Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The 2009 H1N1 was a new influenza virus causing illness in people. Especially those younger than 5 years of age and those who have high-risk medical conditions are at increased risk for influenza-related complications. In the present study, we describe the clinical presentation of the H1N1 cases attending Jeddah Clinic Hospital-Al Kandarah (JCH-K) in the time period from October 2009 to January 2010, and identified the high-risk age groups.
DESIGN AND SETTING
Prospective study at JCH-K from October 2009 through January 2010.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
All pediatric patients (up to 15 years old) presenting with influenza-like illnesses in the clinics during the specified period were clinically examined and tested using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Only confirmed H1N1 cases were included in the study.
RESULTS
Over a 4-month period, 89 cases of laboratory-confirmed H1N1 were reported in JCH-K. Thirty-four patients (38.2%) were younger than 5 years of age. Forty-six (51.6%) cases were males. Thirty-three cases were Saudis (37.1%). The most commonly reported symptom was fever, which was noted in all cases. Twenty-eight cases (31.5%) had pneumonia. Fourteen cases (15.7%) were known asthmatics. Fifty-two (58.4%) cases were lymphopenic and 32 (35.9%) cases were leucopenic. Sixty-five (73%) patients were hospitalized, and five of them were treated in the intensive care unit.
CONCLUSIONS
Even though the majority of cases of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were mild, a severe disease does occur in children. In view of delayed PCR results, clinical presentation and lymphopenia were used as diagnostic criteria to start antiviral treatment as early as possible. No deaths were attributed to the 2009 pandemic.
A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, currently referred to as 2009 H1N1, caused the first influenza pandemic in decades.1 Influenza-like illness (ILI) is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as fever (temperature ≥100°F or 37.8°C) and either cough or sore throat in the absence of another known cause.2 A confirmed case of the 2009 H1N1 infection is defined by ILI with positive test results for the 2009 H1N1 virus by either real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) or viral culture.1 On 24 April 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an official statement declaring a public health emergency of international interest, and on 11 June 2009, the pandemic alert level increased to phase 6, indicating that the human-to-human transmission of the virus had occurred in at least 2 countries of 2 different WHO regions.3
The aim of the present study was to characterize the demographics, clinical presentation, complications, and duration of illness; identify associated underlying medical conditions; and describe the outcome in the pediatric age group as well as in different nationalities, especially in the time of pilgrimage.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This prospective study was conducted in Jeddah Clinic Hospital-Al Kandarah (JCH-K) on the basis of records in the time period from October 2009 to January 2010. It included 89 patients with a confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Cases presenting with flu-like symptoms such as fever equal to or greater than 38°C (100.4°F), cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea, lethargy in children under the age of 1, and respiratory distress were investigated. These patients were subsequently tested with real-time RT-PCR by using protocols from the United States CDC.4 The diagnostic test was performed in the Ministry of Health regional laboratory in Jeddah. The diagnostic test was a real-time RT-PCR assay that uses fluorogenic hydrolysis probe technology for the detection of human influenza A virus in nasopharyngeal swabs according to manufacturer’s instructions (Roche, Germany), using specific probes for the novel influenza A (H1N1) strain.
Data were tabulated and subjected to analysis using Microsoft Excel version 2007 and the SPSS version 12.0 using the t test, testing differences between means for statistical significance and the chi-square test to compare nonnumerical data. In general, P values less than .05 are considered significant.
RESULTS
The majority of cases 67.4% (60/89) were noted in the epidemiological weeks 43, 44, and 45 as shown in Figure 1. Demographic and hospitalization data are presented in Table 1. Their ages ranged between 1.5 months to 15 years with mean (standard deviation) of 80.2 (44.5) months. Thirteen patients were up to 2 years of age, 21 patients were older than 2 years and up to 5 years of age, and 55 patients were older than 5 years. Thirty (33.7%) patients had a history of direct contact with a confirmed case, showing a statistically significant higher rate in patients up to 2 years of age (9/13) in which P=.003. A total of 73% patients were hospitalized with a mean (SD) duration of 3.62 (2.05) days. Hospitalization rates were 26/33 in Saudis, 19/22 in Yemenis, and 7/17 in Egyptians, showing a statistically significant higher hospitalization rates in Saudis and Yemenis (P=.003). Five out of 65 hospitalized patients needed oxygen supplementation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, but without the need for mechanical ventilation. All patients were completely cured (100%).
