Table 3.
Univariable Cox Models of Acquired Infection.
| Acquired infection
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio1 (95% CI) | p-value | % Missing2 | |
| Prior patient-related thrombotic event | 1.45 (0.66, 3.18) | 0.354 | 0% |
| Circuit clot or change-out | 0.99 (0.43, 2.30) | 0.985 | 0% |
| Central cannulation | 1.62 (0.92, 2.86) | 0.095 | 0% |
| Number of ECMO cannulation procedures | 2.17 (1.23, 3.80) | 0.007 | 0% |
| Platelets (103/microliter) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.214 | 0% |
| Prothrombin time (seconds) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.544 | 10% |
| Partial thromboplastin time (seconds) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.115 | 8% |
| International normalized ratio | 0.92 (0.48, 1.74) | 0.788 | 10% |
| Fibrinogen (10 mg/dL) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.018 | 2% |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 0.383 | 4% |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.161 | 21% |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/L) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.344 | 85% |
| Leukocytes (103/microliter) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.014 | 0% |
| Clinical site | 0.294 | 0% | |
| A | 1.86 (0.91, 3.80) | ||
| B | Reference | ||
| C | 1.47 (0.53, 4.08) | ||
| D | 0.60 (0.22, 1.65) | ||
| E | 1.26 (0.51, 3.07) | ||
| F | 0.54 (0.16, 1.89) | ||
| G | 1.39 (0.46, 4.18) | ||
| H | 1.49 (0.73, 3.02) | ||
| Age | 0.002 | 0% | |
| Pre-term neonate | 0.49 (0.15, 1.64) | ||
| Full-term neonate | Reference | ||
| Infant | 2.90 (1.58, 5.33) | ||
| Child | 2.14 (1.09, 4.22) | ||
| Adolescent | 1.83 (0.85, 3.93) | ||
| Sex | 0.210 | 0% | |
| Male | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.35 (0.84, 2.16) | ||
| Race | 0.202 | 34% | |
| Black or African American | 0.57 (0.27, 1.23) | ||
| White | Reference | ||
| Other | 0.41 (0.10, 1.71) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.952 | 0% | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1.04 (0.55, 1.98) | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | Reference | ||
| Unknown or Not Reported | 1.10 (0.61, 1.98) | ||
| Immunocompromised | 1.44 (0.69, 3.02) | 0.330 | 0% |
| Acute diagnoses | |||
| Airway abnormality | 1.11 (0.27, 4.54) | 0.884 | 0% |
| Cardiac Arrest | 2.35 (1.11, 4.95) | 0.025 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular disease (acquired) | 1.38 (0.70, 2.70) | 0.352 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular disease (arrhythmia) | 0.60 (0.08, 4.37) | 0.618 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular disease (congenital) | 1.39 (0.82, 2.37) | 0.221 | 0% |
| Hypoxic/anoxic injury | 0.57 (0.08, 4.09) | 0.572 | 0% |
| Gastrointestinal disorder | 1.89 (0.76, 4.70) | 0.171 | 0% |
| Pertussis or Sepsis | 1.41 (0.80, 2.46) | 0.233 | 0% |
| Pneumonia or bronchiolitis | 2.15 (1.06, 4.34) | 0.033 | 0% |
| Shock (non-septic) | - | 0.985 | 0% |
| Respiratory distress/failure | 1.66 (1.04, 2.67) | 0.035 | 0% |
| Neurologic condition | 1.10 (0.27, 4.51) | 0.892 | 0% |
| Meconium aspiration syndrome | 0.24 (0.06, 0.98) | 0.047 | 0% |
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 0.32 (0.14, 0.75) | 0.009 | 0% |
| Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn | 0.42 (0.19, 0.92) | 0.029 | 0% |
| Chronic diagnoses | |||
| Chronic lung disease | 2.03 (0.88, 4.71) | 0.098 | 0% |
| Congenital anomaly or chromosomal defect | 0.42 (0.22, 0.78) | 0.006 | 0% |
| Neurologic condition | 0.64 (0.20, 2.03) | 0.444 | 0% |
| Cardiovascular disease (congenital) | 0.84 (0.43, 1.65) | 0.620 | 0% |
| Infection prior to ECMO | 0.053 | 0% | |
| None | Reference | ||
| Suspected | 0.80 (0.45, 1.42) | ||
| Documented | 1.71 (0.97, 3.03) | ||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass in the 24 hours prior to ECMO initiation | 1.42 (0.80, 2.53) | 0.234 | 0% |
| Baseline Vasoactive Inotropic Score3 | 0.514 | 0% | |
| None | Reference | ||
| Low | 0.78 (0.44, 1.37) | ||
| High | 0.72 (0.40, 1.30) | ||
| Primary ECMO indication | 0.037 | 0% | |
| Respiratory | Reference | ||
| Cardiac | 1.76 (1.02, 3.03) | ||
| ECPR | 2.21 (1.08, 4.51) | ||
| Location of ECMO care | <0.001 | 0% | |
| PICU | 4.22 (2.19, 8.15) | ||
| NICU | Reference | ||
| CICU | 2.98 (1.52, 5.83) | ||
| Mode of ECMO | 0.051 | 0% | |
| VA | Reference | ||
| VV | 1.68 (1.00, 2.84) | ||
| Configuration of circuit bridge | 0.991 | 0% | |
| In-line with stopcocks | Reference | ||
| In-line, but clamped | 1.00 (0.58, 1.72) | ||
| Not in-line | 1.04 (0.53, 2.04) | ||
| Method for priming the circuit | 0.615 | 0% | |
| Non-blood (clear) | 1.27 (0.50, 3.18) | ||
| Blood product | Reference | ||
| Average daily red cell transfusion volume (10 mL/kg) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.945 | 0% |
ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECPR: extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; CICU: cardiac intensive care unit; VA: venoarterial; VV: venovenous.
1
Results are based on univariable model(s).
2
The percentage of missing values is calculated out of the records with a non-missing value for timing and event type variables associated with the particular outcome.
3
None is Vasoactive Inotropic Score (VIS) =0, low is VIS >0 and <20 and high is VIS 20.