Abstract
Aims:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) primarily occurs in older age group. However, in the recent years, incidence of oral cancer in young people has been on rise worldwide. Towards this end, we sought to analyze the clinical and histopathological characteristics of OSCC in patients less than 45 years of age.
Materials and Methods:
The clinical and histological features of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity at two hospitals in the coastal Karnataka region of South India between 1996-2012 were reviewed. The tabulation and descriptive statistics of the study were carried out.
Results:
A total of 420 patients were treated for OSCC in the 17-year period (1996-2012), of which 86 (20.5 %) patients were under 45 years of age. The most common site of involvement among the young was tongue (29.07%) and buccal mucosa (27.9%) respectively. A total of 47 (54.65%) patients were either habitual chewers, smokers, or alcoholics. Pathological grading of cases classified tumors into well differentiated (34.88%), moderately differentiated (46.51%) and poorly differentiated (4.65%).
Conclusions:
The data from this study reveals that a significant proportion of the OSCC cases are observed in patients of 45 years or younger. Additionally, our study also indicated an increase in the usage of tobacco and pan chewing in young adults in comparison to older individuals in the two hospitals of South India. The data obtained from this analysis emphasizes the need for screening programs that are tailor-made for individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer and warrants tobacco awareness programs in the community.
Keywords: Areca nut, health policy, oral cancer, smoking, tobacco, young adults
INTRODUCTION
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ranks among the top three cancers in India and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. OSCC primarily occurs in males in their 5th–8th decades of life.[1] However, based on recent studies in Europe and the rest of the world, an increase in the incidence has been observed in younger adults including females with no history of tobacco or alcohol consumption. In India, OSCC remains a major public health concern where the consumption of tobacco in various forms is the cause of high prevalence.[2] The use/consumption of tobacco in India varies in different geographical locations[3] with chewing of betel-quid with or without tobacco being the most common form.[4] In the south coastal region of India, chewing pan, use of commercial tobacco products, beedi (local type of cigarette), cigarette-smoking, alcohol-drinking and use of snuff are some of the common habits. Among these, chewing pan is a fairly common social habit, particularly in the female population, as men smoke more often than chew tobacco. The consumption of tobacco is also disproportionate and is higher among lower socioeconomic strata of society.[5] Several clinical studies around the world have focused on the occurrence of oral cancer in the young age group.[6,7,8,9,10] In the Indian scenario, although several studies have focused on etiology and clinicopathological features of OSCC in the Indian population,[3,11,12,13] no previous studies have been conducted with reference to the incidence of OSCC in a younger age group in south coastal Karnataka. Although it is known that the incidence of oral cancer increases with age, there is an increasing trend of incidence in young males.[14] A similar trend has also been observed in females who never consumed alcohol or tobacco.[6] A rise in oral cancer incidence among younger adults has been reported in Europe[15,16] and rest of the world.[17]
This study is aimed to study the clinicopathological details about the demography, site predilection, tobacco-related habits/risk factors in younger SCC patients treated in coastal Karnataka region during a 17-year period.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The case history and biopsy report files were retrieved from the archives of the hospitals in coastal Karnataka region from 1996 to 2012. 420 cases of OSCC were selected for the study. The data extracted from the 420 records were reviewed for clinical and histological features of OSCC. The study included pathologically confirmed cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip (ICD-10 site code C00), intraoral sites (ICD-10 C01– C06) and oropharynx/tonsil (ICD-10 C09 and C10). Patients with malignancies of the salivary glands, nasopharynx and hypopharynx and metastatic tumors were excluded from the study. Demographic data such as gender, age, family history of cancer, site of occurrence, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing were obtained from patient records. In addition, details of the clinical staging and histopathological grading were obtained from histopathology records. Clinical staging of tumors was carried out using the 1992 tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification of malignant tumors.[18] The tumors were histopathologically graded by cell differentiation into well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated categories as per the World Health Organization criteria.[19] The tabulation and descriptive statistics of the study were carried out using GNU PSPP 1.0.1 (https://www.gnu.org/software/pspp/), an open source software for statistics. Chi-square test was carried out by the statistician to compare the descriptive statistics across cases (>45 and ≤45 years of age).
RESULTS
Clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
A total of 420 cases diagnosed with OSCC between 1996 and 2012 were selected for the study. A summary of patient characteristics for these 420 oral cancer cases are provided in Table 1. Of the 420 cases, 272 were males (64.76%) and 147 were females (35%). Gender information was missing for one case. Age histogram analysis was performed for all OSCC cases [Figure 1]. OSCC cases that were within the bottom fifth percentile (<45 years) in the age histogram were considered as “young patients” while those exceeding >45 years were considered as “old patients.” 322 patients (76.67%) were categorized as >45 years of age while 86 patients (20.48%) were between 26 and 45 years with a mean age of 60.4 years and 39.62 years, respectively. Age-related information was missing for 12 cases. A comparison of descriptive statistics between young and old patients is depicted in Table 2.