Figure 1.
Number of H1N1 cases from 1st October 2009 to end of January 2010.
Table 1.
Demographic and hospitalization data of 89 H1N1 patients of the study.
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Nationality | ||
| Saudi | 33 | 37.1 |
| Yemeni | 22 | 24.7 |
| Egyptian | 17 | 19.1 |
| Other | 17 | 19.1 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 46 | 51.7 |
| Female | 43 | 48.3 |
| Direct contact with a case | 30 | 33.7 |
| Hospitalization | 65 | 73 |
| Ward | 60 | 92.3 |
| Intensive care unit | 5 | 7.7 |
| Treatment with oseltamivir | 76 | 85.4 |
| Complete cure | 89 | 100 |
Bronchial asthma was the commonest underlying medical condition. It was present in 14/23 patients. Two patients had congenital heart disease and presented with acute heart failure. One patient had a suggestive history of immunodeficiency as she used to have recurrent skin abscesses. She presented with severe bronchopneumonia and acute renal failure in addition to generalized anasarca (Figure 2). Another patient had sickle cell disease with a recent history of Epstein-Barr infection and presented with a generalized lymphadenopathy and pericardial effusion. One patient had cerebral palsy and presented with generalized convulsions. The most statistically significant clinical symptoms were fever, cough, and rhinorrhea (P=.001) (Table 2). The statistically significant clinical signs were congested pharynx and chest wheezes (P=.001).
Figure 2.
Series of chest radiographs of 10-year-old female with H1N1 infection complicated with broncho-pneumonia. (A) Opaque and pleural effusions on 09 November 2009. (B) Bronchopneumonia on 10 November 2009. (C) Mild left apiral re-aeration on 12 November 2009. (D) Clear lungs and mild left pleural effusion on 15 November 2009.
Table 2.
Symptoms and signs, and radiologic diagnosis of 89 H1N1 patients of the study.
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Symptoms | ||
| Fever | 89a | 100 |
| Chills | 12 | 13.48 |
| Rhinorrhea | 60a | 67.42 |
| Cough | 81a | 91 |
| Dyspnea | 18 | 20.22 |
| Irritability | 5 | 5.62 |
| Nausea | 10 | 11.24 |
| Vomiting | 26 | 29.21 |
| Diarrhea | 17 | 19.10 |
| Abdominal pain | 18 | 20.22 |
| Signs | ||
| Pallor | 2 | 2.25 |
| Cyanosis | 3 | 3.37 |
| Congested pharynx | 80a | 89.89 |
| Red eye | 6 | 6.74 |
| Respiratory distress | 12 | 13.48 |
| Crackles | 12 | 13.48 |
| Wheezes | 31a | 34.83 |
| Chest radiographic findings | ||
| Normal | 31 | 34.8 |
| Bronchitis | 30 | 33.7 |
| Pneumonia | 28 | 31.5 |
P of Chi-square test <.05.
The complete blood picture done for all patients highlighted that lymphopenia was present in 58.4% of cases with statistical significance (P=.001) (Table 3). The chest radiograph was normal in 31 (34.8%) cases. Radiologic diagnosis was bronchitis in 30 (33.7%) cases and pneumonia in 28 (31.5%) cases.
Table 3.
Total and differential leukocyte counts.
| WBCs | Normal or high n (%) | Low n (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Total WBCs | 57 (64.0) | 32 (36.0) |
| Neutrophils | 64 (71.9) | 25 (28.1) |
| Lymphocytes | 37 (41.6) | 52 (58.4)a |
| Monocytes | 74 (83.2) | 15 (16.9) |
P of Chi-square test <.05.
