Effectiveness of acyclovir in the treatment of pityriasis rosea. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

There is a lack of evidence to support acyclovir administration in pityriasis rosea.

Objective

To determine the efficacy of acyclovir in patients with typical pityriasis rosea.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies was performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and others, from January 1990 to October 2016 on acyclovir for pityriasis rosea. Random effect model was used to find the pooled Risk Ratio. Outcomes, evaluated between weeks 1 to 8, were regression of lesions, cessation of lesions, decrease of symptoms and duration of disease. Comparisons were acyclovir vs. placebo; acyclovir vs. symptomatic treatment; acyclovir vs. antibiotic; acyclovir vs. observation and combined therapy (acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment) vs. symptomatic treatment alone.

Results

Seven papers were analyzed with 324 participants, of which 159 received acyclovir and 165 were controls. Acyclovir was superior to placebo for complete regression of lesions at week 1 (Risk Ratio 5.72, CI95% 2.36-13.88). However, combined therapy was not superior to symptomatic treatment at week 4 (Risk Ratio 1.46, CI95% 0.93-2.29). Individual studies showed the superiority of acyclovir for the control of symptoms and pruritus.

Study limitations

We faced differences designs of trials and inconsistency between reports.

Conclusion

Symptomatic treatment is a reasonable option for pityriasis rosea, and the addition of acyclovir is justified for the control of symptoms and pruritus.

INTRODUCTION

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute inflammatory skin disease that occurs worldwide, more often in children and young people.^1,2 Typically, an exanthema of smaller patches develops across the trunk, that usually lasts 8 weeks, with moderate to severe pruritus. ^3,4 The etiology is still unclear, but many features suggest a viral infectious cause: at least half of patients reports symptoms compatible with a viral upper respiratory infection, the early age of onset, the self-limited clinical course and the low rate of relapses.^{5, 6} Accordingly, several authors have found the presence of Human Herpes Virus type 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7) in patients with PR, however, the evidence is not enough to confirm a direct association.^4,7,8

Current treatments consist on topical and systemic therapy, mainly as symptomatic drugs, as PR is a self-limited disease.⁹ Yet, Drago et al,¹⁰ first described the efficacy of acyclovir for PR with promising results. Nowadays, there is still a lack of high quality evidence to support acyclovir administration in PR. Recommendations suggest its use in cases of extensive, relapsing, persistent disease or during pregnancy, mostly based on expert opinions.¹¹ We aimed to determine the efficacy of acyclovir in comparison to other interventions in patients with typical PR, both adults and children.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations and the PRISMA guidelines (Chart 1).^12-14 Protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42016049318).

Chart 1:

