7.120227 7.757011 8.498915 9.277247 10.00911 10.46137 10.76083
71 0.4587368 8.727262 0.1306953 6.723729 6.959615 7.331458 7.97624 8.727262 9.514991 10.25558 10.71319 11.01617
72 0.4525343 8.949825 0.1289334 6.922452 7.16121 7.537535 8.189987 8.949825 9.746718 10.49588 10.95879 11.26528
73 0.445814 9.167773 0.1273079 7.116997 7.358549 7.739251 8.399228 9.167773 9.973779 10.73152 11.19975 11.50978
74 0.4385943 9.382442 0.1258105 7.308341 7.552654 7.937694 8.605166 9.382442 10.19765 10.96411 11.43777 11.75141
75 0.4306853 9.59481 0.1244225 7.497422 7.744464 8.133806 8.808758 9.59481 10.41933 11.19469 11.67391 11.99128
76 0.4216655 9.80504 0.1231228 7.684673 7.934373 8.327924 9.010248 9.80504 10.63894 11.42333 11.90825 12.22943
77 0.4116049 10.013 0.1219024 7.870016 8.122297 8.519955 9.209531 10.013 10.8563 11.64983 12.14054 12.46563
78 0.4004248 10.21869 0.120771 8.053205 8.308016 8.709721 9.406501 10.21869 11.07152 11.87441 12.3711 12.70023
79 0.3882626 10.42203 0.119739 8.233883 8.491208 8.896955 9.600989 10.42203 11.28466 12.09723 12.60014 12.93348
80 0.3750334 10.6232 0.1188151 8.411933 8.671784 9.081616 9.793039 10.6232 11.496 12.31871 12.82817 13.16597
81 0.3603671 10.82251 0.1180085 8.587424 8.849832 9.263824 9.982851 10.82251 11.70602 12.53951 13.05599 13.39857
82 0.3437487 11.02064 0.1173195 8.760907 9.025903 9.444142 10.17103 11.02064 11.91555 12.76063 13.2847 13.63249
83 0.3246102 11.21828 0.1167415 8.933077 9.200675 9.623228 10.35822 11.21828 12.12533 12.98293 13.51528 13.86878
84 0.3025268 11.4159 0.1162614 9.104557 9.374743 9.801638 10.54492 11.4159 12.33583 13.20693 13.74827 14.108
85 0.2771594 11.61411 0.1158596 9.276223 9.548946 9.980155 10.73185 11.61411 12.54764 13.43316 13.98423 14.35074
86 0.248644 11.81333 0.115518 9.44867 9.723865 10.15933 10.91948 11.81333 12.76107 13.6619 14.22337 14.59718
87 0.218793 12.01385 0.1152316 9.621753 9.899446 10.33924 11.10804 12.01385 12.97636 13.89321 14.46562 14.84712
88 0.1896434 12.21605 0.1149988 9.795282 10.07562 10.51997 11.29781 12.21605 13.19386 14.12726 14.71097 15.10041
89 0.1625203 12.42039 0.1148217 9.96922 10.25243 10.70168 11.48913 12.42039 13.41404 14.36446 14.95975 15.35731
90 0.1376438 12.62744 0.1147066 10.14382 10.43018 10.88474 11.68246 12.62744 13.63761 14.60563 15.21283 15.61872
91 0.1148545 12.83771 0.1146558 10.31942 10.60921 11.06952 11.87823 12.83771 13.86517 14.85146 15.47097 15.88545
92 9.38E-02 13.05142 0.1146671 10.49626 10.78975 11.25624 12.07664 13.05142 14.09696 15.10226 15.73453 16.15789
93 7.44E-02 13.26828 0.11473 10.67433 10.97176 11.44478 12.2775 13.26828 14.33262 15.35759 16.00302 16.43553
94 5.67E-02 13.48771 0.1148284 10.85338 11.15496 11.63482 12.48038 13.48771 14.57138 15.61648 16.27533 16.71716
95 4.07E-02 13.70918 0.1149456 11.03332 11.3392 11.82616 12.68492 13.70918 14.81253 15.87801 16.55041 17.00163
96 2.56E-02 13.93287 0.115069 11.21474 11.52502 12.0192 12.89141 13.93287 15.05616 16.14226 16.82837 17.28909
97 9.59E-03 14.15972 0.1151879 11.39906 11.71373 12.21515 13.10088 14.15972 15.30325 16.41041 17.11057 17.58104
98 −8.98E-03 14.39103 0.1152882 11.58815 11.9071 12.41562 13.31474 14.39103 15.55517 16.68402 17.39876 17.87941
99 −3.14E-02 14.62794 0.1153688 11.78331 12.10637 12.62179 13.53411 14.62794 15.81318 16.9646 17.69471 18.18616
100 −5.78E-02 14.87064 0.1154428 11.98452 12.31153 12.83366 13.75907 14.87064 16.07764 17.25273 17.99915 18.50214
101 −8.75E-02 15.11883 0.1155243 12.19107 12.52195 13.0507 13.9892 15.11883 16.34836 17.54833 18.31205 18.82735
102 −0.1198175 15.37233 0.1156239 12.40239 12.7371 13.27246 14.22419 15.37233 16.62525 17.85133 18.63336 19.16177
103 −0.1541407 15.63109 0.1157498 12.61812 12.95667 13.4987 14.4639 15.63109 16.90835 18.16186 18.96326 19.50557
104 −0.1899061 15.89491 0.1159138 12.83763 13.1801 13.72894 14.70799 15.89491 17.19757 18.47991 19.30178 19.85886
105 −0.2265982 16.16343 0.1161236 13.06033 13.40681 13.96267 14.95603 16.16343 17.49262 18.80527 19.64877 20.22149
106 −0.263854 16.43609 0.1163835 13.28551 13.63614 14.19923 15.2074 16.43609 17.79297 19.13741 20.0037 20.59294
107 −0.3015362 16.71204 0.1166987 13.51231 13.8672 14.43777 15.46125 16.71204 18.0978 19.47559 20.36588 20.97258
108 −0.3397124 16.99047 0.1170683 13.74008 14.09935 14.67759 15.71683 16.99047 18.40629 19.81898 20.73452 21.35965
109 −0.3788607 17.27085 0.1174891 13.96859 14.33229 14.91831 15.97366 17.27085 18.71788 20.16712 21.10927 21.75391
110 −0.4197028 17.55278 0.1179572 14.19782 14.56594 15.15978 16.23146 17.55278 19.0322 20.51978 21.49008 22.15546
111 −0.4626779 17.8359 0.1184675 14.42773 14.8002 15.40182 16.48993 17.8359 19.34884 20.87665 21.87677 22.56425
112 −0.5080999 18.11982 0.1190087 14.65841 15.03511 15.64437 16.74886 18.11982 19.66734 21.23723 22.2689 22.97992
113 −0.5562662 18.40433 0.1195685 14.89008 15.27085 15.88753 17.00819 18.40433 19.98733 21.60115 22.66614 23.40223
114 −0.60694 18.68935 0.1201385 15.12285 15.50751 16.13136 17.26794 18.68935 20.30864 21.96814 23.06823 23.83092
115 −0.6594775 18.97479 0.1207124 15.35662 15.745 16.3758 17.52806 18.97479 20.63107 22.33787 23.47473 24.26551
116 −0.7130179 19.26061 0.1212835 15.59124 15.98323 16.62082 17.78854 19.26061 20.95441 22.70988 23.88502 24.70524
117 −0.7666429 19.54665 0.1218472 15.82642 16.22195 16.86622 18.04926 19.54665 21.27839 23.08365 24.29832 25.14917
118 −0.820156 19.83283 0.1224057 16.06197 16.46099 17.11185 18.3101 19.83283 21.60292 23.45909 24.71458 25.59728
119 −0.8735929 20.11914 0.122961 16.29784 16.70029 17.35767 18.57102 20.11914 21.92802 23.83631 25.13401 26.04988
120 −0.9269697 20.40556 0.1235147 16.53399 16.93983 17.60364 18.83201 20.40556 22.25373 24.21539 25.5568 26.50724
121 −0.9803044 20.69206 0.1240676 16.77038 17.17955 17.84974 19.09303 20.69206 22.58001 24.59641 25.98308 26.96962
122 −1.033613 20.97862 0.1246206 17.00696 17.41943 18.09591 19.35404 20.97862 22.90687 24.97939 26.413 27.43727

Table 5.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for Body mass index(kg/m2) for age: boys 0 to 60 months.

