Abstract
Background
Even though the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system is widely accepted, controversies on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still exist. We evaluated the efficacy of an approach with repeated hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) given at eight-week intervals for the treatment of advanced HCC.
Methods
Of the 66 compensated cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC refractory to transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) enrolled in our study, 21 were treated by bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (B-HAIC) and the rest by sorafenib. The overall survival periods, curative responses, and adverse events in each group were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
The efficacy rate was significantly higher in the B-HAIC group (38%, 11%, P<0.05). The median survival time and the survival rate at 12 months in the B-HAIC group were 567 days and 70.8%, and those in the sorafenib group were 366 days and 47.6%, respectively. Thus, our data suggests that the B-HAIC treatment is not inferior to sorafenib for the treatment of advanced HCC in compensated cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, the occurrence of serious adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment was less frequent in the B-HAIC group.
Conclusions
Given the hepatic function reserve preservation afforded by the B-HAIC treatment in our experience, we suggest that B-HAIC should be considered an alternative strategy for advanced HCC patients who do not respond to TACE.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), cisplatin, sorafenib, chemotherapy
Introduction
According to the worldwide survey of World Health Organization in 2015, hepatic cancer (causing 0.79 million deaths per year) was the second-largest cause of cancer death, following lung cancer (1.69 million deaths per year) (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/, Accessed 22 Dec 2017). Hepatic cancer is clinically silent during its early stages, making it difficult to detect promptly unless regular mechanical examinations like ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed. The anti-tumor agent sorafenib, shown to be useful for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 2008 (1), is the only established first-line chemotherapeutic agent. However, sorafenib affects the patient’s hepatic functional reserve because of its metabolism (2), and the decision to use it requires prior appropriate assessments of hepatic functional reserve. Selective transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) has been widely applied as a treatment for HCC but a large-scale randomized case control study proving its efficacy and superiority is lacking, and reports have shown a positive correlation between TACE treatment and the loss of hepatic functional reserve (3-5). Most patients with advanced HCC have limited normal hepatic function and concomitant disease, and their prognosis depends in part on their levels of hepatic functional reserve.
The 2013 clinical practice guidelines for HCC of the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH) recommend chemotherapy with either hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) or sorafenib for TACE refractory advanced HCC patients. But the knowledge as to which regimen is better or which one carries the longer median overall survival is lacking. HAIC allows for repetitive delivery of high intrahepatic drug concentrations without the need for synchronous embolization of the hepatic vasculature, and results in acceptable toxicity levels.
In this study, we hypothesized a bi-monthly HAIC protocol would be useful for treating patients with advanced HCC and we compared the approach with sorafenib therapy using data from two groups of patients. The median overall survival period of the HAIC group was almost 200 days longer than that of the sorafenib group. HAIC is simple, easy to manage, and widely available, and could be used in compensated cirrhotic patients.
Methods
Patients
To determine the best treatment for the patients with advanced HCC, the records of 96 chemo-naïve patients who were refractory to TACE or had distinct extrahepatic metastasis lesions admitted to the Nara Medical University Hospital between January 2009 and December 2014 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Twenty-one of the 46 cases treated with HAIC were enrolled in the bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (B-HAIC) group, after excluding 24 patients with decompensated cirrhosis and one patient who had died within four weeks after the beginning of treatment due to acute disease progression. And, 45 out of 50 cases treated with sorafenib were enrolled in the sorafenib group, after excluding five patients who had died within 4 weeks after the beginning of treatment or who had not been able to continue the sorafenib treatment for more than 2 weeks. The preceding TACE sessions had been carried out with an emulsion containing anticancer agents and lipiodol followed by gelatin sponge particles. TACE refractory cases were diagnosed according to the guidelines of the JSH and the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ) (6,7). For intrahepatic lesions, TACE failure was defined as ≥2 consecutive ineffective responses of treated tumors (viable lesions >50%) or ≥2 consecutive progressive increases in total tumor counts, despite a prior change in the choice of chemotherapeutic agent or reanalysis of the feeding artery. Ineffective responses were evaluated by CT/MRI 1–3 months after an adequately performed selective TACE procedure. Other TACE failure criteria included the continuous elevation of tumor marker levels immediately after TACE (although a transient minor decrease could have been observed) and the appearance of vascular invasion and extrahepatic spread. Diagnosis of HCC was based on the characteristic radiological images together with increases in the serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or des-gamma carboxy prothrombin (DCP) levels. In our hospital, sorafenib is indicated for treating patients with highly advanced HCC whose hepatic functional reserves are classified as Child-Pugh class A. Informed consent forms of each treatment were obtained from the all patients before the initiation of treatment. The Ethics Committee of the Nara Medical University Hospital approved this study (approval #000522), which was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles in the Japanese ethics guideline for epidemiological research [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10600000-Daijinkanboukouseikagakuka/0000080278.pdf, Accessed 22 Dec 2017].