PRISMA checklist

Section/topic	#	Checklist item	Reported on page #
TITLE
Title	1	Identify the report as a systematic review, meta-analysis, or both	1
ABSTRACT
Structured summary	2	Provide a structured summary including, as applicable: background; objectives; data sources; study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions; study appraisal and synthesis methods; results; limitations; conclusions and implications of key findings; systematic review registration number	22
INTRODUCTION
Rationale	3	Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known	4
Objectives	4	Provide an explicit statement of questions being addressed with reference to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS)	4
METHODS
Protocol and registration	5	Indicate if a review protocol exists, if and where it can be accessed (e.g., Web address), and, if available, provide registration information including registration number	4
Eligibility criteria	6	Specify study characteristics (e.g., PICOS, length of follow-up) and report characteristics (e.g., years considered, language, publication status) used as criteria for eligibility, giving rationale	5
Information sources	7	Describe all information sources (e.g., databases with dates of coverage, contact with study authors to identify additional studies) in the search and date last searched	4
Search	8	Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated	4
Study selection	9	State the process for selecting studies (i.e., screening, eligibility, included in systematic review, and, if applicable, included in the meta-analysis)	5
Data collection process	10	Describe method of data extraction from reports (e.g., piloted forms, independently, in duplicate) and any processes for obtaining and confirming data from investigators	5
Data items	11	List and define all variables for which data were sought (e.g., PICOS, funding sources) and any assumptions and simplifications made	5
Risk of bias in individual studies	12	Describe methods used for assessing risk of bias of individual studies (including specifi­cation of whether this was done at the study or outcome level), and how this information is to be used in any data synthesis	6
Summary measures	13	State the principal summary measures (e.g., risk ratio, difference in means)	6
Synthesis of results	14	Describe the methods of handling data and combining results of studies, if done, includ­ing measures of consistency (e.g., I2) for each meta-analysis	6
Risk of bias across studies	15	Specify any assessment of risk of bias that may affect the cumulative evidence (e.g., publi­cation bias, selective reporting within studies)	6
Additional analyses	16	Describe methods of additional analyses (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, meta-re­gression), if done, indicating which were pre-specified	6
RESULTS
Study selection	17	Give numbers of studies screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for exclusions at each stage, ideally with a flow diagram	6
Study characteristics	18	For each study, present characteristics for which data were extracted (e.g., study size, PICOS, follow-up period) and provide the citations	6, Table1
Risk of bias within studies	19	Present data on risk of bias of each study and, if available, any outcome level assessment (see item 12)	Fig. 7
Results of individual studies	20	For all outcomes considered (benefits or harms), present, for each study: (a) simple summary data for each intervention group (b) effect estimates and confidence intervals, ideally with a forest plot	Table 1
Synthesis of results	21	Present results of each meta-analysis done, including confidence intervals and measures of consistency	7
Risk of bias across studies	22	Present results of any assessment of risk of bias across studies (see Item 15).	Fig. 7
Additional analysis	23	Give results of additional analyses, if done (e.g., sensitivity or subgroup analyses, me­ta-regression [see Item 16])	8
DISCUSSION
Summary of evidence	24	Summarize the main findings including the strength of evidence for each main outcome; consider their relevance to key groups (e.g., healthcare providers, users, and policy makers)	8, 9
Limitations	25	Discuss limitations at study and outcome level (e.g., risk of bias), and at review-level (e.g., incomplete retrieval of identified research, reporting bias)	11
Conclusions	26	Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence, and impli­cations for future research	11-12
FUNDING
Funding	27	Describe sources of funding for the systematic review and other support (e.g., supply of data); role of funders for the systematic review	1

Source: Moher D, et al, 2009. ¹⁴

Search Strategy

A database search was independently conducted by two reviewers (MR and NT) in MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), SCOPUS, EMBASE, SCIENCE DIRECT, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the period of January 1990 until October 2016. ^15,16 The search strategy was specific for each database and included a combination of the Medical Subject Heading and free text terms for ¨Acyclovir¨, "Pityriasis rosea" and "Clinical trial" (Chart 2). For unpublished studies we reviewed grey literature and experts' opinion on the topic. In addition, we scanned bibliographies of published studies by a manual search of the literature; reviewed virtual libraries of universities and theses; requested authors for papers presented at conferences and congresses of dermatology societies; and contacted the pharmaceutical industry. We also searched at ClinicalTrials.gov database to find additional studies that were not included in the initial search. There are no restrictions of language to select the studies for this review.

Chart2:

Protocol search strategy

The search strategy was specific for each database according to the medical subject headings (MeSH) and free text terms for the key concepts. The search terms were combined as follow: "pityriasis rosea"[MeSH Terms] AND "acyclovir"[MeSH Terms] AND “clinical trial”[MeSH Terms]
PUBMED
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gilbert) AND (Acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) No filters will be added
COCHRANE
We will search for "all text", it will be limited by "product type", indicating the point "trials". The terms will be combined as follows: (Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gilbert) AND (Acyclovir OR acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*)
SCOPUS
We are going to search (All words) in "All fields" (full text) for: (Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) AND (clinical trial OR clinical trials,randomized OR controlled clinical trials, randomized)
SCIENCEDIRECT
Search results: 61 results found for pub-date > 1989 and (Pityri­asis Rosea OR Pityriasis) AND (Acyclovir OR Acycloguanosine) AND (clinical trial) AND LIMIT-TO(topics, "patient,treat­ment,acad dermatol,dermatology,skin,clinical")
BIREME
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*). All the studies that include one of the fol­lowing terms in the tittle will be considered: limits: “humans” and main topic: “Pytiriasis rosea”
LILACS
(Pityriasis Rosea OR Pityriasis OR pityriasis rosea of gilbert OR pityriasis rosea Gibert) AND (Aciclovir OR Acycloguanosine OR Acic* OR acyc*) AND (clinical trial OR clinical trials,rand­omized OR controlled clinical trials,randomized)
Other resources
Clinicaltrials.gov:
(Pityriasis Rosea) AND (Acyclovir)

