Table 3.
Mean (SD) intake of energy and macronutrients at breakfast across tertiles of NRF 9.3 score by age group.
| Children (5–17 years) (n = 3283) | Adults (18+ Years) (n = 4891) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 1094) | T2 (n = 1095) | T3 (n = 1094) | T1 (n = 1630) | T2 (n = 1631) | T3 (n = 1630) | |||||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value * | p Value ** | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value * | p Value ** | |
| NRF 9.3 score | 483 | 68 | 608 | 26 | 717 | 49 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 523 | 86 | 672 | 30 | 788 | 44 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Energy (kJ) ‡ | 1518 | 738 | 1452 | 615 | 1439 | 575 | 0.156 | 0.113 | 1452 | 858 | 1443 | 756 | 1375 | 673 | 0.204 | 0.057 |
| Carbohydrates (g) ‡ | 55 | 26 | 53 | 22 | 54 | 21 | 0.491 | 0.399 | 49 | 27 | 50 | 26 | 52 | 25 | 0.001 | 0.076 |
| Carbohydrates (% E) ‡ | 59 | 12 | 60 | 11 | 61 | 10 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 57 | 15 | 57 | 13 | 61 | 12 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Total sugars (g) ‡ | 29 | 18 | 26 | 15 | 25 | 13 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 26 | 17 | 23 | 16 | 25 | 15 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Total sugars (% E) ‡ | 32 | 15 | 30 | 13 | 29 | 12 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 33 | 20 | 27 | 14 | 30 | 14 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| NMES (g) ‡ | 21 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 13 | 9 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| NMES (% E) ‡ | 23 | 15 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 9 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 23 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 10 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| AOAC fibre (g) ‡ | 2.5 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 2.2 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 3.0 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Fat (g) ‡ | 12 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 6 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 7 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Fat (% E) ‡ | 29 | 11 | 28 | 10 | 25 | 10 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 30 | 13 | 29 | 12 | 24 | 10 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| SFA (g) ‡ | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| SFA (% E) ‡ | 13 | 6 | 12 | 5 | 11 | 4 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 13 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 4 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Protein (g) ‡ | 11 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 12 | 6 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 7 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
| Protein (% E) ‡ | 12 | 4 | 13 | 4 | 14 | 4 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 | 12 | 6 | 14 | 5 | 16 | 5 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Tertile 1: Low DQ; Tertile 2: Medium DQ; Tertile 3: High DQ; p * unadjusted (ANOVA). p ** adjusted for National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (housing, employment, education) (ANCOVA). ‡ Nutrient values were square root transformed for normalization purposes prior to analysis; data shown as absolute values. Macronutrients expressed as percentage contribution to energy intake at breakfast. p < 0.05 is considered significant. Abbreviations: NMES non-milk extrinsic sugars; SFA saturated fatty acid; AOAC American Association of Analytical Chemists.