Abstract
Background: Multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMTs) are defined as two or more histologically distinct malignancies in one individual, standard treatments for MPMTs are not well established, we aimed to clinical analyze the factors influence the treatment efficacy of MPMTs.
Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 15,321 malignant tumor patients at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China, between March 2006 and June 2016. The survival analysis was performed with SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with Kaplan-Meier methodology.
Results: The prevalence of MPMTs in our study was 1.09% (167/15321), with a male to female ratio of 2.34:1. Specifically, 98 patients harbored synchronous MPMTs, and 69 patients harbored metachronous MPMTs. The most common cancer pairs were digestive-digestive tumor (43 patients, 25.75%), digestive-lung cancer (32 patients, 19.16%), and head & neck-digestive tumor (11 patients, 6.59%). Among patients with synchronous and metachronous first primary cancers, 65.86% received surgery. 33.33% (27/81) of the patients with synchronous MPMTs received simultaneous resection. Of the 69 patients with metachronous MPMTs, 31.88% (22/69) were treated with surgery alone, 62.32% (43/69) received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for the first primary tumor, and 44.93% (31/69) received surgery for the other primary tumor. 98.20% (164/167) of patients with MPMTs were effectively followed up, the overall 2- and 5-year survival rates were 54.3% and 31.4%, respectively, with a median survival time of 28.0 months.
Conclusions: The early diagnosis of rare MPMTs should not be neglected in patients not only when treated for a primary malignancy but also during long-term follow-up. Effective treatment for MPMTs may yield promising curative effect and warrants further investigation.
Keywords: Multiple primary malignant tumors, Clinical characteristics, Treatment, Prognosis
Introduction
Over the last three decades, the techniques for cancer diagnostics and treatments have greatly improved in China, which have markedly increased the survival of cancer patients 1,2. On the other hand, the prolonged survival of cancer patients also led to an increase in the incidence of multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMTs). MPMTs are defined by the presence of two or more histologically distinct malignant tumors that are not due to recurrence, metastasis, or local spread in the same individual. MPMTs may be diagnosed synchronously (the second primary cancer is diagnosed within 6 months after the detection of the first primary cancer) or metachronously (the second primary cancer is diagnosed more than 6 months after the detection of the first primary cancer). MPMTs were first described by Billroth as early as 1889 and first published by Warren and Gate in 1932. Nowadays, The increase of MPMTs is becoming an important medical problem, and the incidence differs significantly between antemortem and postmortem studies 3,4.
Owing to variabilities of MPMTs in clinical characteristics and its low incidence, most clinicians are inexperienced at the diagnosis and treatment of this type of disease. For example, MPMTs are often misdiagnosed as recurrence or metastasis of the original malignancy, which may result in inappropriate treatments. This inevitably has adverse effects on the patient's prognosis. Moreover, standard treatments for MPMTs are not well established. Thus, we herein try to identify the factors influence the treatment efficacy and prognosis of MPMTs by analyze the clinical characteristics of the disease.
Materials and Methods
We reviewed the records of a retrospectively collected database of 167 patients with histopathological evidences of MPMTs admitted from March 2006 to June 2016 in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (supplementary table 1). The international diagnostic criteria of Warren and Gate's description was adopted 5: Firstly, each tumor must be definitively malignant according to the histopathology; Secondly, the malignant tumors must be histologically different; Thirdly, metastasis must be excluded. Cases in which the MPMTs developed in the same organ or system were included in this study. For metachronous contralateral breast cancer, the inclusion criteria consisted of a time gap of 5 years and/or disparity in hormone receptor status without any metastatic site. Tumors defined in original medical records as either recurrent or metastatic were excluded. The tumor diagnosed firstly and associated with the cause of the patient's initial visit was defined as the first primary cancer (primary cancer), the second primary cancer (second cancer) was the one diagnosed secondly, and so forth. All of the primary tumors in MPMTs patients diagnosed within six months are classified as synchronous multiple primary malignant tumors (SMPMTs), and tumors diagnosed more than six months are deemed metachronous multiple primary malignant tumors (MMPMTs) 6.
The 167 patients harbored MPMTs in different systems, including digestive tumors, head & neck cancers, lung cancers, urinary tumors, reproductive tumors, breast tumors, hematological malignancies, endocrine tumors, and nervous tumors. The pathological types and clinical stages of malignancies were stratified separately according to the 3rd Edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) 7 and the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8. Treatment methods included surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonotherapy, Chinese traditional medicine treatment and best supportive care.
The patients' follow-ups were carried out by telephone, electronic medical records, and letters. The overall survival (OS) was determined as the interval from diagnosis of MPMTs to the date of death for any cause or the last follow-up. All patients were followed until June 30, 2016, or death from any cause. Categorical variables are presented as the number of patients and percentages. A survival analysis was performed with SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the Kaplan-Meier methodology was employed to analyze survival.
