Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Waugh syndrome (WS) is the association of intussusception and intestinal malrotation. The association is rarely reported in the literature though intussusception is a commonly encountered problem in pediatric patients as a cause of intestinal obstruction. We present our experience in 7 patients with a review of published reports.
DESIGN AND SETTING
Retrospective analysis of 7 patients with the diagnosis of Waugh syndrome who were treated at our department between February 1982 to December 2012.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Seven patients with Waugh syndrome presented to our unit during the period February 1982 to December 2012. The clinical findings and management are presented and discussed.
RESULTS
Seven patients (three males and four females) presented with intussusception in association with malrotation. The age range was from 4 to 11 months; the patients had bilious vomiting and blood in the stool; the diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound (2), Ba enema (2) and intraoperatively (3). All required operative intervention; either manual reduction or bowel resection and Ladd procedure; one patient died of sepsis; recurrence of obstruction was seen in another patient while the rest did well postoperatively.
CONCLUSION
The relationship between intestinal malrotation and intussusceptions may be more frequent than is reported; failure of non-operative management of intussusception may be due to this association and hence brings the attention to its existence. A prospective study is needed to look for intestinal malrotation in patient with intussusceptions who undergo abdominal sonographic examination to determine the true incidence of this association. The anomaly is suspected by presence of a reversed anatomic relationship of the superior mesenteric artery and vein and in such cases to perform an upper gastrointestinal contrast study to define the exact location of the duodenojejuonal (DJ).
Waugh syndrome is the association of intussusception and malrotation. The association has been named Waugh syndrome by Brereton et al after George E Waugh who was the first to describe this entity In the only prospective study of this association of which we are aware of Brereton et al found a high incidence of malrotation among patients with intussusception.1 Since then a few case reports were published describing this rarely reported entity. Seven patients with this association presented to our hospital and formed the basis of this study.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Seven patients (3 males and 4 females) presented with intussusception in association with malrotation to our unit during the period February 1982-December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The age range was from 4–11 months. Table 1 summarizes the clinical presentation of these patients.
Table 1.
Summary of clinical presentation.
| Age (months) | Sex | Vomiting | Rectal bleeding | Distension | Mass | Duration (d) | Enema reduction trial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| 4 | F | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | 7 | No |
| 4 | F | Yes | Yes | No | No | 1 | No |
| 8 | F | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 4 | Yes, malrotation was suggested |
| 8 | M | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 1 | Yes |
| 9 | F | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | 1 | No |
| 11 | M | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | 2 | No |
| 11 | M | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 14 | No |
The clinical presentation of the involved patients was as follows: all of the patients had bile-stained vomiting and passage of blood in the stool. A sausage shaped abdominal mass suggestive of an intussusception could be palpated In 4 patients; the intussusceptum was seen prolapsing through the anus in 1 of the patients; and in the other the intussusception was felt reaching the rectum. The duration of symptoms ranged from 24 hours to 2 weeks.
All the patients were initially resuscitated with intravenous fluids. Contrast enema reduction was tried in 2 patients, but it failed and suggested the diagnosis of malrotation in 1 of these patients. Ultrasound examination confirmed the diagnosis of malrotation in 2 patients. The rest of the patients underwent exploratory laparotomy because of the presence of signs suggestive of peritonitis, as abdominal wall guarding and tenderness were observed right from the beginning. Ultimately all of the patients had undergone exploratory laparotomy.
RESULTS
Seven patients of Waugh were found among 106 intussusception patients who were admitted to our unit. Five patients were found to have an ileocolic intussusception, 1 patient had ileocoloanal intussusception, and 1 patient had ileocolorectal intussusception. One of the patients had intussusceptions with perforated large bowel that required the repair of the perforations and ileostomy formation. The small bowel was ischemic and dusky in color but not frankly gangrenous, which was left unresected and the patient was scheduled for possible second-look surgery. Fortunately, he did well and continued to improve over the next days; therefore, the second-look surgery was not done.
All of the patients were found to have malrotation as evidenced by the intraoperative finding of the location of the duodenojejuonal junction, which was located to the right of the spine.
The outcome was good except for 1 patient who died of sepsis and another patient who developed recurrence of obstruction 2 weeks later, but the family refused admission and he was lost to follow-up. This particular patient did not have a Ladd procedure for an unknown reason mentioned in his record. Table 2 summarizes the operative findings and the operative procedure performed.
Table 2.
Summary of the operative findings and the operative procedures performed.
| Age (months) | Sex | Operative findings | Operative procedure | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| 4 | F | Ileocolic intussusception with malrotation and volvulus with gangrenous bowel | Resection of gangrenous bowel and ileostomy and Ladd procedure | Died of sepsis |
| 4 | F | Ileocolic intussusception and malrotation | Operative manual reduction and Ladd procedure | Improved |
| 8 | F | Ileocolic intussusception and malrotation | Operative manual reduction and Ladd procedure | Improved |
| 8 | M | Ileocolic intussusception and malrotation | Operative manual reduction and Ladd procedure | Improved |
| 9 | F | Ileocolic intussusception and malrotation | Operative manual reduction only | Recurrence two weeks later, but the family refused admission and was lost to follow-up |
| 11 | M | ileocoloanal intussusception and malrotation | Operative manual reduction and Ladd procedure | Improved |
| 11 | M | Ileocorectal intussusception and malrotation | Resection of gangrenous bowel and repair of colon perforation, and ileostomy and Ladd procedure | Improved |
DISCUSSION
The association of intussusception and malrotation has been rarely described in the published reports. Brereton et al. in a prospective study reported 15 patients with intussusceptions and intestinal malrotation among 37 patients with intussusception in whom the position of the duodenojejuonal flexure was determined (40%); they called this association Waugh syndrome after George E Waugh, who was the first to describe the association in 1911 in a report of 3 boys with simultaneous intussusception and malrotation.1,2 A search of the published reports revealed a total of 63 cases up till now (Table 3).
