Erratum to: “Modelling the Interplay Between Psychological Processes and Adverse, Stressful Contexts and Experiences in Pathways to Psychosis: An Experience Sampling Study” by Annelie Klippel et al. Schizophr Bull. 2017 Mar 1;43(2):302–315; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw185.
The footnote of Table 2 reporting differences of indirect effects across the three groups were included in the proof editing process at the bottom of Table 3 and, vice versa, the footnote Table 3 included at the bottom of Table 2. The footnotes are shown at the bottom of the correct table below in bold. In addition, in Table 3 (Path: event-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences) a confidence interval (0.033-0.014) was wrongly reported – this should have read (0.003 – 0.014). This change is presented in bold in Table 3. On page 308 of the paper, we state: “Further, there was evidence in FEP individuals and controls that some of the effects of activity-related and social stress were mediated via threat anticipation followed by negative affect and, then, PE.” Instead the sentence should read as follows: “Further, there was evidence in FEP individuals and controls that some of the effects of activity-related and social stress were mediated via negative affect followed by threat anticipation and, then, PE.”
Table 2.
Total, direct, and conditional indirect effects of best fitting (simple) multilevel moderated mediation models of stress, negative affect, threat anticipation, aberrant salience, and psychotic experiencesa
| FEP | ARMS | Controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | |
| Pathways via affective disturbance Event-related stress, negative affect, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Event-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.007 (-0.018 – 0.033) | 0.558 | -0.002 (-0.037 – 0.032) | 0.900 | 0.002 (-0.013 – 0.018) | 0.789 |
| Indirect effectb (Event-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences) | 0.035 (0.011 – 0.065) | 0.011 | 0.053 (0.035 – 0.074) | <0.001 | 0.026 (0.015 – 0.039) | <0.001 |
| Total effect | 0.042 (0.002 – 0.083) | 0.040 | 0.050 (0.016 – 0.085) | 0.005 | 0.028 (0.005 – 0.050) | 0.016 |
| Activity-related stress, negative affect, and psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Activity-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.053 (0.027 – 0.079) | <0.001 | 0.061 (0.028 – 0.093) | <0.001 | 0.015 (-0.008 – 0.037) | 0.198 |
| Indirect effectb (Activity-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences) | 0.085 (0.055 – 0.122) | <0.001 | 0.100 (0.066 – 0.138) | <0.001 | 0.055 (0.037 – 0.077) | <0.001 |
| Total effect | 0.138 (0.097 – 0.180) | <0.001 | 0.161 (0.116 – 0.206) | <0.001 | 0.070 (0.034 – 0.106) | <0.001 |
| Social stress, negative affect, and psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Social stress → psychotic experiences) | -0.017 (-0.046 – 0.013) | 0.262 | 0.024 (0.001 – 0.046) | 0.039 | 0.012 (-0.005 – 0.029) | 0.155 |
| Indirect effectb (Social stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences) | 0.052 (0.029 – 0.079) | <0.001 | 0.070 (0.044 – 0.100) | <0.001 | 0.048 (0.031 – 0.068) | <0.001 |
| Total effect | 0.035 (-0.009 – 0.078) | 0.115 | 0.094 (0.060 – 0.127) | <0.001 | 0.060 (0.030 – 0.089) | <0.001 |
| Pathways via aberrant salience Event-related stress, aberrant salience, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Event-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.058 (0.020 – 0.095) | 0.003 | 0.055 (0.023 – 0.087) | <0.001 | 0.030 (0.007 – 0.053) | 0.010 |
| Indirect effectb (Event-related stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences) | -0.015 (-0.027 – -0.004) | 0.011 | -0.005 (-0.017 – 0.004) | 0.363 | -0.002 (-0.006 – 0.002) | 0.363 |
| Total effect | 0.043 (0.002 – 0.083) | 0.038 | 0.050 (0.015 – 0.085) | 0.005 | 0.028 (0.005 – 0.050) | 0.015 |
| Activity-related stress, aberrant salience, psychotic experiences‡ | ─ | ─ | ─ | |||