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 85th 90th 95th 97th
0 0.192783 12.61227 0.1353413 9.714925 10.04561 10.57251 11.50258 12.61227 13.80682 14.4845 14.95851 15.68402 16.17021
1 0.2076191 13.77891 0.1347058 10.62149 10.98257 11.55753 12.57127 13.77891 15.0767 15.81198 16.32586 17.11175 17.63798
2 0.2223667 14.83773 0.1340681 11.44638 11.83499 12.45335 13.54238 14.83773 16.22744 17.01376 17.56288 18.40199 18.96342
3 0.2364019 15.71517 0.1334285 12.13293 12.54419 13.19818 14.3487 15.71517 17.17884 18.00598 18.58317 19.46451 20.05374
4 0.2487435 16.3913 0.1327891 12.66582 13.09427 13.77517 14.97187 16.3913 17.90952 18.76652 19.36415 20.27609 20.88537
5 0.2586033 16.87935 0.1321536 13.05524 13.49567 14.19527 15.4238 16.87935 18.43435 19.31129 19.92248 20.8546 21.47701
6 0.2654513 17.20685 0.1315251 13.32231 13.77021 14.48138 15.72943 17.20685 18.78373 19.67239 20.29149 21.23526 21.86519
7 0.26895 17.40269 0.1309059 13.48917 13.94077 14.65761 15.91504 17.40269 18.98952 19.88336 20.5059 21.45466 22.08775
8 0.2689774 17.49531 0.1302979 13.57757 14.02983 14.74764 16.00647 17.49531 19.08294 19.97703 20.59967 21.54845 22.18148
9 0.2654265 17.51049 0.1297032 13.60721 14.05782 14.77299 16.02717 17.51049 19.09227 19.98309 20.60347 21.54883 22.1796
10 0.2582964 17.46771 0.1291237 13.5929 14.04008 14.74988 15.99485 17.46771 19.03885 19.92392 20.5404 21.48 22.10704
11 0.2476986 17.38295 0.1285613 13.54678 13.9892 14.6916 15.92407 17.38295 18.94017 19.81786 20.4294 21.36176 21.98418
12 0.2339209 17.27117 0.1280175 13.48015 13.91693 14.61059 15.82844 17.27117 18.81256 19.68197 20.28801 21.21242 21.82982
13 0.2172026 17.14657 0.1274926 13.40384 13.8345 14.51874 15.72092 17.14657 18.67149 19.53241 20.13288 21.04934 21.66179
14 0.1976206 17.02106 0.1269869 13.32703 13.75143 14.42606 15.61242 17.02106 18.5299 19.38272 19.97795 20.88707 21.49504
15 0.1752919 16.90058 0.1265012 13.25429 13.67244 14.33755 15.50836 16.90058 18.39428 19.23966 19.83018 20.73284 21.33701
16 0.1503883 16.78654 0.1260362 13.1866 13.59859 14.25434 15.41004 16.78654 18.26614 19.10479 19.69114 20.58829 21.18934
17 0.1231497 16.6778 0.1255928 13.12292 13.52883 14.1754 15.31637 16.6778 18.14419 18.97675 19.55943 20.4519 21.05045
18 9.39E-02 16.57054 0.1251715 13.06012 13.45998 14.09743 15.22385 16.57054 18.02429 18.85116 19.4305 20.31887 20.91535
19 6.31E-02 16.46166 0.1247723 12.99557 13.38938 14.01769 15.12959 16.46166 17.90302 18.7244 19.30058 20.18518 20.77987
20 3.10E-02 16.34951 0.1243947 12.92785 13.31558 13.93473 15.03206 16.34951 17.77853 18.59453 19.16763 20.04865 20.6417
21 −1.95E-03 16.23492 0.1240376 12.85752 13.23919 13.84922 14.93204 16.23492 17.65173 18.46242 19.03253 19.91013 20.50168
22 −3.56E-02 16.1216 0.1236997 12.78746 13.16321 13.7643 14.83292 16.1216 17.52657 18.33222 18.89952 19.77401 20.36429
23 −6.97E-02 16.01391 0.1233796 12.72112 13.09119 13.68371 14.73875 16.01391 17.4078 18.20882 18.77364 19.64552 20.23488
24 −0.1040465 15.91552 0.1230761 12.66139 13.0261 13.61057 14.65289 15.91552 17.29935 18.09632 18.65905 19.52897 20.11787
25 −0.1382521 15.82807 0.1227872 12.60959 12.96932 13.54631 14.57688 15.82807 17.20296 17.99652 18.55761 19.42625 20.01515
26 −0.1719209 15.75086 0.1225109 12.56511 12.92023 13.49032 14.51008 15.75086 17.11781 17.9085 18.46832 19.33623 19.9255
27 −0.2043853 15.68105 0.1222459 12.52557 12.87643 13.44012 14.44988 15.68105 17.04077 17.82892 18.38767 19.25514 19.84495
28 −0.2351382 15.61735 0.1219911 12.48987 12.83679 13.39457 14.39508 15.61735 16.9704 17.75622 18.31401 19.18115 19.77155
29 −0.2641733 15.56095 0.1217462 12.459 12.80233 13.35473 14.34679 15.56095 16.90797 17.69173 18.24873 19.11572 19.70677
30 −0.2915956 15.51178 0.1215107 12.43302 12.77308 13.32057 14.30495 15.51178 16.8534 17.6354 18.19175 19.05878 19.65059
31 −0.3174745 15.46821 0.121284 12.41069 12.74775 13.29075 14.2681 15.46821 16.80493 17.58536 18.14118 19.00835 19.60096
32 −0.3418985 15.4295 0.1210652 12.39151 12.72582 13.26468 14.23556 15.4295 16.76176 17.54078 18.09615 18.96356 19.55697
33 −0.3650223 15.39375 0.1208534 12.37403 12.70577 13.24078 14.2056 15.39375 16.7218 17.49949 18.05444 18.92207 19.51625
34 −0.386978 15.35862 0.1206477 12.35646 12.68576 13.21707 14.17608 15.35862 16.68252 17.45885 18.01333 18.88105 19.47589
35 −0.4079465 15.32435 0.1204476 12.33907 12.66603 13.19382 14.14724 15.32435 16.64418 17.41915 17.97312 18.84085 19.43627
36 −0.4281434 15.29299 0.1202528 12.32359 12.64835 13.17282 14.12098 15.29299 16.60901 17.38273 17.93626 18.80407 19.4001
37 −0.4477185 15.26513 0.1200639 12.31053 12.63324 13.1546 14.09785 15.26513 16.57768 17.3503 17.90349 18.77152 19.36824
38 −0.4666997 15.23815 0.1198822 12.2978 12.61853 13.1369 14.07544 15.23815 16.54737 17.31894 17.8718 18.74005 19.33744
39 −0.4851107 15.20887 0.1197088 12.28279 12.60156 13.11697 14.05078 15.20887 16.51461 17.28502 17.83746 18.70577 19.30372
40 −0.5029641 15.17566 0.1195445 12.26419 12.58098 13.09337 14.02236 15.17566 16.47765 17.24671 17.7986 18.66672 19.26505
41 −0.5202864 15.14001 0.1193899 12.2432 12.55802 13.06741 13.99157 15.14001 16.43813 17.20575 17.75699 18.62477 19.22335
42 −0.5371398 15.10295 0.1192451 12.22066 12.53355 13.03998 13.95935 15.10295 16.39717 17.16329 17.71385 18.58122 19.17999
43 −0.5536314 15.06455 0.1191105 12.19667 12.50764 13.01115 13.92577 15.06455 16.35485 17.11946 17.6693 18.53621 19.13514
44 −0.5698797 15.02332 0.1189864 12.17003 12.47908 12.97963 13.88945 15.02332 16.30956 17.07256 17.62162 18.48795 19.08695
45 −0.5860267 14.97784 0.118873 12.13965 12.44672 12.94424 13.84909 14.97784 16.25979 17.02103 17.56921 18.43479 19.03375
46 −0.6021943 14.92789 0.1187701 12.10537 12.4104 12.90478 13.8045 14.92789 16.20528 16.96462 17.5118 18.37648 18.9753
47 −0.6184945 14.87728 0.1186775 12.07031 12.37331 12.86459 13.75919 14.87728 16.15018 16.90766 17.4539 18.31774 18.91648
48 −0.6350722 14.83239 0.1185945 12.0397 12.34081 12.82918 13.71908 14.83239 16.10141 16.85742 17.40299 18.26648 18.86548
49 −0.6520406 14.79557 0.1185205 12.01552 12.31491 12.80066 13.68638 14.79557 16.06154 16.81658 17.36187 18.22563 18.82534
50 −0.6694623 14.76501 0.1184545 11.99631 12.29411 12.77746 13.65939 14.76501 16.02857 16.78307 17.32838 18.19294 18.79376
51 −0.6873888 14.73953 0.118396 11.98116 12.27747 12.75859 13.63706 14.73953 16.00122 16.75553 17.30115 18.16698 18.76926
52 −0.7058672 14.71992 0.118344 11.97075 12.26568 12.74475 13.62011 14.71992 15.98036 16.73487 17.28111 18.14873 18.75285
53 −0.7248959 14.70623 0.118298 11.96513 12.25879 12.736 13.60861 14.70623 15.96601 16.72113 17.26829 18.13822 18.74459
54 −0.7444255 14.69438 0.1182575 11.96099 12.25341 12.72881 13.59877 14.69438 15.95376 16.70967 17.2579 18.13042 18.73924
55 −0.7644027 14.67892 0.1182221 11.95389 12.245 12.71846 13.58557 14.67892 15.93767 16.69427 17.24351 18.11856 18.72983
56 −0.7847828 14.657 0.1181912 11.94149 12.23116 12.70248 13.56636 14.657 15.91464 16.67166 17.22174 18.09907 18.71264
57 −0.8055605 14.62997 0.1181638 11.92491 12.21303 12.68205 13.54241 14.62997 15.88613 16.64337 17.19415 18.07359 18.68937
58 −0.8267326 14.59857 0.1181388 11.90476 12.19125 12.65781 13.51439 14.59857 15.85291 16.6102 17.16158 18.04298 18.66089
59 −0.8482496 14.5631 0.1181153 11.88129 12.16607 12.63005 13.4826 14.5631 15.8153 16.57247 17.12434 18.00756 18.62751
60 −0.8699912 14.52402 0.1180924 11.85486 12.13786 12.59915 13.44746 14.52402 15.7738 16.53068 17.08293 17.96781 18.58973

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Weight-for-age, girls 0 to 60 months.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Length/height-for-age, girls 0 to 60 months.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Head circumference-for-age, girls 0 to 60 months.