B-HAIC treatments
For B-HAIC using cisplatin, intra-arterial cisplatin at 65 mg/m2 was administered over 30 minutes via a catheter inserted into the right or left hepatic artery every 8 weeks, for up to 6 courses or until disease progression or unacceptable adverse events occurred. An infusion of 3,000 mL or more of extracellular fluid was administered on the day of B-HAIC, and an infusion of at least 1,000 mL was continued on the next day in order to avoid renal toxicity effects of the drug. In case of inadequate urine output, diuretics were administered for several days. The patients who showed good response to the 6 B-HAIC courses were then treated with an implanted 5-fluorouracil reservoir sequentially.
Sorafenib treatment
In this study, according to the widely accepted recommendation of JSH (2), sorafenib was prescribed only to the patients with advanced HCC whose hepatic functional reserves were classified as Child-Pugh class A. The starting dose of sorafenib for each case was decided during weekly group conferences considering the patient’s clinical complications (8,9). The treatment was continued as long as tolerated without disease progression. The doses were regularly readjusted depending on the severity of adverse events or the physical conditions as previously reported (10-14), and the maximum dose used went up to 800 mg/day.
Assessment and statistical analyses
Dynamic enhanced CT or MRI examinations were used to confirm the anti-tumor effects every 1–2 months based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (15). The overall survival was calculated as the period from the day of starting treatment to the day of a patient’s death or the final day of confirmed survival. The time to progression was defined as the period beginning on the first day of treatment until the day of the confirmation of tumor progression by radiological image examinations. The Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the patient characteristics and anti-tumor effect between B-HAIC and sorafenib treatment groups. We calculated the time to progression and overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier analysis, and compared differences between groups using the log-rank test. A P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. JMP version 11.2 (SAS Institute Inc.) software was used for statistical analyses.
Results
Patient characteristics
Of 385 patients with HCC in our hospital during the data generation period, only 96 patients with advanced HCC and who were refractory to TACE, who had undergone adequate radiological imaging assessments, and had sufficient blood tests were included in the study. We then decided to exclude 24 patients with decompensated cirrhosis and 6 patients as explained in the materials and methods section. We were left with the records of 21 patients treated with B-HAIC and 45 treated with sorafenib (Figure 1). The average interval between B-HAIC cycles was 1.9±0.4 months and the average number of repeated cycles was 3.3±2.0 times (mean ± SD). The total duration of B-HAIC treatment averages 6.2±3.7 months. According to the current guidelines for the appropriate use of sorafenib against HCC, this tablet should be prescribed only for the patients with compensated cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis (2), and the B-HAIC regimen can be also applied in patients with compensated cirrhosis. The profiles of patients with advanced HCC are shown in Table 1. The B-HAIC group patients with liver cirrhosis and Child-Pugh class A disease with advanced HCC (n=21) had no extrahepatic metastasis (with one exception) and exhibited a lower rate of cases of advanced stage HCC at the beginning of the B-HAIC treatment. And, they exhibited a significantly higher rate of containing an intravascular tumor invasion.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of the patients. There were 385 initial patients’ records with hepatocellular carcinoma of whom 66 with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma were included in the final analyses. These 66 patients were divided into the B-HAIC group and the sorafenib group. B-HAIC, bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.
Table 1. Profiles of HCC patients with liver cirrhosis in this study (n=66).
| Clinical profiles | B-HAIC (n=21) | Sorafenib (n=45) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median [range] (years) | 69 [44–88] | 73 [43–86] | 0.25 |
| Sex (male/female) | 16/5 | 38/7 | 0.41 |
| HCC numbers (1–3/4 and over) | 6/15 | 12/33 | 0.87 |
| Metastasis (with/without) | 1/20 | 20/25 | <0.01 |
| HCC clinical stage (II/III/IV) | 3/13/5 | 1/10/34 | <0.01 |
| T factor (T2/T3/T4) | 3/14/4 | 4/21/20 | 0.13 |
| intravascular invasion (with/without) | 10/11 | 10/35 | <0.05 |
| Preceding Tx. (with/without) | 21/0 | 41/4 | 0.39 |
Categorical variables were tested with Fisher’s exact test and continuous variables with Welch’s two sample t-test.