Eligibility criteria

We included parallel-clinical trials (experimental and quasi-experimental), with open-labeled or blinded designs; studying the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. Participants included were immunocompetent and nonpregnant females and males, children and adults with PR diagnosed according to the investigator criteria and specific clinical features.

Studies should have two or more study arms, at least one arm on acyclovir (with or without symptomatic treatment), and a control group (on placebo, symptomatic treatment, antibiotics or nothing). Symptomatic treatment consists on oral or topical antihistamines, oral or topical steroids, and topical balsams.^9,17

We excluded studies lacking complete data in any arm of study, after exhausting efforts to contact the authors for full data. Overlapping studies were included after discarding the one with the smaller study population.

The comparisons were (1) Acyclovir vs. placebo; (2) Acyclovir vs. symptomatic treatment; (3) Acyclovir vs. antibiotic; (4) Acyclovir vs. observation; (5) Acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment (combined therapy) vs. symptomatic treatment alone.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving regression of lesions after the treatment of oral acyclovir. Regression of lesions is defined as decrease or disappearance of erythema in all lesions leaving desquamation or pigmentation. Secondary outcomes were (i) The proportion of patients that achieved cessation of new lesions. (ii) The proportion of patients that had decreased systemic symptoms (pruritus). (iii) Time for complete clearance of lesions. Outcomes were measured at several weeks after treatment was initiated.

Study selection

Two reviewers (MR and NT) independently screened the titles and abstracts of all the retrieved articles, followed by the full texts of the articles considered potentially eligible for the study. They independently collected the data using a standardized data sheet. Both authors confirmed all entries and checked at least twice for completeness and accuracy. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer (HG). Authors were contacted by email for missing data and clarifications, in order to achieve completeness of studies.

Data analysis

The pooled relative risk (RR) was the effect measured of the primary outcome, with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). As the heterogeneity was considerable, the pooled RR was calculated based on a random effect model, according to the 'standard approach'.¹⁸ Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic.¹⁹

For secondary outcomes, dichotomous data was calculated using RR and continuous data using the standardized mean difference, with 95%CI and a random effect model.

Included trials were characterized with descriptive statistics (percentages and mean). We performed analyses with Stata13^® and RevMan 5.1^®.

Quality assessment

Every study was independently evaluated for `risk of bias´ by two reviewers (MR and NT), considering the domains and criteria suggested by the Cochrane Handbook v.5.1.0..¹² Disagreements were discussed and resolved with a third reviewer (HG).

Other analysis

Subgroup analysis, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were not possible due to the limited number of trials in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

The literature search yielded 104 titles and abstracts, and after eligibility criteria, 7 trials entered to systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 1). Characteristics of included trials are detailed in table 1. There were a total of 324 participants with PR, 159 on acyclovir and 165 controls. All studies had two arms, acyclovir and control groups. Only two studies used low doses of acyclovir (400mg 5 times daily), while the rest used high doses (800mg 5 times daily).^20,21 Almost all of the studies had an intervention of seven days, except one (10 days).²² All studies include male and females patients with a mean age of 26.9 years old.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of studies included in the meta-analysis

Table 1.

