Pharmaceutical analysis of different antibiotic regimens in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection

Abstract

The present study aimed to discuss and compare the effects and expenses of different antibiotic regimens in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). A retrospective analysis was performed on 200 patients diagnosed with LRTI and treated at the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Dongying People's Hospital from February 2015 to May 2017. The patients were randomly divided into Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D, with 50 cases in each group, and were treated with ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin, respectively. Venous blood of patients was collected. White blood cells (WBC) of venous blood were detected using a hematology analyzer and C-reactive protein (CRP) was tested with latex immunoturbidimetry. Moreover, therapeutic effects and drug costs of four different antibiotics were compared. No adverse reactions occurred to patients in the four groups during the treatment process. The value at each time point after treatment was significantly decreased compared with that at the previous time point before treatment within the group (P<0.01). The treatment expenses of patients in Group A, Group B and Group D were significantly increased compared with those in Group C (P<0.01), the treatment expenses of patients in Group B and Group D were significantly increased compared with those in Group A (P<0.01) and the treatment expenses of patients in Group D were significantly increased compared with those in Group B (P<0.01). Ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin all have a good antimicrobial efficacy. The treatment condition of LRTI can be dynamically monitored by WBC and CRP which can accurately reflect the progression condition of patients' illness and the treatment effect. In economic terms, the treatment cost of levofloxacin is the lowest; thus, it is worthy of clinical popularization and application.

Introduction

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is mostly induced by infection or invasion of outside pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, virus and chlamydia, into the human body. LRTI is the most common frequently occurring disease (1) and it is often complicated by pneumonia, bronchiectasis, bronchitis and other clinical symptoms, posing a severe threat to body health and quality of life of patients (2).

Research shows that white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP) increase abnormally when there is an infection in the human body. Subsequently, WBC and CRP are two important reference indexes for diagnosing microbial infection and judging treatment effect, which are closely related to the severity degree of patients' illness (3,4). With the continuous development of economy, the needs for health are increasing daily, while an increasing variety of antibiotics for treating LRTI and patients' wish for a speedy recovery lead to very severe clinical abuse of antibiotics. Injection of huge amounts of antibiotics into infected persons by medical workers results in a gradual enhanced drug resistance to LRTI pathogens, which not only influences the treatment effect on patients, but also gives rise to a continuous growth in the number of patients with nosocomial infection (5). Moreover, antibiotics are expensive, causing certain economic burden to patients and their families. LRTI is dominated by gram-negative bacterial infections, which are sensitive to broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as penicillins, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin (6).

In the present study, four different antibiotic regimens including ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin were applied to treat 200 LRTI patients, to determine the effects and costs of different antibiotic regimens in the treatment of LRTI.

Materials and methods

General data

A total of 200 patients with LRTI treated in the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying, China) from February 2015 to May 2017 were selected and retrospectively analyzed. The patients were randomly divided into group A (n=50), group B (n=50), group C (n=50) and group D (n=50). In group A, there were 21 males and 29 females aged 16–59 years, with an average age of (35.44±16) years and an average course of disease of 8.46±6.62 days. In group B, there were 23 males and 27 females aged 18–65 years, with an average age of 35.14±2.01 years and an average course of disease of 7.87±4.49 days. In group C, there were 19 males and 31 females aged 20–63 years, with an average age of 34.52±2.35 years and an average course of disease of 7.73±5.96 days. In group D, there were 24 males and 26 females aged 19–66 years, with an average age of 34.68±2.46 years and an average course of disease of 8.33±6.34 days.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria were: patients with definite symptoms of LRTI and diagnosed via chest X-ray examination, patients without receiving treatment within 1 month, patients without a history of antibiotic therapy, and patients who were informed, agreed to participate in the clinical study and signed the informed consent. Exclusion criteria were: patients with unconsciousness, confusion, complicated with severe heart, liver, kidney or hematopoietic dysfunction, mental diseases or a family history of mental illness or allergy to drugs, or pregnant or breastfeeding women. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongying People's Hospital (Shandong, China) and signed written informed consents were obtained from the patients and/or guardians