| Social stress, aberrant salience, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Social stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.038 (-0.004 – 0.080) | 0.075 | 0.094 (0.064 – 0.124) | <0.001 | 0.061 (0.033 – 0.088) | <0.001 |
| Indirect effectb (Social stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences) | -0.003 (-0.015 – 0.008) | 0.541 | -0.001 (-0.011 – 0.013) | 0.891 | -0.001 (-0.005 – 0.006) | 0.793 |
| Total effect | 0.035 (-0.009 – 0.078) | 0.115 | 0.094 (0.060 – 0.127) | <0.001 | 0.060 (0.030 – 0.089) | <0.001 |
| Negative affect, aberrant salience, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Negative affect → psychotic experiences) | ||||||
| Indirect effectb (Negative affect→ aberrant salience → psychotic experiences) | 0.026 (-0.001 – 0.046) | 0.095 | 0.017 (-0.012 – 0.049) | 0.443 | 0.017 (-0.004 – 0.030) | 0.220 |
| Total effect | 0.187 (0.114 – 0.346) | <0.001 | 0.237 (0.128 – 0.346) | <0.001 | 0.173 (0.096 – 0.251) | <0.001 |
| Threat anticipation, aberrant salience, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.144 (0.092 – 0.196) | <0.001 | 0.117 (0.073 – 0.161) | <0.001 | 0.091 (0.058 – 0.124) | <0.001 |
| Indirect effectb (Threat anticipation → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences) | 0.004 (-0.008 – 0.022) | 0.563 | 0.002 (-0.009 – 0.017) | 0.813 | 0.008 (0.000 – 0.021) | 0.124 |
| Total effect | 0.148 (0.089 – 0.208) | <0.001 | 0.119 (0.070 – 0.167) | <0.001 | 0.099 (0.062 – 0.137) | <0.001 |
| Pathways via threat anticipation Event-related stress, threat anticipation, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Event-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.029 (-0.005 – 0.064) | 0.093 | 0.034 (0.002 – 0.066) | 0.036 | 0.020 (0.000 – 0.039) | 0.047 |
| Indirect effectb (Event-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.013 (0.003 – 0.027) | 0.034 | 0.016 (0.007 – 0.027) | 0.003 | 0.008 (0.003 – 0.015) | 0.008 |
| Total effect | 0.042 (0.002 – 0.083) | 0.038 | 0.050 (0.015 – 0.084) | 0.005 | 0.028 (0.005 – 0.050) | 0.015 |
| Activity-related stress, threat anticipation, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Activity-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.113 (0.078 – 0.148) | <0.001 | 0.136 (0.098 – 0.175) | <0.001 | 0.055 (0.025 – 0.085) | <0.001 |
| Indirect effectb (Activity-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.025 (0.011 – 0.043) | 0.003 | 0.024 (0.011 – 0.039) | <0.001 | 0.015 (0.007 – 0.024) | <0.001 |
| Total effect | 0.138 (0.078 – 0.148) | <0.001 | 0.160 (0.098 – 0.175) | <0.001 | 0.070 (0.025 – 0.085) | <0.001 |
| Social stress, threat anticipation, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Social stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.020 (-0.019 – 0.059) | 0.320 | 0.075 (0.045 – 0.104) | <0.001 | 0.050 (0.026 – 0.075) | <0.001 |
| Indirect effectb (Social stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.015 (0.003 – 0.031) | 0.043 | 0.018 (0.008 – 0.031) | 0.001 | 0.009 (0.003 – 0.017) | 0.008 |
| Total effect | 0.034 (-0.009 – 0.078) | 0.118 | 0.093 (0.059 – 0.127) | <0.001 | 0.059 (0.030 – 0.089) | <0.001 |
| Negative affect, threat anticipation, psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Direct effect (Negative affect → psychotic experiences) | 0.315 (0.239 – 0.391) | 0.000 | 0.324 (0.235 – 0.412) | 0.000 | 0.252 (0.188 – 0.316) | 0.000 |
| Indirect effectb (Negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.030 (0.014 – 0.053) | 0.002 | 0.015 (-0.001 – 0.033) | 0.072 | 0.019 (0.009 – 0.031) | 0.001 |
| Total effect | 0.345 (0.257 – 0.433) | 0.000 | 0.339 (0.250 – 0.428) | 0.000 | 0.271 (0.199 – 0.343) | 0.000 |
Note: FEP, First-Episode Psychosis; ARMS, At-Risk Mental State for psychosis; vs., versus; CI, confidence interval;
aAdjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, employment status.
bDifference in indirect effects across groups (Δ indirect effects)
‡Model estimation did not terminate normally
Table 3.
