A new species of Parlatoria from China (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae)

Introduction

Armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) are ubiquitous sap-sucking parasites that have a worldwide distribution (Andersen 2009). Compared with other family groups of Coccoidea, the armoured scale insects have several unique characteristics. For example, they have a cecum, which has no direct connection between the stomach and the anal opening, so they do not produce sweet secretions called honeydew (Henderson 2011). Females of the armoured scale insects are immobile and firmly attached to plant leaves, stems, fruits, or roots (Chou 1982). They have an extremely simplified morphology with several fused segments (Andersen 2010). They have no wings, or legs, and the eyes and antennae are reduced (Balachowsky 1948). The Diaspididae is the largest family of the Coccoidea with 2595 species currently identified (García Morales et al. 2018).

The genus, Parlatoria Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, is a large group of Diaspididae that are members of the tribe Parlatoriini. This genus was originally established by Curtis (1843) and Aspidiotusproteus Curtis, 1843, has been subsequently designated as the type species by Leonardi. The genus currently is made up of 73 species (García Morales et al. 2018). Some species of Parlatoria, such as P.oleae (Colvée) and P.ziziphi (Lucas) are considered to be serious pests of economic plants (McKenzie 1945).

Parlatoria is distributed in both tropical and subtropical regions (García Morales et al. 2018). This genus is found predominately in southeastern Asia but has also extended its range into Australia and Africa (McKenzie 1945). Some species have been introduced in the tropics and other warm parts of the world (Takagi 1969). About 34 species of this genus have been reported from China (García Morales et al. 2018).

Recently, a new species of Parlatoria was discovered in China and is described and illustrated in this study. This discovery raises the number of species recorded in this genus to 74, of which 35 are recorded from China. A key to the Chinese species of Parlatoria is presented in this study.

Materials and methods

Plant samples infested by the new species were collected from Mengla city, Yunnan Province. Permanent slide mounts of adult females from the samples were prepared using the method described by Henderson (2011).

The illustrations of the adult female shown in Figs 1–9 were drawn from slide-mounted specimens. Fig. 1 shows an overview of the dorsal body surface on the left side and the ventral body surface on the right side, and an enlarged detail of the significant features of the body, which are not drawn in direct proportions to each other.

Figure 1–9.

Parlatoriamenglaensis sp. n., adult female. 1 body 2 antenna 3 anterior spiracle 4 posterior spiracle 5 gland tubercle 6 detail of dorsal gland duct 7 ventral microduct 8 perivulvar pore 9 pygidium.

Slide-mounted type specimens of the new species have been deposited in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China (NWAFU).

Taxonomy

Parlatoria

Targioni Tozzetti

• Parlatoria Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 735.

Type species.

Parlatoriaorbicularis Targioni Tozzetti, subsequently designated by Leonardi (1899: 208).

Generic diagnosis.

Female scale. Various colors, oval to elongate, with exuviae terminal, often occupying greater part of scale.

Male scale. Elongate and smaller than the female.

Adult female. Female body nearly round or broadly ovate, and the widest at metathorax or abdominal segment I. The body free segments distinct but not strongly produced, and membranous except for the pygidium. Antennae with one or two setae. Prosomatic tubercles present or absent. Anterior spiracles with disc pores, the posterior spiracles without disc pores. Derm pocket present or absent between the posterior spiracle and body margin. Peribuccal granulations present or absent. The pygidium rounded or rather triangular. Three pairs of lobes well developed, unilobate, usually notched, median lobes not yoked; marginal macroducts of pygidium, one present or absent between the median lobes, one between the median and second lobes, and also between the second and third lobes. Two or three fimbriate plates present between lobes, then extend to the whole lateral margin of the pygidium, and each with one microduct. The fourth and fifth lobes often present, sclerotized or replaced by a membraneous fimbriate plates. Submarginal dorsal ducts usually present, scattered in a broad, continuous, irregular row on each side of the abdomen. Submedian dorsal ducts present or absent. Anal opening positioned about centre of pygidium. Four or five groups of perivulvar pores present (Adapted from McKenzie 1945, Takagi 1969, Williams and Watson 1988, Henderson 2011).

Remarks.

This genus Parlatoria, like other groups of the subfamily Aspidiotinae has an ovate body, and the second lobes are not divided into two lobules. Fringed plates are present between the lobes. Parlatoria is distinguished from other genera, especially Parlagena McKenzie, 1945, and Parlatoreopsis Lindinger, 1912, by having fringed plates across two sides of the prepygidial abdominal segments.