Table 1.
A summary of patient characteristics for 420 oral cancer cases diagnosed in two hospitals in South Western coast of India
Figure 1.
(a) Age histogram for cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The cases within the bottom fifth percentile (<45 years) in the age histogram were considered as “young patients” while those exceeding >45 years were considered as “old patients.” (b) Distribution of chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption habits across cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Most of the cases chewed either tobacco, pan or betelnut
Table 2.
A comparison of patient characteristics between young (≤45 years) and old adults (>45 years) diagnosed with oral cancer*
Classification based on tumor localization revealed predominantly tumor of the buccal mucosa (32.1%) followed by an alveolar ridge (16.43%) and tongue (16.19%). 289 (71.1%), 277 (65.9%) and 224 (53.3%) of the OSCC cases had details about tumor stage, nodal status and metastasis, respectively. Using this information, TNM staging was carried out for 219 (52.1%) cases. Of these, 166 (39.52%) were assigned to Stage III, 30 (7.14%) to Stage IV, 12 (2.86%) to Stage II and 11 (2.62%) to Stage I, respectively. A summary of TNM classification and staging of all OSCC cases analyzed is provided in Table 3. Based on differentiation state, the OSCC cases were classified into well differentiated (39.29%), moderately differentiated (41.67%) and poorly differentiated (5.24%) cancer. Information was missing for the rest of the cases. Of the total cases, 217 (51.66%) patients had a history of tobacco chewing with or without smoking or alcohol consumption. 111 (26.43) of the 420 patients smoked while 33 (7.86%) patients consumed alcohol. 145 (34.52%) patients had no reported habits [Table 4]. The chewing habits composed mainly of tobacco, pan and betel nut. Tobacco chewers constituted 33.33% of a total number of cases and 64.51% of all chewers. Pan chewers constituted 9.76% of a total number of cases and 18.89% of all chewers. Betel nut chewers constituted 8.57% of a total number of cases and 16.58% of all chewers.
Table 3.
A summary of tumor/node/metastasis staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases diagnosed in South Western coast of India*
Table 4.
Distribution of habits in oral squamous cell carcinoma cases across age groups
Clinicopathological characteristics of early-onset oral cancer patients
Of the 420 cases, 86 patients (20.48%) were between 26 and 45 years of age with a mean age of 39.62 years. A summary of patient characteristics for OSCC diagnosed in the young is provided in Table 1 and Figure 2. These cases consisted of 53 males (61.63%) and 33 Females (38.37%). Tumors for the 86 cases [Table 1] were found to be localized predominantly to the tongue (29.07%), buccal mucosa (27.91%), and alveolar ridge (13.95%). 62 (72.09%), 50 (58.1%) and 40 (46.5%) of the 86 cases had tumor stage related information, nodal status and metastasis details, respectively. Using this information, TNM staging was carried out for 37 (43%) of the total number of cases. Of these, 27 (31.4%) were assigned to Stage III, 5 (5.82%) to Stage IV, 3 (3.49%) to Stage II and 2 (2.33%) to Stage I, respectively. Information was missing for the rest of the cases. A summary of TNM staging of all oral squamous cell carcinoma cases is provided in Table 2. Based on differentiation state, 86 cases were classified into well differentiated (34.88%), moderately differentiated (46.51%) and poorly differentiated (4.65%) OSCC [Table 1]. Verrucous and undifferentiated carcinomas represented 10% of cases. Information was missing for the three of the cases. Of the total cases, 47 (54.65%) patients had a history of tobacco chewing either alone or in combination with smoking or alcohol consumption. 24 (27.9%) of the 86 patients smoked while 6 (6.97%) patients consumed alcohol. 26 (30.2%) patients had no reported habits [Table 4]. Tobacco chewers constituted 36.04% of a total number of cases and 65.95% of all chewers. Pan chewers constituted 13.95% of a total number of cases and 25.53% of all chewers. Betel nut chewers constituted 4.65% of a total number of cases and 8.5% of all chewers.
Figure 2.