Systematic review of studies included

Study	Country	Language	Centers	Blinding	N of arms	N Allocated			Acyclovir dose	Days of treatment	A scheme	C scheme	N Analyzed			S	N f	N m	Age (mean)	Age group included
						T C A							T C A
Drago 2006(10)	Italy	English	SC	SB	2	87	45	42	H	7	SS: Acyclovir	Placebo (vitamin C)	87	45	42	B	38	49	27.4	AD
Ehsani 2010(21)	Iran	English	SC	SB	2	30	15	15	H	10	SS: Acyclovir	Antibiotic (erythromycin)	30	15	15	B	15	15	32.0	AD
Rassai 2011(20)	Iran	English	SC	OB	2	64	NR	NR	L	7	SS: Acyclovir	Observation	54	26	28	B	NR	NR	27.12	B (>10yo)
Amatya 2012(23)	Nepal	English	SC	OpB	2	42	24	18	H	7	CS: Acyclovir + cetirizine and topical corticoid	Symptomatic (cetirizine and topical corticoid)	42	24	18	B	16	26	23.0	B (>2yo)
Ganguli 2014(22)	India	English	SC	DB	2	60	30	30	H	7	SS: Acyclovir	Placebo (vitamin C)	60	30	30	B	27	33	24.2	B (NR age)
Das 2015(19)	India	English	SC	OB	2	24	12	12	L	7	CS: Acyclovir + cetirizine and calamine lotion	Symptomatic (cetirizine and calamine lotion)	24	12	12	B	10	14	33.2	AD
Singh 2016(24)	India	English	SC	TB	2	33	NR	NR	H	7	SS: Acyclovir	Placebo	27	13	14	B	8	19	21.35	B (>40kg of weight)

Abbreviations: SC: single-center; SB: single-blinded; OB: observer-blinded; OpB: open-blinded; DB: double-blinded; TB: triple-blinded; NR: no reported; N: number of patients; N allocated: number of patients allocated to each treatment; N analyzed: number of patients who completed trial and entered to analysis; T: total; C: control group; A: acyclovir group; H: high dose; L: low dose; SS: single-scheme; CS: combined-scheme; S: sex; B: both; Nf: number of females; Nm: Number of males; AD: adult (>18yo).

Main outcome analysis

324 participants entered to the meta-analysis, 159 were allocated to acyclovir, and 165 to control. Studies failed to report reasons for dropouts.

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was superior to placebo after one week of treatment (RR 5.72, 95%CI 2.36-13.88, I²=0%); however, there was no difference at two weeks (RR 6.08, 95%CI 0.94-39.36, I²=85%) (Figure 2).^{10, 23}

Figure 2.

Forest plots of meta-analysis for the main outcome (regression of lesions) after one A and two weeks of treatment B. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. antibiotic (one trial)

Acyclovir was similar to erythromycin after two weeks, but superior after four (RR 8.0 95%CI 1.13-56.33) and eight (RR 2.16 95%CI 1.13-4.15) weeks of treatment.²²

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. observation (one trial)

Acyclovir was superior to observation after one (RR 3.02 95%CI 1.13-8.08), two (RR 2.92 95%CI 1.50-5.66) and four (RR 1.51 95%CI 1.10-2.08) weeks of treatment.²¹

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (two trials)

Combined treatment was not significantly superior after two (one study (23): RR 3.11 95%CI 0.93-10.39), four (two studies (19, 23): RR 1.46 95%CI 0.93-2.29, I²=69%) and eight (one study (23): RR 0.98 95%CI 0.86-1.12) weeks of treatment (Figure 3).²⁴

Figure 3.

Forest plots of meta-analysis for the main outcome (regression of lesions) after four weeks of treatment. Trials included compared combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment alone. Combined RR was obtained only for com parison at week 4

Secondary outcome analysis

Outcome: Cessation of new lesions

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was not significantly superior after one (RR 4.85 95%CI 0.16-145.64, I²=83%) and two (RR 1.42 95%CI 0.73-2.75, I²=92%) weeks of treatment (Figure 4).^{10, 23}

Figure 4.