Efficacy and adverse events
Compared with the patients in the B-HAIC group, more patients in the sorafenib group had extrahepatic metastases and advanced clinical stages of disease, and less of them could undergo additional treatments after the point of sorafenib failure. The best clinical response and overall survival rate for each treatment are shown in Figure 2A,B. The disease control rates (B-HAIC: 67%, sorafenib: 60%) were similar in both groups, but the efficacy rate was significantly higher in the B-HAIC group (38% vs. 11%, P<0.05). The median survival time and the survival rates at 6-, 12-, and 24-month were 567 days and 79.2%, 70.8%, and 33.3%, in the B-HAIC group patients, respectively; and 366 days, 73.8%, 47.6%, and 19.1%, respectively, in the sorafenib group patients. Also, the hepatic functional reserve in patients of the B-HAIC group was not changed during the treatment period, but that in the patients of the sorafenib group was worsened in the course of treatment (Figure 3A). We evidenced no detrimental renal function effects in patients of both groups (Figure 3B). The main reason for treatment discontinuance in the B-HAIC group patients was disease progression (19 out of 21 cases: 90.4%), whereas forty percent of patients (18 out of 45 cases) in the sorafenib group did not continue their treatment due to other reasons including physical or mental adverse events (Figure 3C). The B-HAIC group patients exhibited a higher rate of additional chemotherapy such as 5-FU based regimen after the end of the B-HAIC treatments, when compared with patients in the sorafenib group (n=45) whose hepatic functional reserves were classified into Child-Pugh class A disease at the beginning of the treatment (Figure 3D).
Figure 2.
Chemopreventive effect of B-HAIC and sorafenib on advanced HCC. (A) The B-HAIC group included the more partial responder population, whereas the sorafenib group included the more stable disease rates; (B) Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival of patients treated with B-HAIC (solid line) and sorafenib (dashed line). B-HAIC, bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Figure 3.
Adverse effect of B-HAIC and sorafenib on advanced HCC. (A,B) Changes in the Child-Pugh scores and eGFR before and after the treatments. The Child-Pugh score continuously increased during the medication of sorafenib. (C) Approximately half of the patients had to discontinue the use of sorafenib because of the reasons other than disease progression. (D) The B-HAIC group patients exhibited a higher rate of additional chemotherapy than the sorafenib group. B-HAIC, bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NS, non-significant.
In this retrospective cohort study, 20 of 66 cases were diagnosed as having advanced HCC with macroscopic intravascular and/or intrabiliary invasion and were treated by either B-HAIC or sorafenib. The clinical profiles of each group of patients are shown in Table S1. The treatment outcomes of each group including both the best curative responses and overall survival periods are shown in Figure 4A,B. The disease control rate of the B-HAIC group was actually same to that of the sorafenib group. However, in the group of patients treated for advanced HCC with intravascular invasion, no patient quit the B-HAIC therapy due adverse events, whereas four of ten patients (40%) treated with sorafenib had to stop their treatment because of adverse events (including two cases of cerebral bleeding and two of severe general fatigue) (Figure 4C). In the subgroup analysis, more than a half of the B-HAIC group patients (n=6) were successfully moved to an additional chemotherapy after the end of the B-HAIC treatments, whereas none of the sorafenib group patients had an additional treatment (Figure 4D).
Table S1. Profiles of HCC patients with intravascular invasion (n=20).
| Clinical profiles | B-HAIC (n=10) | Sorafenib (n=10) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median [range] (years) | 67 [53–81] | 72 [59–81] | 0.22 |
| Sex (male/female) | 9/1 | 9/1 | 1.00 |
| HCC numbers (1–3/4 and over) | 4/6 | 2/8 | 0.62 |
| Metastasis (with/without) | 1/9 | 4/6 | 0.30 |
| HCC clinical stage (III/IV) | 6/4 | 6/4 | 1.00 |
Categorical variables were tested with Fisher’s exact test and continuous variables with Welch’s two sample t-test.
Figure 4.
Chemopreventive effect of B-HAIC and sorafenib on advanced HCC with intravascular invasion. (A) Both of the B-HAIC group and the sorafenib group included the same populations of partial responder, stable disease, and progressive disease, respectively; (B) Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival of patients treated with B-HAIC (solid line) and sorafenib (dashed line); (C) 40% of patients treated with sorafenib discontinued the treatment because of adverse events, whereas no patients terminated B-HAIC treatment due to adverse events; (D) the B-HAIC group patients exhibited a higher rate of additional chemotherapy than the sorafenib group. B-HAIC, bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NS, non-significant.
Influence on the patient’s quality of life (QOL) and financial burden
We also assessed the patients’ QOL and found the B-HAIC, an inevitably invasive method, did not worsen the patients’ QOL more than the sorafenib group (Figure S1A). Furthermore, we performed a simulation of medical costs, because clinicians will be expected to consider not only treatment efficacy but also cost-effectiveness. The estimated total medical costs associated with B-HAIC were similar to the costs of reservoir chemotherapy, and about half of the costs of the sorafenib regimen (Figure S1B).
Discussion
Numerous options for treatment to cure a patient’s specific HCC case are available to clinicians, including surgical resections and radio frequency ablations, and several kinds of chemotherapeutic agents. Randomized control studies and two meta-analyses have found TACE (first established in Japan in 1978) to be more effective than the best supportive care (16-24). However, TACE can cause the loss of a patient’s hepatic functional reserve (3-5), and theoretically lead to liver failure. And given, for example, the experience in cirrhosis patients whose life expectancy depends on their hepatic functional reserve (25,26), maintaining a patient’s hepatic functional reserve should be essential for any effective treatment for HCC.