Characteristics of young patients (≤45 years) diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (a) Distribution of chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption habits across young patients. (b) Distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases by anatomical site. (c) Distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases by histopathological grading
DISCUSSION
OSCC is a major health problem in regions of the world where tobacco habits in the form of chewing and/or smoking with or without alcohol intake are common. The increasing consumption of tobacco has become a multidimensional problem and a threat to the health of the youth in India. Several key factors are responsible for the regular use of tobacco by the youth including exposure to parental, sibling and peer smoking, peer group pressure, easy access to smoking and nonsmoking forms of tobacco, aggressive promotion and advertising, low cost among others.
The primary objective of this study was to carry out the clinicopathological analysis of oral cancer in young adults (<45 years). We determined the cut-off age of 45 years using a previously described method.[20] This was done by drawing an age histogram for all OSCC patients [Figure 1a]. The cases within the bottom fifth percentile (<45 years) in the age histogram were considered as “young patients” while those exceeding >45 years were considered as “old patients.” This was in accordance with criteria described in previous studies.[6,10,21] The age range observed in the present study was 26–45 years with a mean age of 39.62 years. In general, oral cancer occurs more frequently in males than females in all age groups.[9] Our data corroborate with the existing literature with males (64.76%) more commonly affected in comparison to females (35.00%).[22] This was also found to be true in the case of young adults where 61.63% of the diagnosed cases were males while 38.37% were females.
Tobacco usage in the early age is one of the important causes of OSCC in young patients.[22] Smoking of cigarettes particularly beedi and chewing tobacco (smokeless use) is a common practice in India. However, according to anecdotal evidence with the changes in the dynamics of societies, there is an increase of tobacco consumption by young adults and a rising prevalence among women has been observed. The preparation of beedi (a form of smoking tobacco) at home is a common practice in this region of India and mostly involves the lower socioeconomic strata of society. Several members of a family are involved in beedi making including children. Chronic exposure to tobacco flakes in this practice is one of the important risk factor for children and adults. Tobacco in both smoke and smokeless forms, as well as alcohol consumption, have long been implicated in the etiology of oral cancer in older adults.[21,23] The contribution of these same risk factors in the younger patient diagnosed with oral cancer has been evaluated in several studies.[13,24,25,26] In our analysis, tobacco use was found in 274 (65.93%) of the 420 total number of OSCC cases. Of the total number of cases, a significant number of patients were chewers (51.66%) either alone or in combination with other habits. Among the chewers, tobacco use constituted 64.51% of all chewers. It was observed that chewing habit increased marginally in “young” patients (54.65%) when compared to “old” patients (51.55%). Further, 182 (of 272//66.9%) males and 89 (of 147//60.5%) females with OSCC were found to have a previous history of either chewing or smoking. 37 (69.8%) of 53 young males were identified as chewers or smokers while 23 of 33 (69.69%) young females chewed tobacco or smoked. The high incidence rates in Indian women may be attributed to the persistent problem of tobacco/pan/betel nut chewing habit that is associated with sociocultural acceptance, easy availability and low cost in the coastal part of Karnataka. Out of 86 cases, 35 cases (40.70%) were reported with chewing habit alone. Among these, 22 (62.86%) cases were females and 13 (37.14%) were males. Betel quid chewing with or without the inclusion of tobacco has long been identified as a major risk factor for oral cancer in the older Asian populations.[27,28] It has been observed that addition of tobacco to the quid increases the risk significantly and with the ease of availability of commercially available tobacco products to the young Indian population, the incidence of oral cancer is on the rise. It is also reported that oral cancer is increasing in India due to young people chewing commercially available tobacco products, which is responsible for the carcinogenicity of the betel-quid.[29] Among the 47 chewers below 45 years of age, 31 (65.95%) patients were found to chew tobacco while 12 (25.53%) and 4 (8.51%) patients chewed pan and betel nut respectively. On the contrary, among the 322 patients over the age of 45 years, 166 (51.55%) patients were found to be chewers. Of the chewers, 105 (63.25%), 29 (17.46%), 32 (19.27%) chewed tobacco, pan and betel nut respectively. These statistics indicate the increase in the use of tobacco chewing in young adults as compared to old adults. In addition, increased consumption of pan and decreased consumption of betel nut was observed in young adults when compared to old patients. Six of the 86 young patients had a history of alcohol consumption-5 males and one female. Among older patients, i.e., 26 patients – 25 males and one female were found to consume alcohol. The significant gender differences in the pattern of alcohol consumption have been also discussed in previous studies.[25] Alcohol consumption is considered as a cancer promoter and has a markedly synergistic effect with smoking.[9] Several mechanisms have been suggested for alcohol as etiology for OSCC.[14,26] The combined effect of chewing and smoking is known to be greater in increasing the risk of cancer than that with chewing or smoking alone.[8] On the contrary, we observed 26 cases (30.23%) had no reported history of chewing, smoking or alcohol consumption. Of these, 16 cases were male (30.19%) and 10 were female (30.3%). Despite the evidence that many younger patients have never smoked or consumed alcohol or that the duration of exposure may be too short for malignant transformation to occur, there is no consensus as to whether oral cancer in the young is a distinct entity from that of older individuals and/or whether the causative factors and clinical course are the same as for older patients.[14,30]