DISCUSSION
The maximum flow of H1N1 cases that we recorded in JCH-K (60/89, 67.4%) was during week 43, 44, and 45, from 25 October to 14 November 2009. This period coincided with the beginning of the school year in Jeddah. The transmission in schools probably contributed substantially to the epidemiology of pandemic H1N1,5 and alerted the public that foreign travel was no longer the only risk factor.6 In addition, this coincided with the time of Islamic pilgrimage (Hajj), as at that time the area received a mass influx of travelers.7 A total of 61.8% of patients were between 5 and 15 years and the median age was 6.7 years.8 In contrast to studies in Argentina and Canada,9,10 no sex predominance was reported in our study10 The female predominance was present in other studies conducted in Panama and Hawaii3,6 and the male predominance was reported in two studies in Riyadh and Bolivia.11,12 Thirty-seven percent of our cases were from Saudi, which was far lower than that reported in Riyadh (85.3%).11 The lower percentage of Saudi children in our study might be explained by the diversity of nationalities in Jeddah rather than a genetic predisposition; however, further studies are needed. A total of 52.9% of our preschool cases acquired the infection through household contacts. Similar results with variable rates of local transmissions reaching 95.6% were detected in other series.3,11,12 A statistically significant higher rate of contact transmission was observed in children up to 2 years old (Group 1) (P=.002).9
The hospitalization rate varied greatly between different studies across the world ranging from 2% to 75%.1,6,11 In our study, 73% of children were hospitalized. The mean hospital stay was 3.62 days (2.05).3,6 In contrast, 1 study conducted in Singapore13 reported 1 day hospitalization. Others reported hospitalization for 6.1 days.14 Five of 65 hospitalized patients were admitted in the ICU and required oxygen supplementation. A similar range, between 2.0% and 30.6%, was recorded in some series1,9 None of our children were mechanically ventilated.3 However, the mechanical ventilation was reported up to 68% of cases in other studies.9,14 All ICU patients had risk factors, including a history suggestive of immunodeficiency, bronchial asthma, age less than 2 years old, congenital heart disease, and Down syndrome.1,8
Oseltamivir was given according to the CDC guidelines, and it was continued for 7 days in 5 patients because of the case severity.1 Although the therapy started after 48 hours in most of the children (66/76, 86.48%), complete cure was achieved in all cases. This fact was supported by reports from other studies.1,11 However, variable mortality rates were reported by other studies. 1,8,9,11,12 Bronchial asthma was the commonest underlying medical condition, found in 60% of patients.14 However, it was only 6% in Argentine populations.9 A possible explanation is that the prevalence of bronchial asthma is increasing in Saudi Arabia.15 Comorbidity was found in 23 (25.8%) children and was reported between 6.7% and 80.9% by others.9,11,14 The most statistically significant clinical symptoms were fever (100%), cough (91.0%), and rhinorrhea (67.4%) with a P=.001.1,9,14,15 The clinical examination revealed a congested pharynx in 80 (89.9%) patients and chest wheezes in 31 (34.8%) patients, which were statistically significant (P=.001). This agrees with other reports.3,6,12
Leucopenia was detected in 35.9% of H1N1 cases. Other studies reported leucopenia in fewer patients (2.0–7.4%).9 Lymphopenia was statistically significant and was present in 52 (58.4%) cases (P=.001).16 D-dimer was high in 2 patients, but none of them developed disseminated intravascular coagulation.16 The majority of novel H1N1 cases reported in our study have been mild, ILIs.1,3 Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common complications of H1N1.1,9,14,16 Radiologic diagnosis included bronchitis in 33.7% of cases and pneumonia in 31.5%. Gastrointestinal complications like vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain were reported in 29.2%, 19.1%, and 20.2% patients, respectively. The incidence of these complications was very variable in the other reported studies.3,9,13 One patient had an acute renal failure, which is one of the rare and fatal complications of H1N1.15,17
In conclusion, even though the majority of cases of the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were mild, a severe disease does occur in children. In view of delayed PCR results, clinical presentation and lymphopenia were utilized as diagnostic criteria to start the antiviral treatment as early as possible. Pneumonia and bronchitis were common complications. Though rare, the acute renal failure was one of the most severe complications of H1N1 in children. No deaths were attributed to the 2009 pandemic.