Results
Patient Characteristics
Among the 15,321 patients with malignant tumors, 167 patients (1.09%) had MPMTs, including 144 double primaries and 23 triple primaries. Of these 167 patients, 117 (70.06%) were male and 50 (29.94%) were female, with a male to female ratio of 2.34:1. The median age of the 167 patients was 62-year-old (range 8-86), 63-year-old in men, and 56-year-old in women at diagnosis of the primary cancer. Most patients were diagnosed with MPMTs at the age of 55 to 75 (65.87%). The median age at diagnosis was 64 (range 14-89) for the second cancer and 66 (range 21-80) for the third cancer (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Age of the patients at the time of MPMTs diagnosis
Among our 167 patients with MPMTs, 98 patients harbored SMPMTs and 69 patients harbored MMPMTs, with a SMPMTs to MMPMTs ratio of 1.42:1. The mean interval between the diagnosis of the primary and second cancer was 33.15 months (range 0-384), and the mean interval between the diagnosis of the primary and third cancer was 41 months (range 0-265) (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Interval between the diagnosis of the primary and second cancer & the primary and third cancer
Prevalence
The 167 patients with MPMTs harbored tumors in different organs, as described above; the most common tumors were digestive system malignancies: 47.90%, 49.10% and 43.48% of primary, second and third malignancy, respectively (Table 1). The ratio of MPMTs sites in the same system was 27.54% (46/167), 93.48% (43/46) of which was in the digestive system, and the ratio of MPMTs sites in the different system was 72.46% (121/167) (Figure 3).
Table 1.
The invasion sites of MPMTs
| Invasion site | Primary Cancer No. (%) | Second Cancer No. (%) | Third Cancer No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digestive tumor | 79 (47.31) | 82 (49.10) | 10 (43.48) |
| Lung cancer | 19 (11.38) | 34 (20.36) | 5 (21.74) |
| Head & neck cancer | 18 (10.78) | 8 (4.79) | 3 (13.04) |
| Urinary tumor | 13 (7.78) | 13 (7.78) | 2 (8.70) |
| Reproductive tumor | 13 (7.78) | 16 (9.58) | —— |
| Breast cancer | 11 (6.59) | 7 (4.19) | 1 (4.35) |
| Hematological malignancy | 8 (4.69) | 6 (3.59) | —— |
| Others* | 6 (3.59) | 1 (0.60) | 2 (8.70) |
| Total | 167 (100) | 167 (100) | 23 (100) |
*Others include endocrine tumor and nervous tumor.
Figure 3.
Site-wise distribution of MPMTs. *Others include endocrine tumor and nervous tumor.
More than half of the tumors were adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas. 41.32%, 47.90%, and 43.48% of primary, second, and third malignant tumors were adenocarcinomas, respectively. 22.16%, 13.17%, and 8.70% were squamous carcinomas, respectively (Figure 4). Moreover, the pathological types of the tumors were the same in 34.73% (58/167) of MPMTs. 51.72% (30/58) of these tumors were in the same organ systems and 48.28% (28/58) of these tumors were in the different organ systems (Table 2). Among the 46 patients of MPMTs in the same system, 65.22% (30/46) of whose tumors exhibited the same pathological type.
Figure 4.
Pathological types of primary, second and third cancers
Table 2.
The distribution pathological types of MPMTs
| Pathological type | Sites in the same system NO. (%) | Sites in the different system NO. (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Adenocarcinoma | 22 (73.33) | 23 (82.14) |
| Squamous carcinoma | 7 (23.33) | 4 (14.29) |
| Intraductal carcinoma | 1 (3.33) | 0 (0) |
| Neuroendocrine carcinoma | 0 (0) | 1 (3.57) |
| Total | 30 (100) | 28 (100) |
Clinical stages
The AJCC 7th edition malignancies clinical stages were suitable for staging 92.81% (155/167) of patients with MPMTs. The most common stage of the primary, second and third cancer were II, I and I, respectively (Table 3).
Table 3.