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for secondary outcome cessation of lesions after one A and two B weeks of treatment. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (one trial)

Combined therapy was not significantly superior after one week of treatment (RR 1.67, 95%CI 0.85-3.426).²⁰

Outcome: Decrease of symptoms

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (one trial)

Acyclovir was not superior to decrease symptoms (e.g. fatigue, headache, sore throat, difficulty in concentrating, irritability, insomnia, and nausea) after one week (RR 12.75, 95%CI 0.78-207.32).¹⁰ Nevertheless, it was superior at two (RR 11.79, 95%CI 1.73-80.15) weeks of treatment (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Comparative diagram for decrease of symptoms analysis after one A and two B weeks of treatment. Trials included compared acyclovir vs. placebo

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. antibiotic (one trial)

Acyclovir was not significantly superior to erythromycin to decrease pruritus after two (RR 13.22, 95%CI 0.91-192.02), four (RR 1.47, 95%CI 0.83-2.61) and eight (RR 1.20, 95%CI 0.79-1.83) weeks of treatment.²²

Comparison: Combined therapy vs. symptomatic treatment (one trial)

Combined therapy decreased significantly pruritus after one (SMD -1.31 95%CI -2.19, -0.41), two (SMD -1.61 95%CI -2.53, -0.68), three (SMD -1.25 95%CI-2.13, -0.27) and four (SMD -1.21 95%CI -2.10, -0.34) weeks of treatment.²⁰

Outcome: duration of disease

Comparison: Acyclovir vs. Placebo (two trials)

Acyclovir was not superior (SMD -0.04 95%CI -1.47, 1.38) (Figure 6).^{10, 25}

Figure 6.

Forest plot of the meta-analysis for secondary outcome duration of disease. Trials included compared acy clovir vs. placebo

The rest of analyses are not presented, as there was not data available.

DISCUSSION

Regression of lesions

This is the first meta-analysis that evaluates the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. We found that acyclovir was superior to placebo for PR at week 1 for achieving regression of lesions; but when combined with symptomatic treatment, acyclovir was not superior to control at week 4 (Figures 2 and 3). Several studies have linked PR to HHV-6 and 7 as main etiology.^{5, 7} However, studies are not conclusive yet, as some have proposed other etiologies, such as other viruses (e.g. HHV-8, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, etc.), association with bacterial and fungal infections, and even immunological origin.²⁶ We believe that most of the patients responded to the antiviral when compared to placebo due to the involvement of HHV-6 and 7 (Figure 2). Still, some authors have questioned acyclovir efficacy against HHV-7, as it lacks the thymidine kinase gene.²⁷ Nevertheless, efficacy of the antiviral is supported by the results of Watanabe et al. They found systemic active infection of both HHV-6 and 7 at the same time in PR patients, and HHV-6 does respond to acyclovir.²⁸

When acyclovir was compared with symptomatic treatment, this superiority for regression of lesions was apparently reduced (Figure 3).^{20, 24} Thus, symptomatic treatment has an important role for the control of lesions in PR. Guidelines support the use of symptomatic treatment for PR with mild to moderate symptoms.^{9, 11} However, a prior meta-analysis found inadequate evidence for efficacy of most symptomatic treatments.¹⁷ Only a single study showed that oral antihistamine alone was superior than the combination of oral antihistamine and steroids in clearing the PR rash within two weeks.²⁹ The symptomatic treatment used in the studies included was oral antihistamine plus topical calamine or corticoid. We suggest that oral antihistamines should be included as primary symptomatic treatment, in association with topical steroids or calamine lotion.³⁰

Control of symptoms

One study¹⁰ demonstrated that acyclovir was superior to placebo for decreasing symptoms at week 1 and 2 (Figure 5); another study showed the significant decrease of itching from week 1 to 4 with combined treatment.²⁰ It is important to underline that other reports had elucidated the anti-pruritic effect of acyclovir in PR.⁹ Other treatments, erythromycin and phototherapy, have been also proposed for pruritic management in PR with controversial results.³¹ Most of the guidelines suggest that, as PR is a self-limited illness, most patients do not need to be treated. Other authors propose that patients with recalcitrant symptoms, such as pruritus, are the exception: they may benefit from treatment with macrolides, phototherapy and antivirals.⁹

When erythromycin is compared to placebo for PR, 3 out of 4 patients on interventional group cleared completely within 2 weeks.³² Nevertheless, this study had methodological deficiencies in randomization, allocation concealment and analysis, with the adverse events inherent to macrolides.³³ Other studies suggested immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides in PR due to Chlamydia, Legionella and Mycoplasma involvement, but not assertively. ^34-36 Clinical trials have shown that efficacy of macrolides, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin has not been proven.^36-38 One study compared acyclovir vs. erythromycin and showed that the antiviral was significantly superior for regression of lesions, but not significant for decrease of symptoms.²² Therefore, we recommend the use of antiviral over macrolides supported by the possible viral etiology of PR.³⁹