Parlatoria menglaensis sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/5F9869BC-25A3-4633-B445-6C6B76453DD8

Figures 1–9

Material examined.

Holotype and 30 paratypes, adult female. China: Yunnan Province. Mengla city, longitude 101.57, latitude: 21.48, on Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) Presl., 30.vii.2017, coll. Minmin Niu.

Description.

Female scale. Adult female cover convex, circular dark green/grey; exuvia on front end. Male scale. Not recorded.

Adult female. Body elongate-ovate, the broadest in first abdominal segment or thoracic region; segmentation distinct.

Antenna composed of two stout tubercles and a seta, located midway between frontal margin and mouthparts, interantennal distance being equal to width of mouth-parts. Prosomatic tubercles absent. Anterior spiracle with 1–2 parastigmatic pores; posterior spiracle without pores. Derm pocket absent between the posterior spiracle and body margin. Submarginal duct tubercules arranged as follows: 1–2 on cephaloprothoracic sternum, 3–5 on the mesothorax, and 4–8 on the metathorax.

Pygidium rounded, with 3 pairs of well-developed lobes. The median lobes distinctly notched once on each side, the second and third usually notched once distinctly on outer side. Fourth lobes replaced by a fimbriate plate, similar to adjacent fimbriate plates in form. Fimbriate plates present throughout pygidium, mostly as long as lobes, and two between median lobes, two between the median and second, three between the second and third; pygidial marginal macroducts largest closer to median lobes, arranged as follows: absent between the median lobes, one in each interlobar space, two outside the third lobe. Submarginal dorsal ducts on prepygidium numerous, 60–70 ducts on each side. Submedian ducts absent. Ventral microducts few, scattered on pygidium. Anal opening small, positioned about centre of pygidium. Perivulvar pores present in five groups; 3–4 in the median group, laterocephalic group with four pores, and the laterocaudal group with four pores.

Remarks.

This species is very similar to P.machilicola (Takahashi 1933) in body shape, but differs in having (character-states on P.machilicola in brackets): (i) perivulvar pores present in five groups (perivulvar pores present in four groups); (ii) dorsal macroducts absent (dorsal macroducts present); (iii) marginal macroducts only four on each side (marginal macroducts more than four on each side).

The new species also resembles P.tsujii Tanaka, 2010, in the shape and spiracles. However, it differs from P.tsujii by the following characters (character-states on P.machilicola in brackets): (i) perivulvar pores present in five groups (perivulvar pores present in four groups); (ii) derm pocket absent (derm pocket present); (iii) marginal macroducts absent between the median lobes (marginal macroducts present between the median lobes).

Host plant.

Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) Presl (Lauraceae).

Etymology.

The specific epithet is named after Mengla, the type locality.

Distribution.

China (Yunnan).

Key to the adult females of Parlatoria Targioni Tozzetti from China

(There are records of P.ligustri Wu from China (Wu Chenfu 1935), but the information is inadequate for this key, thus it has not been included).