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Weight-for-length/height, girls 0 to 60 months.

Figure 10.

Figure 10

Body mass index-for-age, girls 0 to 60 months.

Table 6.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for weight (kg) for age: girls 0 to 60 months

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −1.279791 3.086626 0.1317898 2.488774 2.54915 2.648968 2.837406 3.086626 3.392086 3.733604 3.978784 4.158854
1 −1.173744 3.943229 0.1347234 3.158731 3.238239 3.36957 3.617044 3.943229 4.340936 4.782399 5.096995 5.326705
2 −1.069749 4.755405 0.1375007 3.784707 3.883482 4.046474 4.352962 4.755405 5.243316 5.780787 6.160874 6.436761
3 −0.9710239 5.497105 0.1400316 4.347939 4.46538 4.658958 5.022135 5.497105 6.069566 6.695313 7.134466 7.451378
4 −0.8777268 6.162355 0.1422787 4.845731 4.980906 5.203448 5.619944 6.162355 6.812156 7.516937 8.007849 8.360119
5 −0.7867554 6.749956 0.1442222 5.278665 5.430495 5.68011 6.146006 6.749956 7.468815 8.242191 8.776751 9.158168
6 −0.6957475 7.26359 0.1458619 5.650826 5.818223 6.092993 6.604246 7.26359 8.042868 8.874022 9.443916 9.848178
7 −0.6022482 7.709012 0.1472072 5.967474 6.149447 6.447581 7.000318 7.709012 8.540096 9.418243 10.01524 10.43615
8 −0.5032343 8.092723 0.1482503 6.234151 6.429879 6.749828 7.340496 8.092723 8.967098 9.881476 10.49738 10.92881
9 −0.39992 8.422654 0.1490023 6.457896 6.666652 7.007009 7.632318 8.422654 9.332482 10.27346 10.90118 11.33793
10 −0.2963157 8.708815 0.1494989 6.647627 6.868722 7.228171 7.885119 8.708815 9.647592 10.6077 11.24202 11.68049
11 −0.1971679 8.962192 0.1497848 6.813093 7.045843 7.423133 8.10904 8.962192 9.92506 10.8993 11.53717 11.97541
12 −0.1070564 9.19271 0.1499082 6.963177 7.206851 7.600733 8.313183 9.19271 10.17642 11.16215 11.80237 12.23988
13 −2.92E-02 9.408478 0.1499144 7.10507 7.358884 7.768099 8.504918 9.408478 10.41114 11.40755 12.05032 12.48761
14 3.60E-02 9.616183 0.1498391 7.244118 7.507351 7.930795 8.690218 9.616183 10.6369 11.64425 12.29045 12.72848
15 8.94E-02 9.821157 0.1497101 7.384345 7.65637 8.093118 8.873796 9.821157 10.85976 11.87902 12.52993 12.96987
16 0.1317562 10.0258 0.1495531 7.527314 7.807569 8.256823 9.05768 10.0258 11.08252 12.11497 12.77196 13.21501
17 0.1645141 10.22882 0.1493924 7.67165 7.959576 8.420551 9.240548 10.22882 11.30389 12.35067 13.01498 13.46219
18 0.1889228 10.42725 0.1492413 7.81476 8.109758 8.581609 9.419591 10.42725 11.52063 12.58252 13.25508 13.70726
19 0.2059919 10.61957 0.1491107 7.955194 8.256661 8.738534 9.593331 10.61957 11.73111 12.80872 13.49027 13.9481
20 0.2167247 10.80638 0.1490089 8.093078 8.400479 8.891623 9.762228 10.80638 11.93604 13.02998 13.72126 14.18535
21 0.2220555 10.98723 0.1489395 8.227791 8.540625 9.040339 9.925803 10.98723 12.13492 13.2457 13.9473 14.41819
22 0.2231241 11.16122 0.1489019 8.358336 8.676143 9.183775 10.0832 11.16122 12.32672 13.45459 14.16691 14.64498
23 0.2214033 11.32632 0.1488871 8.482847 8.805197 9.320115 10.23254 11.32632 12.50904 13.65377 14.37683 14.86214
24 0.2171636 11.48232 0.1488906 8.601178 8.927639 9.44921 10.37368 11.48232 12.68162 13.84289 14.57665 15.06925
25 0.2093859 11.63046 0.1489092 8.714706 9.044793 9.572314 10.50781 11.63046 12.84589 14.02369 14.76836 15.26848
26 0.1963749 11.77341 0.1489368 8.826206 9.159355 9.692037 10.63748 11.77341 13.00485 14.19975 14.95601 15.46424
27 0.1766693 11.91375 0.1489696 8.938254 9.273847 9.810834 10.76513 11.91375 13.16143 14.37451 15.14349 15.6608
28 0.1501257 12.05319 0.149008 9.052221 9.389673 9.93017 10.89234 12.05319 13.31756 14.55021 15.33326 15.86075
29 0.1170727 12.19259 0.1490497 9.16868 9.507455 10.05073 11.01987 12.19259 13.47416 14.72783 15.52639 16.06524
30 7.80E-02 12.33273 0.1490922 9.2881 9.627723 10.17313 11.14843 12.33273 13.63208 14.90828 15.72381 16.27527
31 0.0336374 12.47371 0.1491407 9.410145 9.750227 10.29722 11.27805 12.47371 13.79142 15.09167 15.92565 16.49093
32 −1.50E-02 12.61489 0.1492009 9.533862 9.874091 10.42225 11.40805 12.61489 13.95152 15.27719 16.13102 16.71131
33 −0.0672961 12.75536 0.1492733 9.65831 9.998403 10.54731 11.53756 12.75536 14.11133 15.4637 16.33868 16.93513
34 −0.1232011 12.89472 0.1493561 9.783153 10.12284 10.6721 11.66624 12.89472 14.2704 15.65075 16.54827 17.16208
35 −0.1819437 13.03285 0.1494471 9.908027 10.24708 10.79637 11.79394 13.03285 14.42856 15.83803 16.75939 17.39172
36 −0.2418477 13.16895 0.1495364 10.03187 10.37018 10.9193 11.91993 13.16895 14.5847 16.02394 16.97 17.6217
37 −0.3020172 13.30218 0.1496221 10.15373 10.49122 11.04001 12.0434 13.30218 14.73781 16.20715 17.17853 17.85027
38 −0.3627037 13.43228 0.1497103 10.27337 10.60995 11.15827 12.16409 13.43228 14.88769 16.3876 17.38507 18.07761
39 −0.4234819 13.559 0.1498126 10.39024 10.72587 11.27361 12.28164 13.559 15.03414 16.56511 17.58944 18.30359
40 −0.4834462 13.68221 0.1499415 10.50368 10.83839 11.38558 12.39579 13.68221 15.17708 16.73955 17.79142 18.5279
41 −0.5415437 13.80245 0.1501044 10.61361 10.94754 11.49433 12.5069 13.80245 15.31712 16.9114 17.99131 18.75068
42 −0.5964828 13.92101 0.150301 10.7206 11.05397 11.6007 12.61605 13.92101 15.45559 17.08176 18.18992 18.97246
43 −0.6468045 14.0392 0.1505266 10.82523 11.15841 11.70557 12.72437 14.0392 15.59373 17.25153 18.38769 19.19323
44 −0.6915084 14.15852 0.1507723 10.92852 11.26192 11.81012 12.83324 14.15852 15.73305 17.42188 18.58536 19.41335
45 −0.7297994 14.28032 0.1510355 11.03127 11.36539 11.91536 12.94383 14.28032 15.87491 17.59394 18.78371 19.63322
46 −0.7606013 14.40573 0.1513085 11.13414 11.46956 12.02213 13.05717 14.40573 16.02037 17.76834 18.98281 19.85238
47 −0.782704 14.53556 0.1515813 11.23748 11.57484 12.13098 13.17397 14.53556 16.17006 17.9451 19.18197 20.06943
48 −0.7951096 14.67022 0.1518495 11.34127 11.68131 12.24209 13.29457 14.67022 16.32426 18.124 19.38031 20.28288
49 −0.7974164 14.80983 0.1521214 11.44525 11.78874 12.35531 13.41896 14.80983 16.48312 18.30503 19.57756 20.49218
50 −0.7894232 14.95436 0.1524037 11.54907 11.89684 12.47041 13.54702 14.95436 16.64665 18.48807 19.77344 20.69685
51 −0.7713825 15.10352 0.1526981 11.65239 12.00527 12.58708 13.67844 15.10352 16.81452 18.67277 19.96756 20.89651
52 −0.7443526 15.25649 0.1530079 11.7547 12.11348 12.70469 13.81251 15.25649 16.98595 18.85858 20.1597 21.09127
53 −0.7091072 15.41218 0.1533342 11.8552 12.22064 12.82237 13.94823 15.41218 17.15979 19.04446 20.34905 21.28057
54 −0.6665497 15.57012 0.1536748 11.95365 12.32648 12.93979 14.08521 15.57012 17.33556 19.23012 20.53564 21.46477
55 −0.6181112 15.72976 0.1540295 12.04997 12.43086 13.05672 14.22304 15.72976 17.5128 19.41552 20.71997 21.64495
56 −0.5656241 15.89036 0.1544021 12.14402 12.53352 13.17273 14.36108 15.89036 17.69086 19.60064 20.90278 21.82253
57 −0.5111258 16.05172 0.1547944 12.2363 12.63486 13.28804 14.49929 16.05172 17.8698 19.78623 21.08563 21.99984
58 −0.4562123 16.21362 0.1552021 12.32728 12.73521 13.40282 14.63758 16.21362 18.04947 19.9726 21.26936 22.17819
59 −0.401644 16.37565 0.1556221 12.41701 12.83455 13.51693 14.77567 16.37565 18.22944 20.15948 21.45392 22.35773
60 −0.3476215 16.53768 0.1560493 12.50552 12.93292 13.63038 14.91351 16.53768 18.40954 20.34668 21.63909 22.53823

