Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon (asteroid bodies) is characterized by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and parasites) or biologically inert substances surrounded by radiating intensely eosinophilic material. This morphologically unique reaction was first described in sporotrichosis by Splendore and in schistosomiasis by Hoeppli.[1] The eosinophilic material seen in Splendore–Hoeppli reaction has been described to be due to deposition of antigen–antibody complexes and debris from the host inflammatory cells.[2,3] Microscopically, Splendore–Hoeppli reaction appears as strongly eosinophilic amorphous material with radiating star-like or club-shaped-like configurations [Figure 1] surrounding or adjacent to the causative agent.[3,4]
Figure 1.
Histological features of Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon appearing as strongly eosinophilic amorphous material with star-like (asteroid) configuration
It is often accompanied by inflammatory reaction rich in eosinophils, histiocytes, epithelioid cells and giant cells [Figure 2]. Occasionally, this reaction is seen in the midst of wide areas of degeneration and necrosis. In fungal infections, the reaction is demonstrated as eosinophilic cuff surrounding the hyphae [Figure 3] with a radius of up to 20 mm.[5] Sometimes, it is even seen without any association to identifiable causative agent. In such cases, the reaction illustrates as granulomas with a necrotic eosinophilic center surrounded by a ring of epithelioid cells and giant cells.[3,6]
Figure 2.
Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon amid granulomatous reaction composed of histiocytes and inflammatory cells and occasional giant cells
Figure 3.
Hand-drawn illustration of the mechanism of Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon representing fungal hyphae surrounded deposition of antigen–antibody complexes, glycoprotein and debris from host inflammatory cells
The fungal infections which often demonstrate this phenomenon include sporotrichosis, pityrosporum folliculitis, zygomycosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis and blastomycosis. It is also seen in bacterial infections such as botryomycosis, nocardiosis and actinomycosis, and parasitic conditions include orbital pythiosis, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis and cutaneous larva migrans. In addition, noninfective pathologies such as hypereosinophilic syndrome and allergic conjunctival granulomas have been shown to demonstrate this phenomenon occasionally.
The exact nature of the Splendore–Hoeppli reaction is not completely known. However, it has been thought to represent deposition of antigen–antibody complexes and debris from host inflammatory cells.[3] Alternatively, they may represent glycoproteins, lipid and calcium derived from host leukocytes.[7] Further studies exploring the mechanism of this phenomenon are needed for the detailed portrayal of this reaction.
Differential diagnosis includes flame figures in Well's syndrome, actinomycotic sulfur granules, asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis, tophaceous lesions of gout, perivascular fibrin deposition and keratin granuloma.[3] Flame figures are degranulated eosinophils that form aggregates of granular material which are surrounded by collagen and can also be seen in insect bites and drug eruption.[7,8] The central branching filaments or diphtheroid forms are not visible in Splendore–Hoeppli reaction and hence this absence assist to make a distinction from true actinomycotic sulfur granules.[3] Asteroid bodies are eosinophilic stellate inclusions which are usually seen within the giant cells present in sarcoid granulomas and rarely in other granulomas.[3] Gout granules appear as deposits of amorphous material of varied sizes with parallel clefts and often these crystals have a brownish hue and are double refractile in polarized light.[3]
Prompt identification of this reaction can play a significant role in understanding the underlying pathology when the histological presentation is not classic and overlapping conditions can otherwise hinder the diagnosis.
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REFERENCES
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