REFERENCES
- 1.Al Hajjar S, McIntosh K. The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Ann Saudi Med. 2010;30:1–10. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.59365. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Interim guidance on case definitions to be used for investigations of novel influenza A (H1N1) cases. CDC website. [Last accessed on 2009 Nov 10]. Available form: http://www.dphss.guam.gov/docs/swine_flu/H1N1_Guidance/case%20def%20june%201.pdf.
- 3.Tulloch F, Correa R, Guerrero G, Samaniego R, García M, Pascale JM, et al. Profile of the first cases hospitalized due to influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Panama City, Panama, May–June 2009. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3:811–6. doi: 10.3855/jidc.435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.World Health Organization. CDC protocol of realtime RTPCR for influenza A(H1N1) 2009. Apr 30, Available from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCrealtimeRTPCRprotocol_20090428.pdf[Last cited on 2009 Jul 1]
- 5.Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, Wachtel C, Tegnell A, Saour G, Duncan B, et al. Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:473–81. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70176-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.CDC. Outbreak of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) at a School --- Hawaii, May 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;58:1440–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Rasheed A. New Saudi rules to combat H1N1. [Last accessed on 2010 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.gulfnews.com/nation/health/10347706.html.
- 8.Kamigaki T, Oshitani H. Epidemiological characteristics and low case fatality rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Japan. Plos Curr. 2009;1:RRN1139. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1139. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Libste R, Bugna J, Coviello S, Hijano DR, Dunaiewsky M, Reynoso N, et al. Pediatric Hospitalizations Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:45–55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Bettinger JA, Sauvé LJ, Scheifele DW, Moore D, Vaudry W, Tran D, et al. Pandemic influenza in Canadian children: a summary of hospitalized pediatric cases. Vaccine. 2010;28:3180–4. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Bin Saeed AA. Characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in patients presenting to a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2010;30:59–62. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.59377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Gianella A, Walter A, Revollo R, Loayza R, Vargas J, Roca Y. Epidemiological analysis of the influenza A (H1N1) virus outbreak in Bolivia, May–August 2009. [Last accessed on 2009 Sep 3];Euro Surveill. 2009 14 pii:19323. Available from; http://www.eurosurveillance.org. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Leo YS, Lye DC, Barkham T, Krishnan P, Seow E, Chow A. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance and Prevalence of Seasonal Influenza, Singapore. [Last accessed on 2010 Jan 1];Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 16:103–5. doi: 10.3201/eid1601.091164. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/eid. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Van’t Klooster TM, Wielders CC, Donker T, Isken L, Meijer A, van den Wijngaard CC, et al. Surveillance of Hospitalisations for 2009 Pandemic Iinfluenza A(H1N1) in the Netherlands 5 June – 31 December 2009. Euro Surveill. 2010;14 doi: 10.2807/ese.15.02.19461-en. pii:19461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Al-Hajjaj M. Bronchial Asthma in developing countries: A major social and economic burden. Ann Thorac Med. 2008;3:39–40. doi: 10.4103/1817-1737.39633. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, Quinones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. [Last accessed on 2009 Aug 13];N Engl J Med. 2009 361:680–9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904252. Available from: http:/www.nejm.org. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Carrillo-Esper R, Ornelas-Arroyo S, Pérez-Bustos E, Sánchez-Zúñiga J, Uribe-Esquivel M. Rabdomiolysis and acute renal failure in human influenza A H1N1 mediated infection. Gac Med Mex. 2009;145:519–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]