Table 7.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for length/height (cm) for age: girls 0 to 60 months.

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −1.79696 50.05623 5.05E-02 45.85006 46.32385 47.08092 48.42694 50.05623 51.84872 53.62516 54.77315 55.55653
1 −1.842832 53.27436 5.13E-02 48.74808 49.25639 50.06941 51.51734 53.27436 55.2132 57.14097 58.39024 59.24436
2 −1.845567 56.38081 5.20E-02 51.53411 52.07761 52.94731 54.49747 56.38081 58.462 60.53452 61.87936 62.79962
3 −1.775015 59.2659 5.26E-02 54.10344 54.68305 55.61021 57.26163 59.2659 61.47777 63.67705 65.10221 66.07652
4 −1.609874 61.88437 5.31E-02 56.41 57.02762 58.01406 59.76633 61.88437 64.21018 66.50998 67.99314 69.00376
5 −1.33159 64.21529 5.35E-02 58.4281 59.08714 60.13661 61.99107 64.21529 66.63494 69.00314 70.51718 71.54276
6 −0.9020513 66.25065 5.38E-02 60.13552 60.84292 61.96365 63.92651 66.25065 68.74095 71.13932 72.6522 73.66788
7 −0.3320158 68.00546 5.40E-02 61.53858 62.30359 63.50653 65.58656 68.00546 70.54465 72.93909 74.42406 75.41006
8 0.2951314 69.53802 0.054174 62.70368 63.53384 64.82722 67.02967 69.53802 72.11181 74.48507 75.9314 76.88123
9 0.8924165 70.91734 5.43E-02 63.71672 64.61543 66.00188 68.32556 70.91734 73.51936 75.86977 77.28016 78.1976
10 1.390615 72.21104 5.44E-02 64.66755 65.63213 67.10667 69.54282 72.21104 74.8413 77.17808 78.56339 79.45796
11 1.745711 73.45828 5.45E-02 65.61935 66.64018 68.18967 70.72186 73.45828 76.1207 78.45892 79.83369 80.71712
12 1.926729 74.66323 5.45E-02 66.60333 67.66315 69.26563 71.86928 74.66323 77.36349 79.72119 81.10176 81.98679
13 1.923373 75.81322 5.46E-02 67.625 68.70153 70.32938 72.97448 75.81322 78.55703 80.95297 82.35602 83.2555
14 1.779328 76.89892 5.46E-02 68.65907 69.73411 71.36467 74.0264 76.89892 79.69013 82.13869 83.57719 84.50114
15 1.553151 77.91551 5.46E-02 69.67156 70.73454 72.35427 75.01701 77.91551 80.75555 83.2652 84.74727 85.70213
16 1.291233 78.86737 5.46E-02 70.64204 71.68867 73.29165 75.94768 78.86737 81.75591 84.33047 85.86033 86.84962
17 1.038952 79.76918 5.46E-02 71.56141 72.59298 74.18029 76.82968 79.76918 82.70447 85.34284 86.92028 87.94412
18 0.8323192 80.63163 5.46E-02 72.42302 73.44459 75.02227 77.67093 80.63163 83.61068 86.30724 87.92783 88.98299
19 0.677285 81.46793 5.46E-02 73.23576 74.25287 75.82784 78.48323 81.46793 84.48833 87.23696 88.89543 89.97787
20 0.5652145 82.29455 5.47E-02 74.01799 75.03531 76.61356 79.28259 82.29455 85.35522 88.15138 89.84348 90.94987
21 0.4909775 83.11864 5.48E-02 74.77894 75.80051 77.38735 80.07624 83.11864 86.2188 89.05846 90.7803 91.9075
22 0.4552794 83.93867 5.49E-02 75.51776 76.54758 78.14816 80.86298 83.93867 87.07701 89.95534 91.70232 92.84667
23 0.4626844 84.74525 5.50E-02 76.22408 77.26645 78.88639 81.63358 84.74525 87.91955 90.83021 92.59651 93.7534
24 0.5131091 85.53254 5.51E-02 76.89206 77.95141 79.59639 82.38239 85.53254 88.74022 91.67637 93.45579 94.62032
25 0.6007795 86.30013 5.52E-02 77.52351 78.60384 80.279 83.1095 86.30013 89.53856 92.49384 94.28073 95.44849
26 0.7153659 87.05051 5.53E-02 78.12475 79.22929 80.93869 83.81803 87.05051 90.31754 93.28704 95.07717 96.24492
27 0.8377262 87.78608 5.55E-02 78.70674 79.83681 81.58199 84.51162 87.78608 91.08048 94.06219 95.85402 97.02061
28 0.9463854 88.50621 5.56E-02 79.28027 80.43462 82.21382 85.19138 88.50621 91.82771 94.8227 96.61752 97.78409
29 1.03548 89.20699 5.57E-02 79.8457 81.0221 82.83234 85.85406 89.20699 92.55545 95.5655 97.36527 98.53348
30 1.103297 89.89073 5.58E-02 80.40686 81.60268 83.44048 86.50211 89.89073 93.26621 96.29348 98.10047 99.27214
31 1.147754 90.56293 5.59E-02 80.9708 82.18297 84.04433 87.14112 90.56293 93.96575 97.01287 98.82969 100.0069
32 1.166705 91.22433 5.59E-02 81.54047 82.7654 84.64569 87.77219 91.22433 94.65484 97.72475 99.55427 100.7394
33 1.165316 91.87347 5.60E-02 82.11288 83.34744 85.24255 88.39381 91.87347 95.33147 98.42612 100.2705 101.4652
34 1.153208 92.51047 5.60E-02 82.6838 83.92596 85.83319 89.00573 92.51047 95.99497 99.11463 100.9744 102.1794
35 1.139321 93.13738 5.60E-02 83.25002 84.49899 86.41716 89.60922 93.13738 96.64701 99.79066 101.6654 102.8803
36 1.129097 93.75609 0.056007 83.80973 85.06551 86.99451 90.20557 93.75609 97.28933 100.4552 102.3437 103.5678
37 1.119866 94.37095 5.60E-02 84.36799 85.63033 87.56974 90.79903 94.37095 97.92673 101.1138 103.0154 104.2481
38 1.101783 94.99052 5.60E-02 84.93785 86.20531 88.15326 91.39851 94.99052 98.56876 101.778 103.6937 104.9358
39 1.067672 95.62286 0.0559065 85.53097 86.80121 88.75469 92.01241 95.62286 99.22411 102.4578 104.3897 105.643
40 1.014811 96.27083 5.58E-02 86.15189 87.42221 89.37772 92.64388 96.27083 99.89575 103.1566 105.1074 106.374
41 0.9456667 96.93585 5.58E-02 86.80039 88.06848 90.02303 93.29412 96.93585 100.585 103.8756 105.8476 107.1293
42 0.867392 97.61244 5.57E-02 87.46763 88.73209 90.68378 93.95741 97.61244 101.2857 104.607 106.6014 107.8992
43 0.7847034 98.29029 5.55E-02 88.14233 89.40221 91.34966 94.62374 98.29029 101.9865 105.3381 107.355 108.6693
44 0.7007817 98.95751 5.54E-02 88.8125 90.06705 92.00909 95.28164 98.95751 102.6747 106.0551 108.0938 109.4239
45 0.6232255 99.605 5.52E-02 89.46603 90.71537 92.65184 95.92187 99.605 103.3402 106.746 108.8042 110.1487
46 0.5601411 100.2275 5.50E-02 90.09361 91.33878 93.27077 96.53866 100.2275 103.977 107.4033 109.4772 110.8334
47 0.5189113 100.8213 5.48E-02 90.68732 91.93026 93.86005 97.12767 100.8213 104.5812 108.0218 110.1064 111.4705
48 0.5080876 101.3813 0.0545803 91.23702 92.48074 94.41202 97.6829 101.3813 105.1474 108.5947 110.6839 112.0512
49 0.530116 101.9085 5.44E-02 91.74052 92.9885 94.92564 98.20433 101.9085 105.677 109.1237 111.2113 112.577
50 0.5777184 102.4086 5.41E-02 92.20461 93.45982 95.40659 98.6973 102.4086 106.1776 109.6189 111.7005 113.0612
51 0.6479912 102.8883 5.40E-02 92.63491 93.90031 95.86056 99.16772 102.8883 106.6568 110.0892 112.1616 113.5148
52 0.7400159 103.351 5.38E-02 93.03386 94.31255 96.2903 99.61869 103.351 107.1186 110.5394 112.5998 113.9433
53 0.8526757 103.8008 5.37E-02 93.40502 94.7002 96.69962 100.0541 103.8008 107.5675 110.9743 113.0206 114.3524
54 0.9871423 104.2379 5.35E-02 93.7474 95.06261 97.08823 100.4742 104.2379 108.0034 111.3939 113.4236 114.742
55 1.144285 104.6635 5.35E-02 94.06098 95.40015 97.45692 100.8799 104.6635 108.4274 111.799 113.8098 115.1129
56 1.32395 105.0806 0.0533862 94.34782 95.71522 97.80848 101.2743 105.0806 108.8428 112.1931 114.1827 115.4688
57 1.524281 105.4892 5.33E-02 94.60734 96.00745 98.14269 101.6574 105.4892 109.2494 112.5765 114.5432 115.811
58 1.741061 105.8937 5.33E-02 94.84512 96.28233 98.46478 102.0338 105.8937 109.6521 112.9549 114.8976 116.1464
59 1.96665 106.3005 5.33E-02 95.07124 96.54913 98.78298 102.4105 106.3005 110.0575 113.336 115.2549 116.4847
60 2.191978 106.7113 5.33E-02 95.29372 96.81459 99.10227 102.7904 106.7113 110.4677 113.7228 115.6189 116.8306