1	Perivulvar pores absent	P.pseudaspidiotus (Lindinger)
–	Perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 groups	2
2	A marginal macroduct absent between the median lobes	3
–	A marginal macroduct present between the median lobes	4
3	Perivulvar pores absent in the median group	P.machilicola (Takahashi)
–	Perivulvar pores present in the median group	P.menglaensis sp. n.
4	Puparium of adult female black; with 1 peculiar, large and ear-like lobe on each side margin of head region about opposite anterior spiracles	P.ziziphi (Lucas)
–	Puparium of adult female variable in color, but not black; on margin without ear-like lobes or lobes very small on each side of head region about opposite of anterior spiracles	5
5	Pygidium with 2 pairs of well-developed lobes, the 3rd quite small, but sclerotized	P.cupressi (Ferris)
–	Pygidium with 3 or more pairs of well-developed lobes	6
6	Anterior spiracles without disc pores	P.mytilaspiformis Green
–	Anterior spiracles with disc pores	7
7	Derm pockets present between each posterior spiracle and body margin	8
–	Derm pockets absent between each posterior spiracle and body margin	13
8	Fourth lobes definitely present, not closely resembling adjacent plates	9
–	Fourth lobes absent, replaced by a membranous, plate-like process, smaller than the adjacent plates	P.proteus (Curtis)
9	Four plates present between third lobe and fourth lobe	P.pinicola Tang
–	Three plates present between third lobe and fourth lobe	10
10	Eyespots modified to form a stout spur	P.crotonis (Douglas)
–	Eyespots various, flat, irregular or absent	11
11	Peribuccal granulations absent	P.camelliae (Comstock)
–	Peribuccal granulations present	12
12	Pygidial lobes almost equal in size; perivulvar pores always in 4 groups	P.pini Tang
–	Pygidial lobes of different sizes, the third pair smallest; perivulvar pores sometimes present in 5 groups	P.theae (Cockerell)
13	Pygidium normally with four plates present between third lobe and fourth lobe	14
–	Pygidium with three plates present between third lobe and fourth lobe	17
14	Peribuccal granulations present	15
–	Peribuccal granulations absent	P.multipora McKenzie
15	Dorsal ducts present on submedian area on abdominal segments I-III	P.yanyuanensis Tang
–	Dorsal ducts absent from submedian area on abdominal segments I-III	16
16	Median lobes usually with a deep lateral notch and no medial notch (rarely with a small medial notch)	P.oleae (Colvée)
–	Median lobes with deep lateral and medial notches	P.bambusae Tang
17	Fourth lobes definitely present, not closely resembling adjacent plates	18
–	Fourth lobes replaced by a membranous, plate-like process, smaller than the adjacent plates	27
18	Lobes with outer margins normally notched	19
–	Lobes with outer margins minutely toothed	P.yunnanensis Ferris
19	Lobes with outer margins with more than one notch	20
–	Lobes with outer margins with a single notch	22
20	Plates reduced	21
–	Plates well developed, fimbriate	P.desolator McKe nzie
21	Dorsal median macroducts present on pygidium within frame formed by perivulvar pores	P.cinerea (Doane & Hadden)
–	Dorsal median macroducts absent on pygidium within frame formed by perivulvar pores	P.fluggeae Hall
22	Peribuccal granulations present	23
–	Peribuccal granulations absent	24
23	Submedian dorsal macroducts absent; Eyespot modified to form rounded elevation	P.machili Takahashi
–	Submedian dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segments IV–V; Eyespot absent or inconspicuous	P.cinnamomicola Tang
24	Median pygidial lobes deeply notched on outer and inner margins	25
–	Median pygidial lobes deeply notched only on outer margins	26
25	Perivulvar pores absent in the median group, antero- and posterolateral groups confluent on each side; submedian dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segments I-III	P.emeiensis Tang
–	Perivulvar pores absent or a single one present in the median group, 6 to 8 in the anterolateral group, and 6 to 8 in the posterolateral group; submedian dorsal macroducts absent	P.pergandii (Comstock)
26	Fourth lobes represented by small sclerotized spurs	P.ghanii Hall & Williams
–	Fourth lobes well developed	P.reedia Zhang, Feng & Liu
27	Peribuccal granulations absent	28
–	Peribuccal granulations present	30
28	Anterior spiracle with 1–3 disc pores	29
–	Anterior spiracle with 6–15 disc pores	P.stigmadisculosa Bellio
29	Plates tapering apically to a point	P.lithocarpi Takahashi
–	Plates well fimbriated	P.acalcarata McKenzie
30	Perivulvar pores present in the median group, with 5 groups	P.piniphila Tang
–	Perivulvar pores absent in the median group	31
31	Prosomatic tubercles rounded	P.arengae Takagi
–	Prosomatic tubercles pointed apically, inconspicuous or absent	32
32	Posterolateral groups of perivulvar pores with 2–3 pores each	P.hydnocarpus Hu
–	Posterolateral groups of perivulvar pores with more than 6 pores each	33
33	Gland tubercles: 1 to 3 prespiraculars, 3 to 4 anterior spiraculars, 3 to 5 mesothoracics, 4 metathoracics, and 4 first abdominals; submarginal dorsal ducts containing 18 to 22 on each side	P.liriopicola Tang
–	Gland tubercles: 1 to 7 prespiraculars, 4 to 10 anterior spiraculars, 14 to 16 mesothoracics, 8 to 16 metathoracics, and 5 to 8 first abdominals; submarginal dorsal ducts containing 35 to 47 on each side	P.keteleericola Tang & Chu

Discussion

Parlatoriamenglaensis sp. n. is a pest in urban areas of China. Its primary host plant is Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) Presl (Lauraceae), which grows south of the Yangtze River in China. This plant is also found in southern Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, and has been introduced to many other countries, including Australia and the United States. Currently, P.menglaensis sp. n. has only been identified in China, but it could eventually spread to the previously mentioned countries where its potential host plants occur.

Citation

Niu M, Feng J (2018) A new species of Parlatoria from China (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae). ZooKeys 779: 147–155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.779.27437