Abstract
This work reports on a clinical case of a female who presented with headache, bilateral eye pain and vision loss. Intraocular pressures were 40 mm Hg in the right eye and 45 mm Hg in the left eye. Optical Coherence Tomography examination shows the iridocorneal angle was collapsed and macular striae were also observed. The patient had been on topiramate due to migraines 7 days before presentation. Diagnosis for topiramate-induced acute angle closure was made in both eyes. The patient showed improvement in symptoms a few days after treatment initiation and images confirmed that the iridocorneal angle had been enlarged and macular striae had disappeared.
INTRODUCTION
Topiramate is an oral sulfonamide originally used to treat bipolar disorders and control migraine pain. The usual doses range between 50 and 400 mg daily [1]. Possible ophthalmological adverse effects include suprachoroidal effusions with forward movement of the crystalline lens and iris and subsequent narrowing of the anterior chamber, resulting in acute myopia and acute angle closure [2, 3].
CASE REPORT
This work reports on a clinical case of a 45-year-old female who presented to us with headache, bilateral eye pain and vision loss. Visual acuity at presentation on admission was 4/10 in both eyes (20/50 Snellen scale) and did not improve with correction due to photophobia and diffuse epithelial erosions (Fig. 1).
Figure 1:
OCT showing closed temporal angle of right eye.
Slit-lamp examination showed bilateral eyelid edema, chemosis, bilateral conjunctival hyperemia, surface epithelial erosions, corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber (Van Herick 0), anterior uveitis, mid-dilated pupil and non-reactive pupils. Intraocular pressures were 40 mm Hg in the right eye and 45 mm Hg in the left eye. Fundus evaluation confirmed attached retina, optical nerve of physiological characteristics and macular striae, which were later documented with the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), using an “RTVUE—SD OPTOVUE” OCT (iVue® SD-OCT, Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA). On examination the iridocorneal angle was found to be collapsed and also narrowing of the anterior chamber. The above mentioned macular striae were also observed.
The patient had been on topiramate due to migraines 7 days before presentation. A diagnosis for topiramate-induced acute angle closure was made in both eyes. First, the treatment with topiramate was immediately discontinued and ocular hypotensive medication (timolol and dorzolamide) and one tablet of acetazolamide every 12 h were administered. In addition, one eye drop of prednisolone every 2 h and one eye drop of ocular lubricant (polyacrylic acid) every 6 h were prescribed.
The patient showed improvement in symptoms a few days after treatment initiation, such as recovery of visual acuity and normalization of ocular pressure. Another OCT was performed, which confirmed that the iridocorneal angle had been enlarged and the macular striae had disappeared (Fig. 2 ).
Figure 2:
Macular striae of right eye during acute angle closure and after treatment.
DISCUSSION
Topiramate is a sulfa-derivative monosaccharide primarily used in the treatment of seizures and epilepsy in children and adults. Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorders. Some publications state that the mechanisms of topiramate activity can be, on the one hand, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase and, on the other hand, potentiation of the inhibitory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid [4].
The first case reported about uveal effusion and secondary acute angle closure associated with topiramate was published by Banta et al. [5]. The most numerous case studies were reported by Fraunfelder in 2004 and included 115 cases of patients that underwent ocular side effects of topiramate, of which seven cases were of permanent vision loss [3]. These seven cases reporting permanent vision loss demonstrate that ignoring this potential risk of the drug can lead to serious adverse effects.
Other side effects reported include retinal vascular occlusion, visual field defects, periorbital edema, scleritis, blepharospasm, oculogyric crisis, nystagmus and diplopia [6].
Unlike the acute angle closure, which is rarely observed in individuals under 40 years, topiramate-induced acute angle closure has been reported in infants up to 3 years and in adults of up to 70 years, with a mean of 34 years and mainly in females (80%) [7].
The differential diagnosis of topiramate-induced acute angle closure is mainly acute angle closure or acute glaucoma. For this reason, thorough evaluation is necessary, since the treatment for conventional acute angle closure is contraindicated for topiramate-induced acute angle closure.
In some cases reported, Pilocarpine was used [8] or iridotomy was performed by using Yag Laser, which are contraindicated in topiramate-induced acute angle closure, since miotics raise intraocular pressure in the presence of uveal effusion. The indicated treatment mainly consists of discontinuing topiramate, topic (and oral ones in some cases) and mydriatic hypotensive medication, such as tropicamide.
Presentation of topiramate-induced acute angle closure usually occurs within the first 2 weeks of initiation of therapy with the drug for the first time, although some reports estimate a range of between 1 and 49 days [9]. To date there are no reports on the relationship between the dose of topiramate and the magnitude of adverse effects.
Acute myopia is one of the most common adverse effects. Myopias of up to −9 diopters have been reported; this situation can occur within a few hours after starting such treatment with topiramate and can take weeks to completely disappear [10]. Acute transient myopia is a complication associated with other orally administered sulfa such as acetazolamide. According to some other studies about myopia, such complication is due to an upset of the lens osmotic balance, with a concomitant alteration of the refractive index [11].
Furthermore, the first case report on topiramate-induced acute angle closure using OCT was published in 2011 [12]. Our case report shows acute myopia, angle closure with ocular hypertension and macular striae. Development and use of techniques such as OCT have contributed to support the clinical diagnosis that helps in the clinical–pharmacological treatment.
Topiramate is an efficient antiepileptic; however, given the potential severity of ophthalmological lesions, a strict and justified use of this drug is recommended, along with the neuro-ophthalmological follow-up of these patients. It is remarkable that neurologists, or physicians, prescribing such drug, advice patients about likely visual alterations of this medicine so that the patient is able to see an ophthalmologist immediately.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
FUNDING
This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
Not required.
CONSENT
The patient provided consent for the work and personal images to be published.
GUARANTOR
MD Osaba Matías.
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