Abstract
BACKGROUND
Clarithromycin is the antibiotic of choice for treatment of H. pylori-related dyspepsia, but unfortunately, resistance to clarithromycin is not rare. Detection of resistant strains takes 2 to 4 days by conventional methods. In this report, we applied the FISH technique for rapid detection of H. pylori in biopsies of dyspeptic patients.
METHODS
Gastric biopsies from 50 patients suffering from dyspepsia were tested in this study. Part of each biopsy specimen was cultured and the remainder was fixed in liquid nitrogen. After mounting of frozen sections on microscopic slides, they were hybridized with oligonucleotide probes for detection of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori. The slides were visualized under a fluorescent microscope. Susceptibility of cultured strains of H. pylori to clarithromycin was also determined by the E-test and the results were compared.
RESULTS
Twenty-five of 50 biopsy specimens examined by FISH were positive for H. pylori. FISH showed that 17 strains (68%) were susceptible to clarithromycin and 6 strains (24%) were resistant. Bacteria isolated following culture of 2 biopsy specimens had a mixture of both clarithromycin-susceptible and resistant strains (8%). There was no discrepancy between the E-test and FISH technique for detection of resistant strains of H. pylori.
CONCLUSION
FISH is a rapid technique for detection of H. pylori in clinical samples. Moreover, strains susceptible to clarithromycin can be detected quickly. Therefore, this method is suitable for determination of susceptibility of H. pylori to clarithromycin, especially when a quick decision is necessary for treating dyspeptic patients.
Helicobacter pylori has been recognized as one the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide.1 Isolation of this bacterium from the majority of patients with peptic ulceration, chronic gastritis or gastric lymphoma has demonstrated a strong relationship between presence of H. pylori and development of ulcers or dyspepsia.2,3
Recent reports have shown that reinfection with H. pylori is frequent, especially in children.4 Eradication of H. pylori in patients is possible by triple-therapy, which includes application of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) combined with two antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole and clarithromycin).5,6 A triple regimen including raberprazole, amoxicillin and gatifloxacin has also been recommended for treatment of H. pylori infection with a highlt effective eradication rate.7 However, the effect of antibiotics on patients living in different geographical area is slightly different. While for Japanese patients the combination of a PPI drug with amoxicillin and metronidazole is highly effective,8 a report shows that a combination of new antibiotics such as erythromycin and rifamycin derivatives with new polycyclic compounds has a powerful antibacterial activity on H. plyori.9 In addition, emergence of resistant strains of H. pylori is usual.10,11,12 The resistance rates of H. pylori strains to metronidazole increased from 35.2% to 78.5% between 1987–1988 and 1990–1996, respectively, in Saudi Arabia, while the resistance to tetracycline pr amoxicillin was rare in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.13,14 Detection of the resistant strains by conventional bacteriological methods takes at least 2 to 4 days and it may be lead to a delay in treatment, but FISH technique allows detection of clarithromycin-resistant strains of H. pylori within 2 to 4 hours.15 In this study we applied fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for determination of susceptibility or resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin in the patients with dyspepsia, and compared the results to the E-test.
METHODS
Gastric biopsy specimens taken from the antrum and corpus of 50 dyspeptic patients were immediately transferred to our microbiology lab in a suitable transport medium (Portagerm pylori, Biomerieux, Marcy, I’Etoile, France). Part of each biopsy was used for culture and the other part was fixed on a microscopic slide.
Biopsies were fixed in Tissue-Tek compound (USA) and freezed in liquid nitrogen (−196°C).16 Each tissue piece was cut into 4-μm sections by cryomicrotom (Leica GM3050, Germany) and put into electrostatic superfrost plus slide15 (Menzel-Glaser, Germany). All probes used in our study have been previously described.15,17 A specific oligonucleotide [Hpy probe labelled with fluorescein (FLOUS) dye] targeted to a 16S rRNA (TIB, Molbiol, Berlin, Germani) was used to identify H. pylori. Also, probes of ClaR1, ClaR2, ClaR3 (labeled with the fluorochromes Cy3) and ClaWT (Metabion, Munich, Germany) were used for detection of 23S rRNA point mutations responsible for clarithromycin resistance. Control slides were prepared18,19,20,21 by using mutant (resistant) and wild (susceptible) strains of H. pylori. Also, Campylobacter jejuni was used as a negative control.
Ten and 40 μL of hybridization solution containing a mixture of 5 probes (5 ng/μL) for each one) was added to each well of the control and fixed gastric biopsy slides, respectively. After hybridization at 46°C for 90 minutes in a humid chamber and washing by buffer,15,16 the slides were stained by DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindol).16 Hybridized samples were mounted by DAKO solution, covered with coverslips and examined under a fluorescent microscope equipped with a standard filter set.
The other part of the gastric biopsy specimen was homogenized and inoculated onto selective media of Colombia and Brucella agar.15,22,23 Isolated colonies suspected to be H. pylori were identified by Gram stain, rapid urease test, catalase, oxidase22,24,25 and susceptibility to cephalothin and nalidixic acid (30 μg disks).
Mueller-Hinton agar containing 5% sheep’s blood and a clarithromycin tape (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) was used for the E-test.16,22 Twenty-four isolates of H. pylori recovered from 50 gastric biopsy specimens were examined for susceptibility to clarithromycin by the E-test. H. pylori isolates with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) ≥ 2 μg/mL were considered resistant.15,16,23 The results of H. pylori resistance in both the FISH and E-test methods were compared with each other.