Table 8.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for head circumference (cm) for age: girls 0 to 60 months

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
0 −2.503701 34.52737 4.88E-02 31.7873 32.09011 32.57684 33.45146 34.52737 35.7352 36.96 37.7677 38.32674
1 −2.225385 36.02257 4.85E-02 33.15373 33.47381 33.98678 34.90368 36.02257 37.26606 38.51265 39.32639 39.8856
2 −1.946316 37.46288 4.81E-02 34.46878 34.80608 35.345 36.30311 37.46288 38.73907 40.00431 40.82231 41.3807
3 −1.666529 38.80659 4.77E-02 35.69413 36.0482 36.61217 37.60931 38.80659 40.11121 41.39082 42.21054 42.76662
4 −1.387063 40.02756 4.73E-02 36.80594 37.17606 37.76372 38.79696 40.02756 41.35563 42.64481 43.4635 44.01566
5 −1.109778 41.11152 4.69E-02 37.79148 38.1767 38.78634 39.85223 41.11152 42.45782 43.75177 44.56677 45.11346
6 −0.8365179 42.05598 4.65E-02 38.64886 39.04809 39.67783 40.7727 42.05598 43.41544 44.70971 45.51867 46.05856
7 −0.5688999 42.8661 4.62E-02 39.38322 39.79531 40.44321 41.56338 42.8661 44.23405 45.52475 46.32568 46.85773
8 −0.3078383 43.55234 4.58E-02 40.00447 40.42829 41.09243 42.23438 43.55234 44.92461 46.20845 46.99977 47.5232
9 −5.48E-02 44.12904 4.54E-02 40.52617 40.96059 41.63915 42.79959 44.12904 45.50211 46.77648 47.55709 48.0714
10 0.1881263 44.61362 4.50E-02 40.96476 41.40873 42.09998 43.27593 44.61362 45.98469 47.24776 48.01702 48.52204
11 0.4193889 45.02317 4.46E-02 41.33632 41.78881 42.49116 43.67995 45.02317 46.39008 47.64067 48.39836 48.89414
12 0.6376524 45.37192 4.42E-02 41.6542 42.11424 42.82619 44.02544 45.37192 46.73304 47.9705 48.71666 49.20347
13 0.8415571 45.6717 4.39E-02 41.92958 42.39622 43.11634 44.32389 45.6717 47.02584 48.24993 48.98486 49.46309
14 1.030705 45.93101 4.35E-02 42.17039 42.6427 43.36964 44.58351 45.93101 47.27729 48.48799 49.2121 49.68218
15 1.20485 46.15697 4.31E-02 42.38326 42.86034 43.59282 44.81118 46.15697 47.49477 48.69225 49.40602 49.86843
16 1.363833 46.35577 4.27E-02 42.57391 43.05487 43.79167 45.01289 46.35577 47.68465 48.86925 49.57321 50.02844
17 1.50768 46.53181 4.23E-02 42.74633 43.23035 43.9703 45.19286 46.53181 47.85147 49.02361 49.71831 50.16685
18 1.636287 46.68925 4.20E-02 42.90436 43.3906 44.13261 45.35511 46.68925 47.99957 49.15973 49.84576 50.2881
19 1.749494 46.83193 4.16E-02 43.05145 43.53912 44.28215 45.50331 46.83193 48.13288 49.28163 49.9596 50.39623
20 1.847589 46.96207 4.13E-02 43.18953 43.67789 44.42095 45.63961 46.96207 48.2537 49.39163 50.06213 50.49353
21 1.931128 47.08033 0.0408943 43.31905 43.80736 44.54952 45.7646 47.08033 48.36269 49.49035 50.15392 50.58051
22 2.00085 47.18586 4.05E-02 43.43901 43.9266 44.66696 45.8774 47.18586 48.45897 49.57684 50.23393 50.6561
23 2.057523 47.2778 4.02E-02 43.54843 44.03461 44.77234 45.97716 47.2778 48.54165 49.65012 50.30115 50.71922
24 2.10149 47.3577 3.99E-02 43.64854 44.13272 44.86703 46.06534 47.3577 48.61234 49.71181 50.35717 50.77145
25 2.132824 47.42918 3.95E-02 43.74251 44.22414 44.95436 46.14542 47.42918 48.67474 49.76569 50.40582 50.81665
26 2.151776 47.49645 3.92E-02 43.83404 44.31267 45.03823 46.22145 47.49645 48.7332 49.81619 50.45154 50.85927
27 2.158819 47.56337 3.89E-02 43.92651 44.40174 45.12219 46.29716 47.56337 48.79167 49.86732 50.49838 50.90337
28 2.154635 47.63264 3.85E-02 44.02217 44.49371 45.20871 46.37515 47.63264 48.85291 49.92187 50.54914 50.95174
29 2.140106 47.70589 3.82E-02 44.12231 44.58993 45.29922 46.45697 47.70589 48.9186 49.98149 50.60545 51.00601
30 2.116251 47.78452 3.79E-02 44.22797 44.69151 45.39494 46.54394 47.78452 48.99015 50.04761 50.66869 51.06754
31 2.084149 47.86946 3.76E-02 44.33978 44.79914 45.49664 46.63695 47.86946 49.06849 50.12113 50.73978 51.13721
32 2.044935 47.96051 0.0373559 44.45732 44.91246 45.60402 46.73575 47.96051 49.15342 50.20178 50.81839 51.21468
33 1.999784 48.05689 3.71E-02 44.57967 45.03061 45.71627 46.83958 48.05689 49.24413 50.28872 50.90361 51.299
34 1.949959 48.15741 0.036812 44.70553 45.1523 45.83214 46.94724 48.15741 49.33935 50.3806 50.99407 51.38875
35 1.896819 48.26078 3.66E-02 44.83353 45.27621 45.95036 47.05748 48.26078 49.43777 50.476 51.08828 51.48241
36 1.84183 48.36522 3.63E-02 44.96187 45.40056 46.06916 47.16852 48.36522 49.5375 50.57297 51.1842 51.57788
37 1.786574 48.46861 3.61E-02 45.08842 45.52324 46.18647 47.27831 48.46861 49.63635 50.66917 51.27942 51.6727
38 1.732738 48.56807 3.58E-02 45.21039 45.64148 46.29951 47.38403 48.56807 49.73132 50.76149 51.37074 51.76358
39 1.682087 48.65997 3.56E-02 45.32427 45.75177 46.40477 47.48215 48.65997 49.81866 50.84601 51.45412 51.84642
40 1.635708 48.74256 3.54E-02 45.42837 45.85243 46.50056 47.57095 48.74256 49.89653 50.92082 51.52759 51.91922
41 1.593709 48.81722 3.51E-02 45.52401 45.94477 46.58822 47.65179 48.81722 49.96635 50.98735 51.59261 51.98343
42 1.556129 48.88592 3.49E-02 45.61307 46.03068 46.66964 47.72661 48.88592 50.03013 51.04765 51.65123 52.04112
43 1.52294 48.94985 3.47E-02 45.69672 46.11134 46.74601 47.79657 48.94985 50.08908 51.10297 51.70473 52.09357
44 1.493929 49.01028 3.45E-02 45.77621 46.188 46.81855 47.86293 49.01028 50.1445 51.15461 51.75443 52.14214
45 1.46865 49.06872 3.43E-02 45.85305 46.26214 46.88877 47.92719 49.06872 50.19793 51.20418 51.80196 52.18845
46 1.446665 49.12607 3.41E-02 45.92818 46.33471 46.95758 47.99023 49.12607 50.25029 51.25261 51.84828 52.23349
47 1.427601 49.18317 3.39E-02 46.00247 46.40655 47.02582 48.0529 49.18317 50.30243 51.30077 51.89428 52.27817
48 1.411117 49.2413 3.37E-02 46.07722 46.47895 47.09477 48.11647 49.2413 50.35566 51.35001 51.94132 52.32385
49 1.396857 49.302 3.35E-02 46.15394 46.55344 47.16596 48.18247 49.302 50.41153 51.40191 51.99101 52.37217
50 1.384654 49.36485 3.33E-02 46.23233 46.62969 47.23902 48.2505 49.36485 50.46961 51.45603 52.04289 52.42266
51 1.374441 49.42837 3.31E-02 46.31104 46.70633 47.31256 48.31913 49.42837 50.52837 51.51078 52.09538 52.47371
52 1.365843 49.49183 3.29E-02 46.38944 46.78271 47.38592 48.38765 49.49183 50.58706 51.56543 52.14771 52.52459
53 1.358476 49.55444 3.28E-02 46.46687 46.85816 47.45838 48.45532 49.55444 50.64488 51.61917 52.19909 52.57448
54 1.352016 49.6149 3.26E-02 46.54219 46.9315 47.52874 48.52088 49.6149 50.7005 51.67062 52.24813 52.62199
55 1.346175 49.67169 0.032376 46.61403 47.00134 47.59558 48.58284 49.67169 50.75233 51.71818 52.29322 52.66549
56 1.340603 49.72526 3.22E-02 46.68288 47.06817 47.65936 48.64169 49.72526 50.80085 51.76232 52.33482 52.70547
57 1.335177 49.77718 0.0319982 46.75022 47.13348 47.7216 48.69894 49.77718 50.84766 51.8047 52.37462 52.74363
58 1.329885 49.82841 3.18E-02 46.81693 47.19815 47.78319 48.75552 49.82841 50.89373 51.8463 52.41362 52.78097
59 1.324733 49.87906 3.16E-02 46.88313 47.2623 47.84424 48.81155 49.87906 50.93919 51.88725 52.45194 52.81762
60 1.319751 49.9299 3.14E-02 46.94954 47.32667 47.90552 48.8678 49.9299 50.98484 51.92837 52.49042 52.8544

