Abstract
Purpose
The prevalence of anemia ranges between 30% and 90% in cancer patients, affecting the health status, quality of life, and treatment outcome. Therefore, a proper diagnosis and management of anemia is crucial in these patients. Iron deficiency is diagnosed in~32%–60% of the cases. In this observational study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose [FCM], Ferinject®) in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy.
Patients and methods
Thirty patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing chemotherapy diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia were included in the study and received at least one FCM administration. The need for iron replacement therapy was evaluated by the assessment of hemoglobin and iron status parameters, and patients could be treated with FCM during 12–14 weeks. Paired t-test approach was used to evaluate the mean differences between the baseline and the end of the study. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Data showed that there was a statistically significant increase in the mean of hemoglobin (10.3 vs 11.2 g/dL), ferritin (230.3 vs 877.0 ng/mL), transferrin saturation (13.0% vs 19.7%), and serum iron (42.3 vs 59.6 mg/mL) from the baseline to the end of the study in cancer patients. Most of the patients (n=25) were only administered one dose of FCM. There was one FCM-related adverse event during the study.
Conclusion
FCM was well tolerated and had a positive impact in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with gastrointestinal tract tumors undergoing chemotherapy.
Keywords: anemia, ferric carboxymaltose, gastrointestinal tract tumors, oncology
Introduction
Anemia is a common comorbid condition observed in cancer patients.1 Its prevalence ranges between 30% and 90%, according to the type of cancer, definition of anemia, disease stage, and type of treatment.1 Chemotherapy is one of the most important causes of anemia in cancer patients.2 In fact, some chemotherapeutic agents induce myelosuppression, and their effect may accumulate over the course of chemotherapy, resulting in a steady increase of the incidence of anemia in every new cycle of chemotherapy.2 Moreover, 32%–60% of the cancer patients can present iron deficiency, resulting in anemia in the majority of them.3 Particularly in patients with gastrointestinal tumors, the prevalence of anemia is~50% and, in most of the cases, it is caused by iron deficiency.4
Anemia affects the health status and quality of life of cancer patients and has a negative impact on treatment outcome, prognosis, and survival.2,5 Thus, it is important to correctly diagnose and manage anemia in cancer patients. Currently, these patients are treated with blood transfusions, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), or iron replacement therapy.5
Transfusion of red blood cells is indicated in patients requiring a quick correction of anemia, as it rapidly increases hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit levels. However, transfusions are expensive and are associated with risks, such as transfusion-related reactions, congestive heart failure, bacterial contamination, viral infections, and iron overload.2,4 ESAs (epoetin and darbepoetin) reduce the need for transfusion of red blood cells but increase the risk of thromboembolic events and death. Moreover, some studies showed that ESAs may be associated with tumor progression, though further research is required to enlighten this potential effect.6
Iron replacement therapy is indicated for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia, which may be classified as absolute (depletion of iron reserves and low ferritin levels), or functional (normal or increased iron reserves and ferritin levels).5 The current orientations of the Portuguese Directorate-General of Health (DGS) recommend the evaluation of complete blood count and iron status parameters in anemic patients and, if applicable, the correction of iron deficiency prior to the treatment with an ESA.7
Intravenous iron administration is more effective than oral iron administration, as it overcomes the problems of malabsorption that are frequent in cancer patients. In addition, oral iron is poorly tolerated by many patients due to its adverse events, which include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation.8 Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is an intravenous iron formulation (iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex), which was developed to overcome the limitations of other intravenous iron formulations.9 Iron complexes consisting of carbohydrates (eg, sucrose, dextran, and dextrin) have been used due to their similarity to ferritin.10 These complexes do not release ionic iron at neutral pH, but the iron is therapeutically available, as the complexes are metabolized and the iron can either be delivered to the transport system or be stored in ferritin.10
FCM has already been studied in cancer patients.5 Recent evidence suggests that these formulations are effective and safe in the correction and prevention of anemia in cancer patients.8,9 Moreover, the efficacy of FCM in patients with gastrointestinal tumors diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia has already been reported, as it increases Hb and serum ferritin concentrations.11–13
Although there are some concerns associated with intravenous iron administration, such as allergic reaction, iron accumulation in tissues, and scarce information about its efficacy and safety in the treatment of anemia in cancer patients, administration of intravenous iron is recommended by several guidelines.7,11,14 FCM is currently marketed in Europe as Ferinject® 50 mg iron/mL solution for injection/infusion and is indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency when oral iron preparations are ineffective or cannot be used. FCM has several advantages when compared with other iron formulations, such as better and more rapid hematologic response and better tolerability.15 Moreover, FCM can be administered once a week, whereas iron sucrose is administered twice or thrice a week, implying additional perfusion sessions, which may compromise the therapeutic compliance of cancer patients.15 In addition, FCM allows a better hematologic response and reduces the need of red blood cell transfusion in cancer patients, either in monotherapy or in combination with ESAs, and is also a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of anemia in these patients.10,14,16,17
This observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron (FCM) in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy.