Table 3.
Patients with Waugh syndrome reported in the published reports.
| Author | Journal | Y | Number of cases | Enema reduction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| 1 | Waugh2 | The Lancet | 1911 | 3 | None |
| 2 | Perrin and Lindsay9 | British Journal of Surgery | 1921 | 2 | None |
| 3 | van Meurs10 | British Journal of Surgery | 1946 | 1 | None |
| 4 | Tabibi et al11 | Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | 1971 | 1 | None |
| 5 | Berry and Ray12 | Southern Medical Journal | 1972 | 1 | None |
| 6 | Stewart et al13 | Surgery | 1976 | 1 | None |
| 7 | Filston and Kirks14 | Pediatric Surgery International | 1981 | 3 | None |
| 8 | Ornstein and Lund15 | British Journal of Surgery | 1981 | 1 | None |
| 9 | Welch et al16 | Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England | 1983 | 1 | None |
| 10 | Burke and Fitzgerald17 | Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery | 1985 | 1 | None |
| 11 | Brereton et al1 | British Journal of Surgery | 1986 | 15 | None |
| 12 | Jain18 | Archives of Surgery | 1989 | 2 | None |
| 13 | Ward and Brereton19 | European Journal of Pediatric Surgery | 1992 | 2 | None |
| 14 | Sarin and Singh20 | Indian Pediatrics | 1995 | 1 | None |
| 15 | Lobo et al21 | Pediatric Radiology | 1997 | 7 | None |
| 16 | Breckon and Hadley3 | Pediatric Surgery International | 2000 | 6 | Failed 6 |
| 17 | Luo et al22 | Pediatric Surgery International | 2003 | 1 | Failed 1 |
| 18 | Inan et al4 | Journal of Pediatric Surgery | 2004 | 2 | None |
| 19 | Dawrant et al6 | Pediatric Surgery International | 2005 | 1 | None |
| 20 | Rao and Kumar23 | Indian Journal of Pediatrics | 2005 | 1 | None |
| 21 | Rangel et al24 | Medicina Universitaria | 2007 | 1 | None |
| 22 | Lukong et al27 | South Africa Journal of Surgery | 2007 | 1 | None |
| 23 | Domínguez-Pérez et al25 | Acta Pediátrica de México | 2008 | 5 | Successful, 3 2 failed |
| 24 | Al-Jahdali et al5 | Journal of Pediatric Surgery | 2009 | 1 | None |
| 25 | Hardy et al8 | The American Surgeon | 2011 | 1 | None |
| 26 | Gerard et al26 | International Journal of Surgery Case Reports | 2012 | 1 | None |
|
| |||||
| Total | 63 | ||||
In 2000, Breckon and Hadley described 6 infants with Waugh syndrome among 12 intussusception patients. They suggested that malrotation by its nature is associated with a mobile right colon, which may be a prerequisite for intussusceptions.3 In 2004, Inan et al reported 2 patients with Waugh syndrome. Both patients were found to have an unfixed cecum and mobile colon and agreed with Breckon and Brereton opinions about the etiology of intussusception.4
The age of our patients ranged from 4–11 months, which is comparable with that reported in the published reports (4–36 months). In 3 different reports, 3 cases with an age outside the usual range were reported, which included a 28-week preterm and an 8-year-old child as well as a 56-year-old adult patient.5–7
Ladd procedure and manual reduction of the intussusception have been the treatments of choice in Waugh syndrome to deal with both complications (i.e., intussusception and malrotation); all of our patients had manual reduction and Ladd procedure except 1 who had manual reduction only for an unknown reason and later she developed recurrence of obstruction, but the parents refused admission and she was lost to follow-up. A laparoscopic approach to Waugh syndrome was performed successfully in a 3-year-old full-term, male patient.8
The disparity between the high incidence of Waugh syndrome in Brereton study and the rarity of cases in the published reports suggest that many cases remained undiagnosed, possibly because most cases of intussusception are reduced nonsurgically by air or contrast enema and the radiological signs of malrotation are not clear in these situations.3
The failure rate of nonsurgical reduction is high (40% –100% in Ref. 5 and Ref. 3, respectively) in patients with Waugh syndrome as seen in 2 patients who had a trial of enema reduction in our cases as well as in others.3,5,22 This might be an indication of the presence of malrotation in patients with intussusceptions who fail the nonsurgical reduction.
In conclusion, the relationship between intestinal malrotation and intussusceptions may be more frequent than is reported. A prospective study is needed to look for intestinal malrotation in patient with intussusceptions who undergo abdominal sonographic examination to determine the true incidence of this relationship. The anomaly is suspected by the presence of a reversed anatomic relationship of the superior mesenteric artery and vein, and it is advised to perform an upper gastrointestinal contrast study in such cases to define the exact location of the duodenojejuonal junction.
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