Table 9.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for weight (kg) for length/height (cm): girls 0 to 60 months

Length/ht (cm) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 97th
55 −0.2884934 4.262201 0.1463141 3.270611 3.377405 3.550799 3.866993 4.262201 4.711024 5.168369 5.469646 5.677499
56 −0.2479972 4.537708 0.1453321 3.483189 3.597322 3.782347 4.118832 4.537708 5.011114 5.491004 5.805763 6.022289
57 −0.2097751 4.823532 0.1443236 3.704359 3.826065 4.023073 4.380409 4.823532 5.322052 5.824938 6.153447 6.378826
58 −0.173664 5.115376 0.1432929 3.93088 4.060277 4.269433 4.647845 5.115376 5.63908 6.164951 6.507181 6.74139
59 −0.1395242 5.409643 0.142244 4.160036 4.297143 4.518453 4.91788 5.409643 5.958229 6.506714 6.862404 7.105263
60 −0.1072307 5.70342 0.1411812 4.389624 4.534378 4.767718 5.187872 5.70342 6.276301 6.846757 7.215479 7.466693
61 −7.67E-02 5.994351 0.140108 4.617854 4.770126 5.015267 5.455678 5.994351 6.590723 7.182307 7.563508 7.822704
62 −4.78E-02 6.280791 0.1390289 4.843474 5.003085 5.25972 5.719789 6.280791 6.899716 7.511475 7.904541 8.171306
63 −2.05E-02 6.561486 0.1379487 5.0655 5.232236 5.500004 5.979045 6.561486 7.201944 7.832855 8.237136 8.511036
64 5.23E-03 6.835534 0.1368732 5.283195 5.456817 5.735323 6.232594 6.835534 7.496467 8.145489 8.560328 8.840926
65 2.95E-02 7.10252 0.1358083 5.496188 5.676446 5.965279 6.480024 7.10252 7.782887 8.449013 8.873785 9.160669
66 5.23E-02 7.362306 0.1347597 5.704317 5.890957 6.189703 6.721171 7.362306 8.061115 8.743403 9.177532 9.470326
67 7.36E-02 7.614999 0.1337324 5.907608 6.100378 6.40863 6.956095 7.614999 8.331329 9.028927 9.471899 9.770272
68 9.33E-02 7.860802 0.1327307 6.106156 6.304809 6.622173 7.184941 7.860802 8.593812 9.305957 9.757324 10.06099
69 0.1114229 8.099893 0.1317592 6.300024 6.50432 6.830418 7.407831 8.099893 8.848818 9.574834 10.03421 10.34293
70 0.1280502 8.332456 0.1308216 6.489272 6.698982 7.033453 7.624891 8.332456 9.096605 9.835896 10.30294 10.61651
71 0.1431241 8.558799 0.1299206 6.674077 6.888981 7.231482 7.836369 8.558799 9.33756 10.08962 10.56406 10.8823
72 0.1566052 8.779374 0.1290575 6.854743 7.074634 7.424844 8.042648 8.779374 9.572219 10.33662 10.81824 11.14104
73 0.1685008 8.994642 0.1282327 7.031585 7.256267 7.613888 8.244126 8.994642 9.801119 10.57753 11.06616 11.39343
74 0.1788545 9.205198 0.1274461 7.205025 7.434321 7.799086 8.441328 9.205198 10.02493 10.81308 11.30861 11.64029
75 0.1877174 9.411796 0.126697 7.375611 7.609366 7.981042 8.634925 9.411796 10.2445 11.04422 11.54658 11.88265
76 0.1949868 9.615366 0.1259861 7.544055 7.782135 8.160525 8.825756 9.615366 10.46088 11.2721 11.7813 12.1218
77 0.200539 9.816813 0.1253135 7.711061 7.953347 8.338287 9.014635 9.816813 10.67507 11.49786 12.014 12.35901
78 0.2042664 10.01698 0.1246792 7.877287 8.123679 8.515032 9.202324 10.01698 10.88801 11.72253 12.24578 12.59544
79 0.2060711 10.21644 0.1240825 8.043194 8.293602 8.691246 9.389347 10.21644 11.10036 11.94684 12.47742 12.83189
80 0.2058675 10.41561 0.1235224 8.209122 8.463456 8.867281 9.576077 10.41561 11.31256 12.1713 12.70947 13.06897
81 0.2035548 10.61476 0.1229972 8.375317 8.633491 9.043386 9.762771 10.61476 11.52493 12.39628 12.94232 13.30708
82 0.1990158 10.81412 0.1225054 8.541998 8.80392 9.219771 9.949643 10.81412 11.73774 12.62207 13.17631 13.54657
83 0.1921251 11.01384 0.1220458 8.709328 8.9749 9.39659 10.13684 11.01384 11.95115 12.84889 13.41168 13.78772
84 0.1827456 11.21413 0.1216173 8.877491 9.146611 9.574016 10.32454 11.21413 12.16539 13.077 13.64874 14.03087
85 0.1707334 11.41516 0.1212184 9.046698 9.319259 9.752244 10.51293 11.41516 12.38068 13.30667 13.88779 14.27634
86 0.1559446 11.61719 0.1208475 9.217196 9.493082 9.931512 10.70224 11.61719 12.5973 13.53823 14.1292 14.52454
87 0.1382712 11.82043 0.1205036 9.389194 9.668291 10.11202 10.89267 11.82043 12.81549 13.77197 14.3733 14.77583
88 0.1176589 12.02514 0.1201856 9.56294 9.845129 10.29402 11.08449 12.02514 13.03554 14.00823 14.62048 15.03063
89 9.42E-02 12.23163 0.1198934 9.738623 10.0238 10.47773 11.27794 12.23163 13.25779 14.24738 14.87113 15.28936
90 6.82E-02 12.44021 0.1196276 9.916465 10.20454 10.66341 11.47332 12.44021 13.48261 14.48984 15.12571 15.5525
91 3.96E-02 12.65121 0.1193883 10.09666 10.38757 10.85131 11.6709 12.65121 13.71035 14.736 15.38465 15.82049
92 8.68E-03 12.86495 0.1191758 10.27941 10.5731 11.04166 11.87096 12.86495 13.94138 14.98628 15.64837 16.09379
93 −2.44E-02 13.08179 0.11899 10.46498 10.76141 11.23476 12.07386 13.08179 14.17611 15.24113 15.91738 16.37295
94 −5.95E-02 13.3021 0.1188309 10.65362 10.95276 11.4309 12.27988 13.3021 14.41493 15.501 16.19217 16.65847
95 −0.0966624 13.52617 0.1186987 10.84553 11.14737 11.63032 12.48932 13.52617 14.65819 15.7663 16.47319 16.95086
96 −0.1356916 13.75433 0.1185935 11.04096 11.3455 11.83328 12.70244 13.75433 14.90625 16.03744 16.76093 17.25063
97 −0.1765921 13.98691 0.1185151 11.24018 11.54742 12.04006 12.91957 13.98691 15.15952 16.31491 17.0559 17.55836
98 −0.2193121 14.22415 0.1184632 11.44335 11.75331 12.25087 13.14092 14.22415 15.41825 16.599 17.35849 17.87447
99 −0.2637837 14.46604 0.1184366 11.65049 11.96318 12.4657 13.36647 14.46604 15.68244 16.88978 17.66877 18.19909
100 −0.3099257 14.71239 0.1184348 11.86142 12.17685 12.68438 13.59605 14.71239 15.9519 17.18704 17.98659 18.53208
101 −0.3576491 14.9628 0.118457 12.07582 12.39399 12.90656 13.8293 14.9628 16.22623 17.49041 18.31157 18.87311
102 −0.4068382 15.21671 0.1185032 12.29321 12.61412 13.13175 14.06567 15.21671 16.5048 17.79925 18.64313 19.2216
103 −0.4573509 15.47349 0.1185726 12.51305 12.83668 13.35938 14.30458 15.47349 16.78697 18.11288 18.98056 19.57688
104 −0.5090442 15.73259 0.1186641 12.73488 13.06123 13.58898 14.54554 15.73259 17.07215 18.43069 19.32327 19.93835
105 −0.561787 15.99353 0.1187764 12.95829 13.28733 13.82013 14.78808 15.99353 17.35979 18.75214 19.67072 20.30551
106 −0.615418 16.25583 0.1189084 13.18288 13.51458 14.05239 15.03176 16.25583 17.64939 19.07665 20.02234 20.67779
107 −0.6697763 16.51905 0.1190582 13.40827 13.74261 14.2854 15.2762 16.51905 17.94045 19.40373 20.37762 21.0547
108 −0.7247227 16.78292 0.1192235 13.63426 13.9712 14.51893 15.52114 16.78292 18.23267 19.73302 20.73621 21.4359
109 −0.7801247 17.04722 0.1194028 13.86066 14.20016 14.75279 15.76638 17.04722 18.5258 20.06427 21.09786 21.82116
110 −0.8358768 17.31181 0.1195948 14.08733 14.42938 14.98687 16.01181 17.31181 18.81967 20.39729 21.4624 22.21035
111 −0.8918821 17.57659 0.1197981 14.31421 14.65877 15.22108 16.25734 17.57659 19.11417 20.73197 21.82976 22.60342
112 −0.948072 17.84155 0.1200114 14.54128 14.88833 15.45541 16.50295 17.84155 19.40928 21.06829 22.19992 23.0004
113 −1.004397 18.10667 0.1202339 14.76854 15.11804 15.68987 16.74865 18.10667 19.70497 21.40626 22.57295 23.40141
114 −1.060809 18.37197 0.1204646 14.99598 15.34792 15.92445 16.99444 18.37197 20.00125 21.74588 22.94889 23.80655
115 −1.117284 18.63742 0.1207026 15.22362 15.57797 16.15917 17.24033 18.63742 20.29811 22.08718 23.32781 24.21596
116 −1.173814 18.90305 0.1209471 15.45146 15.8082 16.39403 17.48632 18.90305 20.59555 22.43018 23.70979 24.62978
117 −1.230392 19.16884 0.1211972 15.67953 16.03864 16.62905 17.73242 19.16884 20.89358 22.7749 24.09493 25.04819
118 −1.287003 19.4348 0.121452 15.90783 16.26928 16.86424 17.97863 19.4348 21.19216 23.12135 24.48328 25.47132
119 −1.343639 19.7009 0.1217111 16.13636 16.50011 17.09958 18.22494 19.7009 21.49129 23.46955 24.87492 25.89936
120 −1.400307 19.96714 0.1219739 16.36511 16.73115 17.33508 18.47136 19.96714 21.79096 23.81953 25.26999 26.33253
121 −1.457011 20.23352 0.1222401 16.5941 16.9624 17.57076 18.71789 20.23352 22.09119 24.17134 25.66861 26.7711
122 −1.513755 20.50007 0.1225094 16.82335 17.19388 17.80662 18.96454 20.50007 22.39199 24.52506 26.07095 27.21533
123 −1.570547 20.76678 0.1227814 17.05287 17.4256 18.04267 19.21132 20.76678 22.69337 24.88072 26.47716 27.66554