The clinical stages of MPMTs
| Clinical stage | Primary Cancer NO. (%) | Second Cancer NO. (%) | Third Cancer NO. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tis | 1 (0.61) | 1 (0.63) | —— |
| Ⅰ | 37 (22.70) | 52 (32.50) | 13 (59.09) |
| Ⅱ | 53 (32.52) | 34 (21.25) | 8 (36.36) |
| Ⅲ | 48 (29.45) | 40 (25.00) | 1 (4.55) |
| Ⅳ | 24 (14.72) | 33 (20.62) | —— |
| Total | 163 (100) | 160 (100) | 22 (100) |
Treatment factors
Among our patients with MPMTs, 82.04% (137/167), 35.93% (60/167) and 21.74% (5/23) sought medical advice for various clinical symptoms related to the primary cancer, second cancer and third cancer, respectively. 114 patients received at least one operation. Of these patients, the clinical staging of 25 patients were inconsistent with surgical staging, and 11 patients needed additional treatment due to change in surgical staging (supplementary table 1). 87.72% (100/114) of the MPMTs patients underwent surgery received R0 resection, and the relapse rate was 31% (31/100), 3 patients received palliative operation. Of the 98 patients with SMPMTs, 82.65% (81/98) were diagnosed when they were first admitted to the hospital, and 33.33% (27/81) underwent synchronous resection. Of these 27 patients, 40.74% (11/27) were sent to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring and treatment, and 1 (3.70%) patient with gastric-pancreatic cancer died because of multiple-systemic organ failure. Of the 69 patients with MMPMTs, 31.88% (22/69) were treated with surgery alone, 62.32% (43/69) underwent chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for the primary tumors, and 44.93% (31/69) received surgery for the second or third tumors. Among all primary cancers, 65.86% (110/167) were treated with surgery: 32.93% (55/167) were treated with only surgery, 28.14% (47/167) were treated with surgery and chemotherapy, 4.79% (8/167) received adjuvant hormonotherapy; Moreover, 29.34% (49/167) received only chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, 2.40% (4/167) received targeted therapy, and 2.40% (4/167) received other treatments including Chinese traditional medicine or best supportive care alone. Among the second cancers, 47.90% (80/167) were treated with surgery, and 60.87% (14/23) of the third cancers were treated with surgery (Table 4).
Table 4.
Treatment history for MPMTs
| Treatment | Primary cancer NO. (%) | Second cancer NO. (%) | Third cancer NO. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surgery | 55 (32.93) | 49 (29.34) | 12 (52.17) |
| Surgery + chemotherapy | 47 (28.14) | 30 (17.96) | 2 (8.70) |
| Surgery + hormonotherapy | 8 (4.79) | 1 (0.60) | - |
| Chemotherapy ± radiotherapy | 49 (29.34) | 71 (42.51) | 7 (30.43) |
| Targeted therapy | 4 (2.40) | 9 (5.39) | 2 (8.70) |
| Others* | 4 (2.40) | 7 (4.19) | 2 (8.70) |
| Total | 167 (100) | 167 (100) | 23 (100) |
*Others include Chinese traditional medicine treatment and best supportive care.
Prognosis
Totally, 98.20% (164/167) of patients with MPMTs were effectively followed up until June 30, 2016, and 3 patients were lost to follow-up, with a missing rate of 1.80%. Among the 164 patients who were followed up, 50.61% (83/164) have died, and the remaining 49.39% (81 patients) are still alive. For the MPMTs patients with R0 resection, the average overall survival was longer than 12 months, the recurrence rate was 24.64% (17/69). The overall 2- and 5-year survival rates of the 164 patients were 54.3% and 31.4%, respectively, and the median survival time was 28.0 months (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
The survival curves of 164 patients with MPMTs
Discussion
Given the rapid progress in anti-cancer therapies and the increasing aging population, diagnosis of MPMTs in the same patient is becoming more common than expected. Till now, the tumorigenetic mechanism of MPMTs remains elusive. Studies concerning this area are increasing. For instance, reportedly the concurrence of germline nonsense mutation in BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) predisposing factor and environmental exposure to asbestos and UV irradiation contributed to the high incidence of multiple cancers 9. Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) plays a critical role in homologous recombination repair (HRR) through its ability to recruit BRCA2 and RAD51 to DNA breaks. Structural variants deleting or duplicating multiple exons of PALB2 were reported to be association with breast and ovarian cancer 10. Constitutional mutations of the TP53 are closely associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, an autosomal dominantly inherited prototypic cancer predisposition disease, characterized by a high frequency of soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas, premenopausal breast cancer, brain tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, leukemia, and other malignancies 11. Additional mechanisms including aging 12, an unhealthy lifestyle 13,14, cancer treatments 15, or interactions between any of these factors 16 are also contributed to the development of MPMTs. It is worth noting that more than half of the patients ever received chemotherapy. As well known, the cumulative amount of cytotoxic drugs such as alkylating agent play an important role in the second tumor initiation. However, due to the numerous of tumor types and limited sample size in our study, the effect of chemotherapy on the initiation of the second tumor could not be evaluated exactly.