Phototherapy with narrowband UVB and UVA1 has been proposed as methods to control PR severity and pruritus.^40,41 Other studies have proven their efficacy in decreasing severity but failed to change itch and course of the disease.^{42, 43} There is inadequate evidence for phototherapy, and sessions are given thrice a week for at least one month. ²⁷ Although it might be efficient, it may not be feasible and accessible for all patients.³¹

Based on the results, we think that symptomatic treatment (oral antihistamines and topical steroids/calamine) may be considered as baseline treatment for PR, and the early addition of acyclovir for pruritus control, especially in extensive, relapsing or persistent disease.^{11, 17, 44}

Other outcomes

Acyclovir was not superior to placebo, neither combined to symptomatic treatment in cessation of new lesions at week 1 and 2 (Figure 4). In addition, acyclovir failed to decrease significantly the duration of PR compared to placebo. However, studies that entered into the meta-analysis had opposed results independently (Figure 6). ^{10, 25}

Clinical trials included were not enough to distinguish efficacy of children from adult population. Drago et al. have found different characteristics between them.⁴⁵ Children have less prevalence of systemic symptoms and less average duration of exanthema. Therefore, we believed that acyclovir in children may not be a reasonable alternative for PR, until trials demonstrate efficacy in this population.

Adverse events

Adverse events were reported in both acyclovir and control groups (Table 2). In an observer-blinded trial, 8 patients on acyclovir and antihistamines reported increased sleep, headache, nausea, vomiting and dysgeusia.²⁰ These adverse events, although they are expected in patients on acyclovir, were not reported in the rest of trials. ⁴⁶ A triple-blinded trial reported abdominal pain and diarrhea in placebo group, possibly due to nocebo effect. ^25,47

Table 2.

Systematic review of adverse events

Study	N of adverse event			List of adverse events
	T	C	A	C	A
Drago 2006	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Ehsani 2010	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Rassai 2011	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Amatya 2012	8	8	0	Dyspepsia	None
Ganguli 2014	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Das 2015	9	1	8	Increased sleep	Increased sleep, headache, nausea, vomiting, dysgeusia
Singh 2016	1	1	0	Abdominal pain and diarrhea	None

Risk of bias

Unclear risk of bias was prevalent for allocation concealment (selection bias) and incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) (Figure 7A). The rest of domains had in general low risk of bias. Drago et al,¹⁰ did not perform randomization neither allocation concealment. Two trials failed to blind participants from treatment received (Figure 7B).^{20, 24}

Figure 7.

Risk of bias analysis. A. Between studies; B. Within studies

Limitations

We faced several limitations. First, studies did not evaluate all outcomes and they differed in temporality. Therefore, meta-analysis was not possible for all outcomes and weeks of the follow-up. Second, some studies had high risk of bias in randomization and allocation concealment. However, we decided to include all trials since they represent interventional studies with similar established outcomes. Finally, there were few trials for each comparison, thus, subgroup analysis was not possible.

CONCLUSION

Acyclovir was superior to placebo for regression of lesions of PR. However, combined therapy was not superior to symptomatic treatment for control of lesions. Individual trials indicated that acyclovir was superior to placebo and symptomatic treatment for the control of symptoms and pruritus. Finally, acyclovir failed to prevent new lesions and to shorten the duration of the disease when compared to placebo.

Our results reflect that symptomatic treatment, as oral antihistamines and topical steroids/calamine, plays an important role for PR in the regression of lesions, given that there was no difference when compared to combined treatment. We recommend the addition of acyclovir for pruritus control and it might be justified also for severe symptoms, within four weeks of the onset of PR.⁶

More trials need to be conducted in order to prove the efficacy of acyclovir for PR. We encourage researchers to follow similar designs and to adopt similar outcomes to unify criteria for future meta-analysis. Interventions should include acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment in therapy group. In addition, report of trials should account for randomization, allocation concealment and dropouts in order to increase quality of studies.