Analysis based on tumor localization revealed tongue (29%) as the most common site of involvement among young patients. Our results are consistent with previous reports of rising incidence of oral cancer in younger patients, particularly on the tongue.[8] Buccal mucosa (27.91%) was the next common site of involvement followed by the alveolar ridge (13.95%). Our findings corroborate with data obtained in other studies involving younger patients of OSCC.[6,8,9,26,31] In India, 50% of oral cancers have been reported in the buccal mucosal region, whereas in several western countries the same was reported to be as only 5% without age differentials.[32] The use of betel quid in India has been associated with the high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. This may be due to the fact that the quid is generally placed in the cheek pouch and is in direct contact with the buccal mucosa. However, the length of time of contact with the tar and nicotine products in the tobacco smoke and tobacco quid serves as the crucial factor in causation of cancer at particular anatomic site. Further studies are imperative to elucidate the mechanisms of the development of carcinoma of the tongue as it appears to the common cause of cancer among younger individuals with or without known risk factors such as tobacco habits.
Most patients in our study were diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease with 39.52% of the total patients diagnosed with Stage III and 7.1% of the patients diagnosed with Stage IV. Our results corroborate with the findings reported in other studies.[9,33] Among the patients of ≤45 years, 31.40% were diagnosed with Stage III, and 5.82% were diagnosed with Stage IV. Different groups have reported varied results in this regard.[9,31,33] These results suggest a patient delay in doctor consultation. Previous studies have documented such delays and linked it to advanced stages of oral cancer.[34,35] The TNM staging could be performed for only half of the samples as several samples in our study had missing annotation for information such as tumor status, nodal status, metastasis and familial history. Nonavailability of data can partly be attributed to noncooperation from the patients, missing data from case history. Careful, controlled documentation of the patient history is essential for research. Establishment of a biobanking facility along with systematic electronic tabulation of metadata associated with samples could help mitigate these problems.
Rising number of OSCC in younger group reflects the need for revision of conventional preventive programs for oral cancer. In our study, the characteristics of OSCC in young patients did not differ from the OSCC seen in the overall population. Common risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption were observed in most of the patients. The absence of traditional factors in a small proportion of younger patients needs to be further evaluated using a larger cohort. Other risk factors including influence of environmental carcinogens, stress and viral infections also need to be evaluated. Previous studies have reported human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a significant risk factor in the development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, especially in patients who do not smoke or drink.[36] However, assays to assess HPV infection are not performed routinely in several hospitals in India. In the current study, no information on HPV status was available from archives. In addition, familial history of cancer has previously been studied as a possible risk factor for oral cancer. The onset of cancer of early age has been suggested as an indicator of hereditary cancer and also found the higher familial risks for the same site of cancer in first-degree relative if the index cancer was diagnosed in younger age.[37] We found that there was no evidence of the familial history of cancer in our retrospective study.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that a significant proportion of all OSCC cases are observed in patients of 45 years or younger. The study indicated an increase in tobacco and pan chewing in young adults when compared to older individuals in South India. We observed that majority of the cases in our study were in the advanced stages of the disease which suggests late clinical presentation and therefore a delay in the diagnosis of OSCC in the studied population, irrespective of the age. This necessitates the identification of potential biomarkers using high-throughput omics technologies and their application for large-scale screening in a cohort of multiple geographical locations. This study also exposes the limitations of immunohistochemical archives at Pathology departments including the lack of uniformly annotated information, missing TNM staging and grading information. Clinical staging of tumor cases could not be carried out for a large number of cases due to missing information. This emphasizes the need for a mechanism for methodical tabulation of patient metadata including electronic. Further, HPV status in OSCC samples could not be assessed as these are not routinely performed in hospitals. HPV assays should be established in all hospitals as part of a national program. Further, public awareness regarding the signs, symptoms and risk factors among the younger group patients, along with lack of knowledge for early detection by some health-care providers are believed to be responsible for this diagnostic delay and treatment initiation. Screening programs tailor-made for individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer including tobacco users are required for early and accurate diagnosis. In addition, the study also warrants awareness programs in the community regarding the risk habits and its detrimental effects.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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