A literature review of 1,104,269 cancer patients concluded that the prevalence of MPMTs was between 0.73% and 11.7% 4. In our study of 15,321 patients with malignant tumors, the prevalence of MPMTs was 1.09%, which is similar to the rate reported by Liu Z et al 17 in China but lower than those in Europe and the United States 18-20. This difference may be due to the followings: most patients in our study were from Zhejiang province and all were Asian, whereas Western studies primarily examined Caucasians and Blacks. Moreover, compared with the Europeans and the Americans, the patients in our study are exposed to different environmental factors such as diet habits, industrialization degree, climate etc. Another important point here is the observation period in this study was approximately ten years, which may be insufficient to detect some secondary or other primary tumors. Comparatively, the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program analyzed data obtained from 1973-2003 in the United States 20. Additionally, there are many factors that may also contributed to discrepancies in prevalence, such as differences in the registries and definition of multiple cancer sites 18, limited medical experience and technology, small and difficult to detect primary cancers at the time of presentation, and the incorrect classification of MPMTs as a recurrence or metastasis of the original carcinoma. Moreover, unlike the studies conducted in Western countries, almost all of patients included in our study refused postmortem analyses, which may also contribute to the observed differences.
SMPMTs were more common than MMPMTs in our study, which was inconsistent with other publications 17, 21, 22. This discrepancy may be that our study mainly includes tumors from genitourinary system, lung, head & neck region and digestive system, in which SMPMTs were reported to be more frequent 21,23. Such phenomenon may also be due to the characteristics of the study population, which primarily consisted of male, heavy smokers and alcoholics, as proposed by Aydiner A, et al 22. Some patients who were diagnosed with cancer at our medical oncology center during long-term follow-up refused further diagnosis and treatment for additional primary lesions because of psychological distress, socioeconomic burden among other reasons. These may also contribute to the ratio of SMPMTs to MMPMTs.
The therapeutic principle for MPMTs depends on the stage of each tumor, the pathological type and the patients' physical condition. When MPMTs are pathologically confirmed, each tumor should be evaluated and staged as an independent tumor. If a new lesion was detected in a stage IV cancer patient, re-biopsy or multiple biopsy were recommended under the following situations: 1) The patient is in good physical condition with no contraindication for biopsy; 2) The elevation of tumor markers was not consistent with the expected tumor type, such as AFP elevation and new liver lesions were detected in lung cancer patient; 3) Imaging findings suggest lesions in rare metastatic sites. In addition, a baseline PET-CT may aid in the diagnosis of such multiple tumors and helps to devise a therapeutic plan in some cases 24, 25. The economic capability and the willing of the patients also had an effect on the treatment plans as well as outcomes. For the intractable cases, Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) discussion is indispensable. In general, the tumor which is more detrimental to the patient's survival or quality of life should be treated with priority. If surgery is fit for MPMTs patient, resection should be a priority for both tumors and could be combined with chemoradiotherapy, endocrine therapy or other treatment methods when necessary 26. It should be noted that preoperative risk assessment and postoperative monitoring are necessary, especially for patients with MPMTs who undergo vital organ resection. The treatment of MPMTs after surgery is usually according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines of each tumor's pathological stage. When facing one chemotherapy regimen was not appropriate for treating all MPMTs, the efficient chemotherapy regimen to control the tumor of higher malignancy or later stage need to be considered on the priority list. In addition, a minority of our patients with MPMTs refused surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy owing to various reasons. Chinese traditional medicine and best supportive care were recommended under these circumstances.
This study, which represents our initial attempt to analyze the characteristics and prognosis of MPMTs, was subject to several limitations. Firstly, the size of the sample was restricted to part of Zhejiang province, which would introduce bias into this study. Secondly, our data were insufficient to allow us to precisely investigate the different system subtypes and other subgroups of the various MPMTs. Thirdly, genetic tests were not extensively utilized in the majority of our patients, and the etiology and pathogenesis of MPMTs were consequently not discussed in depth.
In conclusion, despite several limitations mentioned above, the results of our study are instructive. The early diagnosis of rare MPMTs should not be neglected in patients treated for a primary malignancy, and the diagnosis of subsequent tumors must be taken into consideration during long-term follow-ups. Most operable SMPMTs can be resected in a single stage with preoperative risk assessment and postoperative monitoring. Regular follow-up can detect most MMPMTs at an early stage. These MMPMTs can then be treated with appropriate interventions to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit. The relationship between multimodality treatments and the prognosis of the various MPMTs warrants further investigation, which will help develop good clinical treatment strategies for patients.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary table.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572592, 81772543, 81572361), the Zhejiang Province Preeminence Youth Fund (LR16H160001), a Zhejiang Natural Sciences Foundation Grant (LQ16H160003, LY15H160025, LQ16H160010), and the Zhejiang medical innovative discipline construction project-2016.
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Supplementary Materials
Supplementary table.