HAIC is classified into two different types: in one a reservoir device is semi-permanently placed into the intrahepatic arterial space, and in the other (called B-HAIC) a vascular puncture for catheter manipulation is made for each infusion. The transient device is considered superior, because the activity of the fine-powder formulation of cisplatin used in the puncture infusion method appears to have only modest anti-tumor activity and can be conducted only every 4–6 weeks (27-29). However; the rate of complications of the transient device (hepatic artery obstruction, pseudo arterial aneurysm formation, and port-related problems) are high at 43–56% (30,31). Additionally, some of these complications could negatively impact a patient’s hepatic functional reserve. For these reasons, personnel providing long-term repeated hepatic arterial chemotherapy infusions with a reservoir need to be well-versed with the technique.
B-HAIC is simple and not as invasive as the reservoir method, and we hypothesized it could be better for patients with relatively poor hepatic functional reserve or renal dysfunction. We demonstrated that the level of renal function and the hepatic functional reserve were not significantly decreased during the whole period of the B-HAIC in patients with HCC. Thus, we believe that non-invasiveness on a physical aspect of B-HAIC yielded the good results of overall survival period, and which were not at a disadvantage when compared with in the case of chemotherapy using reservoir.
Decompensated cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC are not considered good candidates for sorafenib therapy (2). For compensated cirrhotic patients, with HCC and refractory to TACE, sorafenib has shown efficacy (29), even though the drug has shown no efficacy as adjuvant therapy for preventing early recurrence after curative surgery for HCC (32). Nevertheless, the outcomes after either HAIC or sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC are still controversial (33-35).
In this retrospective cohort study, we demonstrated the efficacy of B-HAIC for cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC and for those with advanced HCC and portal venous tumor thrombosis (PVTT). The cirrhotic patients were effectively treated with B-HAIC without any serious adverse events. Even though our study included only a small group of patients with advanced HCC and PVTT, the disease control rate of B-HAIC and overall survival periods were similar to those of sorafenib, as has been published (30). From the viewpoint of maintaining hepatic functional reserve, the sequentially combined chemotherapeutic method which consists in initial administration of B-HAIC and sequential use of sorafenib, might generate favorable outcomes, which agree with the results of a clinical comparative study (36) and a recent randomized clinical phase II trial (37). Thus, we suggest that B-HAIC may be used as an alternative treatment modality to sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC and PVTT.
In reference to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, a clinical network meta-analysis demonstrated that intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is a superior treatment for patients at BCLC stage B and C, who are refractory to TACE and sorafenib (38).
As mentioned, our study is small, particularly when compared with other reports (39,40) and it is retrospective so we could not take into account the prevalence of some clinical factors like age, gender, clinical stage of HCC, or sequential adjuvant chemotherapy. However, we actually regarded the hepatic functional reserve of cirrhotic patients as the most important factor in case of treating their HCC and narrowed the candidate of this study down to the patients with Child-Pugh class A disease.
In our hospital, the B-HAIC chemo-cycles are limited to a maximum of six in order to avoid serious adverse events, and this forced us to change the ongoing regimen even in cases where it had been absolutely effective. We followed B-HAIC chemo-cycles with a hepatic arterial infusion of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil using reservoir devices.
Limitations notwithstanding, our study is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of bi-monthly HAIC for compensated cirrhotic patients classified as being Child-Pugh class A. There have been several reports demonstrating the usefulness of reservoir chemotherapy for fluorouracil-cisplatin regimens in cirrhotic patients with advanced HCC (30,31,39-43). The median survival periods in these reports range from 7.1 to 10.2 months, and none of them were better than the survival period of patients obtained with our B-HAIC method.
Thus, our results showing that B-HAIC preserves the hepatic function of these patients, lead us to suggest that B-HAIC should be considered an alternative strategy for advanced HCC patients who do not respond to TACE.
Figure S1.
Patients’ QOL and economic burden of each treatment. (A) B-HAIC had no more negative influence on the quality of life in terms of both physical and mental aspects; (B) the estimated medical costs of B-HAIC were almost less than half of the sorafenib costs. QOL, quality of life; B-HAIC, bi-monthly hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; NS, non-significant.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from Chugai Pharmaceutical and Yakult Honsha Co., and a grant-in-aid for research from Nara Medical University. Additionally, we thank Prof. Hiroshi Fukui for his kind and appropriate advice for completing this article.
Ethical Statement: The Ethics Committee of the Nara Medical University Hospital approved this study (approval #000522). Informed consent forms of each treatment were obtained from the all patients before the initiation of treatment.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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