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. 2018 Aug 18;4(8):e00743. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00743

Fabrication of ordered honeycomb porous poly(vinyl chloride) thin film doped with a Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride

Hassan Hashim a, Gamal A El-Hiti b,∗, Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi c, Dina S Ahmed d, Emad Yousif d,∗
PMCID: PMC6104342  PMID: 30140773

Abstract

A modified poly(vinyl chloride) honeycomb thin film containing a low concentration of a thiadiazole Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride was successfully fabricated using the casting process. The surface morphology of the synthesized thin film was investigated using the scanning electronic microscopy. The synthesized poly(vinyl chloride) thin film was found to have a homogeneous surface morphology with a high crystalline nature. The addition of nickel(II) chloride was discovered to be vital for the formation of the honeycomb like structure.

Keyword: Materials chemistry

1. Introduction

Physical and chemical properties of polymeric materials determine their utilization [1]. For commercial uses, the polymeric materials should have good physical and mechanical properties, low cost production, high stability and low specific gravity [2, 3]. The surface morphology of polymeric materials can be controlled by various parameters such as temperature [4], concentration [5], film thickness and structure [6] and dopant concentration. Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, has various commercial and industrial applications [7]. However, despite its advantages, it bears poor thermal stability and a low impact strength [8, 9]. Therefore, attention has been paid to modify the physical and chemical properties of PVC for long term use [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The most common routes for the modification process involves chemical (grafting copolymerization) and physical (blending) modifications [20, 21].

Nanometer and micrometer highly ordered polymeric films can be used in cell culture, batteries and optical devices [22, 23]. Porous films with highly order structures have various applications and can be used in patterned templates [24] photonic crystals [25] sensors [26], optical technology [27], catalysis [28] and membrane separation [29]. Honeycomb structures have unique characteristics such as high stability, low density, excellent mechanical properties and large surface area [30, 31]. Several approaches have been reported for the fabrication of honeycomb materials in which particles sizes were controlled, but some of these processes require expensive multiple steps [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. Some development in the preparation of honeycomb patterned film has been made using the star-shaped or branched polymers. However, their molecular weight and branching degree were generally low [40]. Due to the highly remarkable lightweight of honeycomb materials, we became interested in their production. The current work deals with the fabrication of highly ordered honeycomb PVC thin film doped with a Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride using the casting method. The structure of PVC thin film produced was characterized by the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

2. Experimental

Schiff base (Fig. 1) was synthesized, as a white solid in 83% yield, as previously reported from the reaction of an equimolar mixture of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol and 2-carboxybenzaldehyde in refluxing ethanol for 2.5 h in the presence of acetic acid as a catalyst [41]. The structure of the Schiff base was confirmed and its spectroscopic data were consistent with those reported [42]. The synthesized thin films were structurally characterized by the SEM using Inspect S50 microscope (FEI Company, Czechia, Czech Republic) at an accelerating voltage of 15 Kv. The EDX measurements wear carried out on Bruker XFlash® 6 10 (Bruker, Tokyo, Japan).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Structural formula of the Schiff base used.

Ethanol was added in a dropwise manner the commercial PVC solution in tetrahydrofuran and the solid formed was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h. A mixture of PVC (1.0 g) and Schiff base (0.265 g) in tetrahydrofuran (THF; 150 mL) was refluxed for 3 h. A solution of nickel chloride tetrahydrate (NiCl2.4H2O; 0.3 g) in THF (5 mL) was added and the whole mixture was refluxed for 3 h. A glass plate that contains 15 holes (4 × 4 cm2) was washed with THF several times and dried at room temperature. The PVC solution was casted onto the clean glass plate and dried at room temperature for 24 h. The samples were dried further under reduced pressure at 25 °C for 3 h to ensure the removal of any residual solvent left. The films were removed from the glass plate and their thickness (ca. 40 μm) was measured using a Digital Caliper DIN 862 micrometer (Vogel GmbH, Kevelaer, Germany). The micrometer has a reading error of ca. 0.01 mm. Aluminum plate stands with a thickness of 0.6 mm (Q-Panel Company, Homestead, FL, USA) were used for the fixation of the PVC films.