Patients and methods
This was an observational study performed at a single center (Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, E.P.E, Vila Real, Portugal). The protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee for Health (Comissão de Ética para a Saúde), and the study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference of Harmonization Good Clinical Practice and all applicable laws and regulations. All patients gave free written informed consent prior to the participation in the study. All study procedures were performed per routine clinical practice.
The study included 30 adults (n=30), 18 men and 12 women with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. Inclusion criteria were Hb ≤11 g/dL or a reduction ≥2 g/dL since the start of the current chemotherapy regimen, and ferritin <30 ng/mL and transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20% or ferritin 30–800 ng/mL, and TSAT <50%. Patients who needed to receive red blood cell transfusion, were being treated with ESAs, and received any oral iron formulation within 1 week before the screening or any intravenous iron formulation within the previous 4 weeks before the screening were excluded. Other key exclusion criteria included any evidence of iron overload or disorders of iron metabolism, moderate to severe hepatic or renal impairment, and acute or chronic infection, asthma, eczema, or atopic allergies.
Patients underwent chemotherapy treatment every week, every 2 weeks, or every 3 weeks, according to their chemotherapy regimen. During the study period (12–14 weeks), in every visit, the need of continuation of iron replacement therapy was evaluated and, if necessary, patients were treated with FCM, according to the approved summary of product characteristics, until anemia or iron deficiency was corrected.18
Complete blood count, iron status parameters (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, iron-binding capacity, TSAT, and safety laboratory tests), body weight, and physical examination were performed and recorded at every study visit.
The primary study endpoint was to evaluate the mean absolute change from baseline in Hb levels. The secondary study endpoints were the evaluation of mean absolute change in iron status parameters and the assessment of FCM-related adverse events.
The paired t-test approach was used to evaluate the mean differences between the baseline and the end of the study. The mean differences from baseline and the corresponding 95% CIs were graphically represented for week 0, week 2 (±3 days), week 4 (±1 week), week 8 (±1 week), and week 12 (±2 weeks). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Adverse events were coded using MedDRA 20.1.
Results
A total of 38 adult cancer patients were screened for participation. Five patients were not enrolled in the study because Hb levels were >11 g/dL or did not have a reduction ≥2 g/dL from the start of the current chemotherapy regimen and two patients needed a red blood cell transfusion. One patient who fulfilled with all the selection criteria died before the first FCM administration. Thirty patients were administered at least one dose of FCM and constituted the efficacy population. Fifteen patients completed the study with no major protocol violations. Fifteen patients were discontinued, due to lost to follow-up (n=8), treatment with blood transfusion or ESA (n=5), suspension of chemotherapy treatment (n=1), and study visit occurring out of the subject’s study period (n=1). Table 1 summarizes the demographic and baseline characteristics of efficacy population. In this population, the median age was 67 years (60–76 years) and 60% were male. Most of the patients underwent chemotherapy session every 2 weeks (65.5%) and had colorectal cancer (76.7%). Throughout the study, there were 35 administrations of FCM, with a dose of 1000 mg. Most of subjects (n=25) were administered only 1000 mg of FCM. Five patients received two administrations (1000 mg each) of FCM.
Table 1.
Summary of demographic baseline characteristics of the efficacy population
| Variable | Total | Female | Male | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 30 | (100.0) | 12 | (40.0) | 18 | (60.0) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| n (%) | 30 | (100.0) | 12 | (40.0) | 18 | (60.0) |
| Median (IQR) | 67.0 | (60.0, 75.8) | 68.5 | (61.5, 73.5) | 65.0 | (58.5, 78.0) |
| Height (cm) | ||||||
| n (%) | 29 | (96.7) | 12 | (41.4) | 17 | (58.6) |
| Median (IQR) | 163.0 | (158.0, 169.0) | 157.0 | (154.2, 161.2) | 168.0 | (164.0, 179.0) |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||
| n (%) | 29 | (96.7) | 11 | (37.9) | 18 | (62.1) |
| Median (IQR) | 66.0 | (56.0, 79.0) | 62.1 | (52.2, 70.5) | 67.0 | (57.2, 79.8) |
| Chemotherapy regimen, n (%) | ||||||
| Every 2 weeks | 19 | (65.5) | 9 | (81.8) | 10 | (55.6) |
| Every 3 weeks | 5 | (17.2) | 2 | (18.2) | 3 | (16.7) |
| Every week | 5 | (17.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 5 | (27.8) |
| Gastrointestinal neoplasia, n (%) | ||||||
| High | 7 | (23.3) | 2 | (16.7) | 5 | (27.8) |
| Low | 23 | (76.7) | 10 | (83.3) | 13 | (72.2) |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
In the efficacy population, the mean (SD) Hb concentration was 10.3 (0.6) g/dL at baseline and 11.2 (1.6) g/dL at the end of the study (Table 2). Figure 1 shows the difference from baseline at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 in the patients who had valid measurements at these study times. A gradual increase in Hb concentrations in patients treated with FCM was observed throughout the study. From week 10 to week 14, there were 19 observed evaluations of Hb; however, four of these patients were discontinued before week 12. The median and interquartile range times of patients’ follow-up were 11.4 (6.8–12.1) weeks.