Table 10.

L, M, and S parameters and percentiles for Body mass index (kg/m2) for age: girls 0 to 60 months.

Age (m) L M S 3rd 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 85th 90th 95th 97th
0 −0.4290653 12.60431 0.1329378 9.939663 10.22702 10.69323 11.54272 12.60431 13.81112 14.52775 15.04361 15.85761 16.42036
1 −0.3458589 13.55883 0.1326732 10.67274 10.98635 11.49396 12.41503 13.55883 14.84909 15.61016 16.15565 17.01237 17.60176
2 −0.2590664 14.4504 0.1323513 11.35313 11.69242 12.24023 13.22976 14.4504 15.81629 16.61643 17.1874 18.0799 18.6909
3 −0.1675384 15.23088 0.1319324 11.94373 12.30699 12.89187 13.94324 15.23088 16.65952 17.49045 18.08068 18.99884 19.62429
4 −7.13E-02 15.87732 0.1314171 12.42706 12.81196 13.42981 14.53459 15.87732 17.35382 18.20621 18.80888 19.74178 20.3741
5 2.87E-02 16.38358 0.13083 12.79867 13.20262 13.84895 14.99811 16.38358 17.89303 18.75786 19.36646 20.30391 20.93617
6 0.1297354 16.75742 0.1301935 13.06583 13.48612 14.15629 15.34091 16.75742 18.28643 19.1559 19.76496 20.69868 21.32541
7 0.2289054 17.01358 0.1295466 13.24081 13.6748 14.36442 15.57627 17.01358 18.55107 19.41909 20.02448 20.94843 21.56584
8 0.3235968 17.16987 0.1289225 13.33827 13.78348 14.48849 15.72029 17.16987 18.70727 19.56941 20.16829 21.07854 21.68433
9 0.411696 17.24328 0.1283347 13.3725 13.82654 14.54318 15.78851 17.24328 18.77407 19.62725 20.21776 21.11199 21.70496
10 0.4911669 17.2506 0.127786 13.35774 13.81835 14.54315 15.79635 17.2506 18.77005 19.61234 20.19344 21.07062 21.65045
11 0.5588613 17.20836 0.1272795 13.30855 13.77346 14.50307 15.75911 17.20836 18.71355 19.54414 20.11566 20.97607 21.54335
12 0.6116836 17.13107 0.1268158 13.23783 13.70472 14.43587 15.69024 17.13107 18.62058 19.43963 20.00206 20.84707 21.4031
13 0.6467443 17.03177 0.1263857 13.1574 13.6239 14.35336 15.60193 17.03177 18.50534 19.31375 19.86812 20.69992 21.24655
14 0.6612759 16.92238 0.1259867 13.07781 13.54153 14.26618 15.50526 16.92238 18.3809 19.18025 19.7281 20.54966 21.08926
15 0.653456 16.81222 0.1256185 13.0069 13.46555 14.18247 15.40885 16.81222 18.25743 19.04983 19.59306 20.40789 20.9432
16 0.6243388 16.70627 0.1252878 12.94743 13.39909 14.10588 15.31707 16.70627 18.14029 18.92798 19.46853 20.28019 20.81394
17 0.5773425 16.60459 0.125005 12.89714 13.34043 14.03535 15.22964 16.60459 18.02944 18.81439 19.35399 20.16558 20.70019
18 0.5159847 16.50507 0.1247742 12.8523 13.28627 13.96815 15.14434 16.50507 17.92239 18.70622 19.24627 20.06038 20.59784
19 0.4433818 16.40689 0.1245953 12.81062 13.23472 13.90283 15.06023 16.40689 17.81805 18.60211 19.14378 19.96258 20.50458
20 0.3624861 16.31007 0.1244583 12.77093 13.18491 13.83894 14.97726 16.31007 17.71615 18.50147 19.04571 19.87094 20.41888
21 0.2763424 16.21228 0.1243501 12.73039 13.13425 13.77414 14.89327 16.21228 17.61384 18.40105 18.94843 19.78127 20.33613
22 0.1872552 16.11089 0.1242617 12.68622 13.08006 13.70588 14.80578 16.11089 17.508 18.29734 18.84815 19.68926 20.25165
23 9.67E-02 16.00386 0.1241857 12.63643 13.02041 13.6323 14.71294 16.00386 17.39625 18.1877 18.74202 19.59169 20.16197
24 5.48E-03 15.89138 0.1241153 12.58105 12.95538 13.55353 14.61492 15.89138 17.27866 18.07209 18.6299 19.4883 20.06673
25 −8.65E-02 15.77643 0.1240451 12.52262 12.88754 13.47222 14.51454 15.77643 17.15841 17.9538 18.51517 19.38259 19.96951
26 −0.1795667 15.66346 0.1239676 12.46497 12.82077 13.39235 14.41598 15.66346 17.04028 17.83781 18.40297 19.27996 19.87594
27 −0.273515 15.55574 0.1238819 12.41067 12.75774 13.3167 14.32223 15.55574 16.92779 17.72779 18.29707 19.18437 19.79009
28 −0.3676666 15.45438 0.123793 12.36036 12.69912 13.24606 14.23425 15.45438 16.82218 17.62504 18.19878 19.09715 19.71333
29 −0.4609407 15.36039 0.1237101 12.3144 12.64538 13.181 14.15284 15.36039 16.72459 17.53071 18.10928 19.01944 19.64676
30 −0.55182 15.27568 0.1236388 12.27393 12.59774 13.12292 14.07966 15.27568 16.6371 17.4469 18.03061 18.95322 19.59225
31 −0.6387666 15.20156 0.1235736 12.23984 12.55717 13.07288 14.01589 15.20156 16.56096 17.37474 17.9638 18.89921 19.55029
32 −0.7204627 15.13832 0.1235031 12.21243 12.52395 13.03119 13.9619 15.13832 16.49629 17.31416 17.90858 18.85675 19.51987
33 −0.7961434 15.08584 0.123414 12.19182 12.49821 12.99792 13.91765 15.08584 16.44275 17.26461 17.86422 18.82474 19.49958
34 −0.865136 15.04402 0.1232973 12.17808 12.47997 12.97307 13.88311 15.04402 16.40009 17.22569 17.83014 18.80228 19.48819
35 −0.926369 15.01228 0.1231457 12.17079 12.4688 12.95619 13.85781 15.01228 16.36752 17.19639 17.80513 18.78767 19.4836
36 −0.9782043 14.98808 0.1229469 12.16781 12.46256 12.94508 13.83942 14.98808 16.34201 17.17323 17.78531 18.77623 19.48039
37 −1.019769 14.96808 0.1226998 12.16636 12.45838 12.93682 13.82485 14.96808 16.31984 17.1522 17.76637 18.76304 19.47314
38 −1.050418 14.94987 0.1224117 12.1643 12.45412 12.92918 13.8118 14.94987 16.29845 17.13055 17.74542 18.74489 19.45829
39 −1.069097 14.93101 0.1220993 12.15917 12.4473 12.91971 13.79783 14.93101 16.27529 17.10564 17.71969 18.71872 19.43251
40 −1.075076 14.90889 0.1217751 12.14852 12.43547 12.90593 13.78041 14.90889 16.24766 17.07466 17.68626 18.68139 19.39247
41 −1.069481 14.88305 0.1214512 12.13208 12.41829 12.88743 13.75905 14.88305 16.21527 17.03753 17.64528 18.63349 19.33913
42 −1.054275 14.85504 0.1211356 12.11145 12.39733 12.86571 13.73522 14.85504 16.18005 16.99657 17.59943 18.57848 19.27662