3. Results and discussion

The SEM is usually used to assist the compatibility level between polymeric film various components in which phase separations and interfaces could be detected. The compatibility level within the polymer matrix and dopants can influence the ionic conductivity, thermal and mechanical properties of the polymeric films [43]. Also, the SEM topography gives an indication for the size and shape of the particles. The surface morphology of PVC film containing Schiff base was inspected by the SEM at various magnification (Fig. 2). The SEM images of PVC film indicated a smooth surface that confirms satisfactory homogeneity and miscibility between the polymer matrix and Schiff base.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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The SEM images of PVC film containing Schiff base: (a) 50 μm; (b) 100 μm; (c) 200 μm; (d) 500 μm.

Nickel(II) chloride was added to the PVC containing Schiff base and the morphology of the produced film was inspected by the SEM. Fig. 3 indicated that the surface morphology of the PVC film has changed dramatically and turned to be rough with homogeneous composite matrix and phase separation. In addition, the images displayed the honeycomb-like shape morphology of the PVC film The rough surface could be due to the interaction or coordination between the PVC-Schiff base blend and Ni(II) ion as a result of cross–linking. The images indicated that the PVC blend was compatible with a uniform matrix [44]. Evidently, both Schiff base and NiCl2 were regularly distributed within the PVC chains (Fig. 3). A number of spherical pores were observed on the surface possibly as a result of the rapid evaporation of tetrahydrofuran used as a solvent in film preparation. The pore size was varying as a result of the difference in the driving force for the phase separation [45]. It is believed that the Ni–Schiff base complex involves coordination between Ni(II) atom and two molecules of the ligand. The Ni atom has a square planar arrangement and coordinates to the imine nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the ligand. Similar observations have been reported [46, 47].

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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The SEM images of PVC film containing Schiff base and Ni(II) chloride: (a) 50 μm; (b) 100 μm; (c) 200 μm; (d) 500 μm.

The morphology of the PVC sample doped with Ni2+ ions has changed to the hexagonal shape. The hexagonal shape and the Ni2+ ion could act as short-term stabilizers which can enhance the PVC stability significantly [48]. On the other hand, the OH moiety within the carboxyl group of the Schiff base could act as a long-term stabilizer. It can be concluded that, the SEM study reveals that the synthesized PVC film containing Schiff base and NiCl2 was highly porous in nature. Such porous structure could be attributed to the coordination and incorporation of the Ni ions on the surface and mostly within the polymer matrix. Generally, the porous nature of the film means a large surface area and a small crystalline size [49]. It has been reported that the structure of the honeycomb is highly dependent on various factors such as solvent type, polymer side-chain length and the polymer concentration [49]. The SEM topography has been used as a powerful tool to detect both the size and shape of particles [50, 51, 52, 53].

The EDX technique can be used along with the SEM to detect the structure of the polymeric materials. The EDX can detect the elemental composition of the synthesized PVC film [54]. Fig. 4 showed the EDX pattern for the synthesized the PVC film containing Schiff base in the absence of nickel(II) ions. Cleary, it indicated the presence of the elements for both PVC and Schiff base.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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EDX spectrum of PVC film containing Schiff base.

The EDX patterns for the PVC film containing both Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride is shown in Fig. 5. Evidently, the spectrum showed a very strong abundance for the chlorine which is a strong evidence that the NiCl2 are incorporated with the PVC matrix. It shows the presence of a new band that is corresponding to Ni. The assignments of the EDX peaks were in agreement with the literatures [55, 56, 57, 58].

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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EDX spectrum of PVC film containing Schiff base and Ni(II) chloride.

4. Conclusions

A highly ordered honeycomb PVC thin film doped with a low concentration of a Schiff base and nickel(II) chloride was synthesized by the casting method. The scanning electronic microscopy indicated that the synthesized PVC film has a honeycomb uniform surface morphology with different particle size. In addition, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed evidence for the incorporation of the nickel(II) chloride within the PVC matrix. It has been proven that the presence of nickel(II) chloride is the main reason for the fabrication of honeycomb PVC structure. The process proposed is increasing, simple and could have potential to be used to produce PVC honeycomb thin films in a commercial scale. However, a more detailed study is needed to understand better the role of nickel(II) chloride and any other Lewis acids on the fabrication of honeycomb PVC like structure.

Declarations

Author contribution statement

Hassan Hashim, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Emad Yousif: Conceived and designed the experiments; Wrote the paper.

Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi: Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.

Dina S. Ahmed: Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data.

Funding statement

This work was supported by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia (grant No. 20-0180) and Al-Nahrain University.

Competing interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

Contributor Information

Gamal A. El-Hiti, Email: gelhiti@ksu.edu.sa.

Emad Yousif, Email: emadayousif@gmail.com.

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