Figure 1.

EV-D68 and CVB3 harness autophagic membranes for RNA replication complexes and require its acidified chambers, called amphisomes, for viral maturation. During early infection, EV-D68 requires the SNARE proteins SNAP29 and SNAP47 for viral replication. Both EV-D68 and CVB3 disrupt autophagosome-lysosome fusion by cleaving SNAP29 through the activity of viral protease 3C. Additionally, CVB3 cleaves the tethering adaptor protein PLEKHM1. Virus-associated amphisomes or autophagosomes are redirected to the cell periphery to mediate non-lytic release.