Total, direct, and conditional indirect effects of multiple multilevel moderated mediation models of stress on psychotic experiences via negative affect, threat anticipation and aberrant saliencea
| FEP | ARMS | Controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | |
| Event-related stress | ||||||
| Direct effect (Event-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.015 (-0.008 – 0.038) | 0.192 | -0.005 (-0.030 – 0.021) | 0.731 | 0.000 (-0.013 – 0.013) | 0.965 |
| Total indirect effect (Event-related stress) | 0.005 (-0.010 – 0.021) | 0.574 | 0.012 (-0.005 – 0.027) | 0.124 | 0.008 (0.001 – 0.016) | 0.030 |
| Specific indirect effectsb | ||||||
| Event-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.012 (0.001 – 0.025) | 0.049 | 0.017 (0.007 – 0.027) | 0.001 | 0.008 (0.003 – 0.014) | 0.002 |
| Event-related stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences | -0.012 (-0.023 – -0.004) | 0.009 | -0.006 (-0.017 – 0.002) | 0.207 | -0.002 (-0.006 – 0.001) | 0.278 |
| Event-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.005 (-0.000 – 0.010) | 0.072 | 0.001 (-0.001– 0.004) | 0.236 | 0.002 (-0.000 – 0.003) | 0.073 |
| Event-related stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.092 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.222 | 0.000 (0.000 – 0.000) | 0.036 |
| Total effect (Event-related stress) | 0.020 (-0.010 – 0.050) | 0.194 | 0.008 (-0.021 – 0.037) | 0.602 | 0.008 (-0.007 – 0.023) | 0.312 |
| Activity-related stress | ||||||
| Direct effect (Activity-related stress → psychotic experiences) | 0.051 (0.021 – 0.081) | 0.001 | 0.034 (0.007 – 0.060) | 0.014 | 0.004 (-0.015 – 0.022) | 0.708 |
| Total indirect effect (Activity-related stress) | 0.058 (0.037 – 0.081) | 0.000 | 0.061 (0.040 – 0.084) | 0.000 | 0.034 (0.022 – 0.048) | 0.000 |
| Specific indirect effectsb | ||||||
| Activity-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.046 (0.030 – 0.064) | <0.001 | 0.047 (0.033 – 0.062) | <0.001 | 0.029 (0.020 – 0.039) | <0.001 |
| Activity-related stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences | -0.001 (-0.010 – 0.010) | 0.896 | 0.009 (-0.004 – 0.025) | 0.219 | 0.000 (-0.004 – 0.005) | 0.949 |
| Activity-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.011 (0.005 – 0.017) | <0.001 | 0.004 (-0.002 – 0.010) | 0.191 | 0.005 (0.002 – 0.008) | 0.004 |
| Activity-related stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.002 (0.001 – 0.003) | 0.003 | 0.001 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.201 | 0.001 (0.000 – 0.001) | 0.007 |
| Total effect (Activity-related stress) | 0.109 (0.075 – 0.142) | 0.000 | 0.094 (0.061 – 0.128) | 0.000 | 0.038 (0.012 – 0.063) | 0.003 |
| Social stress | ||||||
| Direct effect (Social stress → psychotic experiences) | -0.029 (-0.058 – -0.001) | 0.044 | 0.001 (-0.021 – 0.022) | 0.962 | -0.001 (-0.014 – 0.012) | 0.844 |
| Total indirect effect (Social stress) | 0.018 (0.004 – 0.031) | 0.010 | 0.013 (-0.004 – 0.031) | 0.136 | 0.019 (0.009 – 0.030) | 0.000 |
| Specific indirect effectsb | ||||||
| Social stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.017 (0.008 – 0.028) | 0.001 | 0.018 (0.006 – 0.032) | 0.006 | 0.021 (0.013 – 0.031) | <0.001 |
| Social stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences | -0.003 (-0.014 – 0.005) | 0.466 | -0.006 (-0.016 – 0.004) | 0.239 | -0.004 (-0.009 – 0.001) | 0.129 |
| Social stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.003 (-0.002 – 0.008) | 0.220 | 0.001 (-0.000 – 0.004) | 0.285 | 0.001 (-0.000 – 0.002) | 0.326 |
| Social stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.001 (0.000 – 0.001) | 0.009 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.201 | 0.000 (0.000 – 0.001) | 0.013 |
| Total effect (Social stress) | -0.012 (-0.044 – 0.021) | 0.481 | 0.014 (-0.013 – 0.041) | 0.318 | 0.018 (0.003 – 0.032) | 0.017 |
| Negative affect | ||||||
| Direct effect | 0.255 (0.197 – 0.314) | 0.000 | 0.260 (0.192 – 0.327) | 0.000 | 0.220 (0.173 – 0.267) | 0.000 |
| Total indirect effect | ||||||
| Negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.009 (0.004 – 0.015) | 0.002 | 0.003 (−0.001 – 0.007) | 0.188 | 0.004 (0.002 – 0.007) | 0.002 |
| Total effect (Negative affect) | 0.264 (0.203 – 0.325) | 0.000 | 0.263 (0.196 – 0.329) | 0.000 | 0.224 (0.176 – 0.271) | 0.000 |
| Threat anticipation | ||||||
| Direct effect (Threat anticipation → psychotic experiences) | 0.075 (0.044 – 0.106) | 0.000 | 0.019 (-0.009 – 0.046) | 0.184 | 0.033 (0.014 – 0.052) | 0.001 |
| Aberrant salience | ||||||
| Direct effect (Aberrant salience → psychotic experiences) | 0.156 (0.105 – 0.207) | 0.000 | 0.210 (0.142 – 0.278) | 0.000 | 0.134 (0.086 – 0.183) | 0.000 |
Note: Overview of total, direct, and indirect effects of significant paths from simple moderated multilevel mediation models (see table 2). FEP, First-Episode Psychosis; ARMS, At-Risk Mental State for psychosis; vs., versus; CI, confidence interval; correlated mediators, r (negative affect, aberrant salience) =-0.02, P=0.667, r (aberrant salience, threat anticipation) =0.34, P=0.001.
aAdjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, employment status, area-related stress and outsider statusb Difference in specific indirect effects across groups (Δ indirect effects):
| ARMS vs. controls | FEP vs. controls | FEP vs. ARMS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | |
| Δ Indirect effects | ||||||
| Event-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.027 (0.004 – 0.050) | 0.023 | 0.009 (-0.017 – 0.041) | 0.536 | -0.018 (-0.049 – 0.018) | 0.295 |
| Activity-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.045 (0.005 – 0.086) | 0.030 | 0.030 (-0.007 – 0.070) | 0.125 | -0.015 (-0.063 – 0.033) | 0.544 |
| Social stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.022 (-0.011 – 0.057) | 0.195 | 0.004 (-0.026 – 0.036) | 0.801 | -0.018 (-0.056 – 0.019) | 0.335 |
| Event-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.007 (-0.011 – 0.018) | 0.212 | 0.005 (-0.008 – 0.028) | 0.468 | -0.002 (-0.025 – 0.006) | 0.757 |
| Activity-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.010 (-0.010 – 0.047) | 0.250 | 0.010 (-0.007 – 0.030) | 0.277 | 0.001 (-0.020 – 0.023) | 0.961 |
| Social stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.009 (-0.003 – 0.023 | 0.160 | 0.006 (-0.009 – 0.023) | 0.482 | -0.004 (-0.020 – 0.014) | 0.688 |
| Negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | -0.004 (-0.024 – 0.017) | 0.721 | 0.011 (-0.009 – 0.036) | 0.307 | 0.015 (-0.009 – 0.036) | 0.240 |
| ARMS vs. controls | FEP vs. controls | FEP vs. ARMS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | adj. B (95% CI) | P | |
| Δ Indirect effects | ||||||
| Event-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.009 (-0.003 – 0.020) | 0.129 | 0.004 (-0.009 – 0.018) | 0.582 | -0.005 (-0.020 – 0.012) | 0.520 |
| Event-related stress → aberrant salience → psychotic experiences | -0.004 (-0.020 – 0.008) | 0.404 | -0.011 (-0.021 – -0.001) | 0.037 | -0.006 (-0.021 – -0.001) | 0.370 |
| Event-related stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.000) | 0.824 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.301 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.431 |
| Activity-related stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | 0.018 (0.001 – 0.036) | 0.039 | 0.017 (-0.001 – 0.037) | 0.072 | -0.001 (-0.022 – 0.021) | 0.928 |
| Activity-related stress → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | -0.001 (-0.008 – 0.006) | 0.848 | 0.006 (-0.001 – 0.013) | 0.084 | 0.007 (-0.002 – 0.015) | 0.126 |
| Activity-related stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.000 (-0.001 – 0.001) | 0.994 | 0.001 (0.000 – 0.002) | 0.062 | 0.001 (-0.000 – 0.003) | 0.109 |
| Social stress → negative affect → psychotic experiences | -0.004 (-0.018 – 0.012) | 0.642 | -0.004 (-0.017 – 0.009) | 0.534 | -0.001 (-0.017 – 0.015) | 0.950 |
| Social stress → negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | 0.000 (-0.001 – 0.000) | 0.379 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.446 | 0.000 (-0.000 – 0.001) | 0.141 |
| Negative affect → threat anticipation → psychotic experiences | -0.001 (-0.006 – 0.004) | 0.659 | 0.005 (-0.001 – 0.011) | 0.115 | 0.006 (-0.000 – 0.014) | 0.090 |
The publisher regrets that the following errors occurred, yet the main findings of the study remain the same.