43 −1.03128 14.82596 0.1208259 12.08803 12.37392 12.84202 13.71004 14.82596 16.1433 16.95335 17.55054 18.51873 19.20786
44 −1.002442 14.79632 0.1205135 12.06285 12.34898 12.81714 13.68411 14.79632 16.1056 16.90861 17.49957 18.45569 19.13472
45 −0.9698157 14.76716 0.120192 12.03735 12.32389 12.79235 13.65856 14.76716 16.06814 16.86378 17.44817 18.39154 19.0599
46 −0.9352537 14.73993 0.1198513 12.01334 12.30039 12.76927 13.63488 14.73993 16.03249 16.82063 17.39831 18.3287 18.9862
47 −0.9002036 14.71554 0.1194839 11.99206 12.27965 12.74901 13.61405 14.71554 15.99966 16.78027 17.35126 18.26873 18.91548
48 −0.8649045 14.69339 0.1190986 11.97291 12.26107 12.73093 13.59545 14.69339 15.9691 16.74224 17.30661 18.21134 18.84753
49 −0.8294557 14.67413 0.1187172 11.95603 12.24483 12.71529 13.57947 14.67413 15.94177 16.70771 17.26568 18.15814 18.78417
50 −0.7943793 14.65962 0.1183663 11.94256 12.23212 12.7034 13.56766 14.65962 15.92002 16.67936 17.23145 18.11256 18.7292
51 −0.7599886 14.6498 0.118071 11.93202 12.22251 12.69488 13.55975 14.6498 15.90409 16.65765 17.20451 18.07548 18.68368
52 −0.7264867 14.64376 0.117846 11.92342 12.21499 12.68872 13.55477 14.64376 15.89314 16.64178 17.18412 18.04622 18.64698
53 −0.6936028 14.63923 0.1177026 11.91461 12.2074 12.68276 13.55051 14.63923 15.88481 16.62933 17.1678 18.02217 18.6164
54 −0.6609257 14.63419 0.1176476 11.90367 12.19784 12.67506 13.54502 14.63419 15.87696 16.61804 17.15318 18.0008 18.58927
55 −0.6281618 14.62736 0.1176818 11.88947 12.18515 12.66447 13.5371 14.62736 15.86818 16.60641 17.13869 17.98039 18.56372
56 −0.5953535 14.61789 0.1178019 11.87135 12.16867 12.6503 13.52598 14.61789 15.85751 16.5934 17.12323 17.95971 18.53846
57 −0.5628178 14.60606 0.1179979 11.8498 12.14884 12.63294 13.51201 14.60606 15.84513 16.57915 17.1069 17.93883 18.51351
58 −0.5311292 14.59255 0.1182523 11.82586 12.12668 12.61334 13.49601 14.59255 15.83163 16.56418 17.09019 17.91819 18.48928
59 −0.5005544 14.5775 0.1185464 11.80007 12.10268 12.59192 13.47828 14.5775 15.81695 16.54833 17.07286 17.8974 18.4653
60 −0.471142 14.56099 0.1188623 11.77286 12.07723 12.56903 13.45905 14.56099 15.80096 16.53135 17.05455 17.87595 18.44093

DISCUSSION

The development of a growth reference for children and adolescents is essential to monitor growth. Growth references have been developed for almost all developed countries,2,4,5 and some developing countries.1417 For many years, many countries used the US national Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts adopted by the WHO, not because of accuracy, but because of the unavailability of alternatives as evidenced by the recent revised growth charts that are more representative of US children (the CDC 2000 growth charts for USA children).2 Probably the most important milestone in the development of growth charts was the creation of the WHO Child Growth Standard as a result of a multicenter, multinational survey.3 Many physicians in Saudi Arabia use the US reference and some use the WHO Standards. This practice was acceptable when no nationally representative growth charts for Saudi children and adolescents were available. However, previous studies have shown clear differences in growth between Saudi and American children.68 More recently, we have reported a nationally-representative growth reference for Saudi children that was recommended both by the Saudi Pediatric Association and the Saudi Council for Health Services, to be used instead of charts of other populations.9 As a result, we demonstrated that the use of CDC 2000 and the WHO standards to assess and follow the growth of Saudi children in clinics is not appropriate because of overdiagnosis of under-nutrition, stunting and short stature potentially resulting in unnecessary referral and investigation.18,19 Therefore, there is little or no justification for the continued use of growth charts of other populations to assess the growth of Saudi children. Nevertheless, the WHO Child Growth Standards are probably the best reference to assess the nutritional status not in clinics and hospitals, but at the population level. A limitation of our study is that The report does not reflect interregional variations in growth.

Data on L, M, and S parameters, percentile tables, and corresponding growth charts for Saudi children have not been previously reported. This information is essential to health authorities and researchers in this era of conversion from traditional to electronic medical records. The availability of the L, M, and S parameters is essential to incorporate the Saudi growth charts in electronic medical records and enable researchers to calculate the z-scores of growth parameters. In addition, body mass index tables and graphs for Saudi preschool children have not been reported before. The BMI can now be used to screen Saudi children from birth to 60 months of age for overweight and obesity as well as thinness. This report provides clinicians and researchers with the L, M, and S parameters by percentiles that are needed for assessing the growth of Saudi preschool children.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciations to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through Research Group No. RG-1436-007.

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