RESULTS
Resistant (mutant) strains of H. pylori ClaR1, ClaR2 and ClaR3 were hybridized with the Cy3-labled probes ClaR1, ClaR2 and ClaR3, respectively. Also, these strains were hybridized with Hpy probe labelled with FLUOS dye (green). Therefore, resistant strains were visualized red under a red filter of a fluorescent microscope and emitted yellow or orange signals under a mixed filter. However, susceptible H. pylori strains (wild type) hybridized with both probes Hpy (green) and ClaWT (without fluorescent dye) were observed only with green signals (under both green and mixed filters). Campylobacter jejuni (as negative control) was not hybridized with probes Hpy and ClaR, and so was observed blue (Figures 1 and 2).
Figure 1.
Clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. All four pictures show one similar microscopic field. (a) DAPI blue signal. (b) Green signal by Hpy-FLUOS hydridization. (c) Red signal by ClaR-Cy3 hydridization. (d) Yellow signal under mixed filter.
Figure 2.
Resistant and sensitive strains of H. pylori to clarithromycin in gastric biopsy specimens. (a) DAPI blue color. (b) Green signals by hybridization of Hpy-FLUOS probe with both sensitive and/or resistant strains of H. pylori. (c) Red signal by hydridization of ClaR-Cy3 probe with only resistant H. pylori. (d) Yellow or orange signal is related to the sensitive strain.
The examination of a total of 50 gastric biopsy specimens resulted in detection of 25 H. pylori strains, when the Hpy probe was used by the FISH technique. Also, FISH showed that 17 (68%) of these 25 strains were susceptible (hybridized with ClaWT probe), 6 (24%) were resistant (hybridized with ClaR1-3 probes) and 2 strains (8%) were a mixture of susceptible and resistant strains to clarithromycin. In this study, 5 isolates of H. pylori (21%) with an MIC more than 2 μg/mL were considered as resistant, while the MIC of 17 isolates (71%) was below 2 μg/mL by the E-test. The results obtained by both FISH and E-test were in full concordance with each other (Table 1). In this study, FISH technique was applied in 3 hours.
Table 1.
Susceptibility or resistance results for H. pylori to clarithromycin by fluorescent in sity hdribization (FISH) and E-test methods, using a mixture of 5 probes for hybridization.
| No. of isolates | FISH probes | E-test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hpy | ClaWT | ClaR (1–3) | ||
| 17 (68%) | Positive | Positive | Negative | Susceptible |
| 5 (20%) | Positive | Negative | Positive | Resistance |
| 1 (4%) | Positive | Positive | Negative | No growth |
| 2 (8%) | Positive | Positive/negative | Positive/negative | Susceptible/resistant mixed infection* |
| Total | 25 (100%) | |||
Mixed Infection, including 2 susceptible and resistant isolates to clarithromycin shown by FISH and MIC values < 2μg/mL (susceptible) and ≥ 2 μg/mL (resistant) by the E-test
DISCUSSION
Despite effective treatment regimens containing tetra-cycline, metronidazole, and amoxicillin against H. pylori, the most suitable regimen contains clarithromycin and amoxicillin.26 Relative resistance against gastric pH, suitable absorption when prescribed orally, the long half-life of the drug and low gastrointestinal side effects make clarithromycin a useful drug for eradication of H. pylori infections.11,27 However, H. pylori is gradually getting resistant to clarithromycin. It is estimated that currently up to 15% to 20% of H. pylori isolates, especially from children, are resistant to clarithromycin.11,28,29
This study determined status of resistance or susceptibility of H. pylori to clarithromycin by the FISH method in a maximum of 3 hours, which it is very rapid compared with traditional methods (48–96 hours). Furthermore, by using 5 probes (Hpy, ClaR1-3 and ClaWT) the FISH technique could detect H. pylori and 23S rRNA point mutations within the peptidyl-transferase region simultaneously. These mutations [adenine (A) at positions 2143 and 2144 replaced by guanine (G-A2143G, A2144G) or cytosine(C-A2143C] are known as causative agents of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin in gastric biopsy specimens.15,16
The data obtained by the FISH technique in this study was in coordination with data obtained from the E-test (Table 1) because all susceptible or resistant isolates known by the E-test were the same as those seen directly in clinical specimens by the FISH method. However, the E-test was performed on 24 H. pylori isolates because no growth was seen in one gastric biopsy specimen (Table 1). The reason for this difference is that coccoid forms of H. pylori are not culturable, but they are visible by the FISH test.15 Perhaps the bacterium loses its viability during transport to the lab, so no growth will be seen on culture medium, while the FISH technique could detect it in the specimen.16
On the other hand, the FISH technique showed both susceptible and resistant strains of H. pylori in gastric biopsies, simultaneously, and this is important in view of successful treatment of the patients. Some reports have been shown that the FISH method could identify a low population of clarithromycin-resistant strains easier than the E-test.16 The incidence of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori has been reported as about 15%,15,16 therefore, in 85% of cases, susceptible strains of this bacterium will be determined by the FISH method in a short time. In comparison with former methods, H. pylori resistance (or MIC) will be determined by the E-test for only a few isolates (recovered from specimens during 48 to 96 hours incubation), on the agar plate, after 2 days.
We conclude that FISH technique is a rapid technique for detection of H. pylori, and related clarithromycin-resistant strains. This technique is a suitable method to determine the susceptibility of H. pylori to clarithromycin, especially in situations in which the physician needs to decide quickly on treatment.
Acknowledgement
This study was financially supported by the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahwaz Jundi Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran.
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