Table 2.
Hemoglobin, other hemogram parameters and iron status parameters at baseline, at the end of the study and the corresponding absolute change
| Variable | Baseline | End of study | Absolute change | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 10.3 | (0.6) | 11.2 | (1.6) | 0.9 | (1.3) | 0.001 |
| Serum iron (mg/mL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 42.3 | (13.9) | 59.6 | (26.9) | 17.4 | (26.6) | 0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 230.3 | (248.1) | 877.0 | (601.2) | 646.7 | (455.7) | <0.001 |
| Transferrin (mg/mL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 244.3 | (66.0) | 205.7 | (61.8) | −38.5 | (39.2) | <0.001 |
| Iron binding capacity (µg/dL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 339.7 | (75.6) | 301.1 | (89.2) | −38.6 | (62.8) | 0.002 |
| TSAT (%) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.0 | (4.3) | 19.7 | (6.7) | 6.7 | (6.9) | <0.001 |
| MCV (fL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 87.0 | (7.7) | 92.5 | (8.9) | 5.4 | (5.4) | <0.001 |
| MCH (pg) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.4 | (3.0) | 30.5 | (3.3) | 2.1 | (2.3) | <0.001 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 32.5 | (1.2) | 33.0 | (1.1) | 0.5 | (1.3) | 0.059 |
| RDW (%) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.8 | (3.0) | 17.0 | (3.3) | 0.2 | (3.7) | 0.800 |
Abbreviations: MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red cell distribution width; TSAT, transferrin saturation.
Figure 1.
Evaluation of the difference from baseline of hemoglobin concentrations throughout the study.
The mean (SD) baseline serum iron was 42.3 (13.9) mg/mL, ferritin was 230.3 (248.1) ng/mL, and TSAT was 13.0% (4.3%). At the end of the study, serum iron was 59.6 (26.9) mg/mL, ferritin was 877.0 (601.2) ng/mL, and TSAT was 19.7% (6.7%) (Table 2). All these increases were statistically significant. There was also a significant increment on transferrin, iron binding capacity, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration after FCM administration.
Regarding safety results, there was one FCM-related adverse event (“skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders”) reported by one patient during the study period.
Discussion
Anemia is commonly observed in cancer patients, and it impacts their healthy status, quality of life, and cancer treatment.2,4 This condition is usually treated with blood transfusions, ESAs, or iron replacement therapy.5 The efficacy of intravenous iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in cancer patients, particularly in those diagnosed with gastrointestinal tumors, is still poorly known.
This observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy. The study results showed that patients with gastrointestinal tumors undergoing palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia showed a progressive increase of Hb levels and an increment in iron status parameters after treatment with FCM. Moreover, most of the subjects registered these increases after only one administration of FCM.
Other published studies corroborate that FCM improves Hb and iron status parameters in cancer patients. A retrospective study in gastrointestinal cancer patients diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia showed a significant increase in Hb levels after treatment with FCM. This study also revealed that low ferritin baseline levels seem to be a good predictor of therapy response.12 Other study reported that cancer patients with baseline Hb levels up to 11.0 g/dL and serum ferritin up to 500 ng/mL benefited from FCM, which is in agreement with the baseline values observed in our study.11 Moreover, the administration of intravenous iron to anemic cancer patients can significantly increase Hb concentrations, which may increase their quality of life and performance status and reduce the need for ESAs and/or blood transfusions.13,19–21
Notwithstanding, our results also showed that half of the patients (n=15) did not complete the study, and five of them had to be treated with ESAs or blood transfusion. Thus, the administration of intravenous iron may not be effective for all the cases of iron-deficiency anemia in cancer patients. One explanation for this fact is that after the first administration of FCM, ferritin levels increased to levels >800 ng/mL; hence, no further administrations were allowed per protocol. However, some of these patients still had anemia and/or iron deficiency (Hb <11 g/dL and/or TSAT <20%), and needed to be treated with ESAs or blood transfusion, being discontinued from the study. This may explain why most of the patients were administered only one dose of FCM and why iron deficiency is not corrected at the end of the study (TSAT =19.7%). Nevertheless, a recent study showed a positive response in Hb levels in patients with ferritin >800 ng/mL or TSAT ≥50%, after the administration of intravenous iron.22 Thus, this treatment may also be effective in cancer patients with anemia who have high levels of ferritin.
This study has some limitations, such as the lack of a control group for analyzing the results. Also, the number of study patients is low; hence, further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these results.
Conclusion
In conclusion, FCM was generally well tolerated and had a positive impact in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in patients with gastrointestinal tract tumors undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, this treatment may be effective for this type of anemia in some patients, avoiding or delaying the treatment with ESAs and/or blood transfusions.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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