Drug therapy

Patients in the 4 groups were treated with ceftriaxone sodium (cat. no. H10983036; Shanghai Roche Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), ceftizoxime sodium (cat. no. H20060339; Suzhou Erye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China), levofloxacin (cat. no. H20060508; Shandong Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group Ltd., Shandong, China), azithromycin (cat. no. H20010554; Xi'an Daheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, China) as follows: intravenous infusion of 2.0 g ceftriaxone sodium injection + 100 ml 9% sodium chloride injection (2 times/day), intravenous infusion of 2.0 g ceftizoxime sodium + 100 ml 9% sodium chloride injection (2 times/day), intravenous infusion of 0.3 g levofloxacin + 100 ml 9% sodium chloride injection (2 times/day), and intravenous infusion of 1.0 g azithromycin + 100 ml 9% sodium chloride injection (2 times/day). All patients were treated for 1 week as 1 course of treatment.

Detection of WBC and CRP

Venous blood was drawn (4 ml) from patients at 1 day before treatment and at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment for WBC counting and CRP detection. WBC in the venous blood was detected using the DxH800 blood analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Shanghai, China), while CRP in the venous blood was detected via latex immunoturbidimetry using the AU5800 full-automatic biochemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc.), strictly according to instructions of the instrument and kit.

Observation indexes

After treatment for 7 days, the therapeutic effect of patients was evaluated and scored. Cured: lesions and clinical symptoms completely disappeared according to X-ray examination, there were no adverse reactions, and the quality of life returned to normal. Effective: Lesions and clinical symptoms were greatly improved according to X-ray examination, there were no adverse reactions, and the quality of life was obviously improved. Ineffective: lesions and clinical symptoms were not improved or exacerbated according to X-ray examination, there were adverse reactions, and the quality of life was poor. Total effective rate = (cured cases + effective cases)/no. of cases × 100%. Treatment costs were recorded.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (mean ±SD). One-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc test (Least Significant Difference) was used for the comparison of means among groups, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used for the data comparison at different time-points within the group. The Chi-square test was used for enumeration data. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

General clinical data of patients in the 4 groups

There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age, course of disease, red blood cell (RBC) count, platelet (PLT) count and hemoglobin (Hb) among the 4 groups (P>0.05; Table I).

Table I.

General clinical data of patients in the 4 groups (mean ± SD).

Item	Group A (n=50)	Group B (n=50)	Group C (n=50)	Group D (n=50)	F/χ2	P-value
Sex [n(%)]					1.200	0.752
Male	21 (42.00)	23 (46.00)	19 (38.00)	24 (48.00)
Female	29 (58.00)	27 (54.00)	31 (62.00)	26 (52.00)
Age (years)	35.44±2.16	35.14±2.01	34.52±2.35	34.68±2.46	1.755	0.157
Course of disease (days)	8.46±6.62	7.87±4.49	7.73±5.96	8.33±6.34	0.177	0.911
RBC (×1012/l)	4.64±0.43	4.61±0.38	4.51±0.31	4.53±0.53	1.102	0.349
PLT (×109/l)	183.72±29.45	188.7±32.84	191.53±28.77	185.16±33.67	0.635	0.592
Hb (g/l)	134.57±6.93	133.75±7.65	135.59±6.11	132.46±6.01	1.946	0.123

Mean ± SD, mean ± standard deviation; RBC, red blood cell; PLT, platelet; Hb, hemoglobin.

WBC counts in the 4 groups of patients before and after treatment

No statistically significant differences were found in the WBC count in patients among the 4 groups at 1 day before treatment and at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment (P>0.05). Compared with those at 1 day before treatment, WBC counts in patients in the 4 groups were significantly decreased at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment (P<0.01). Compared with those at 1 day after treatment, WBC counts in patients in the 4 groups were significantly decreased at 4 and 7 days after treatment (P<0.01). Compared with those at 4 days after treatment, WBC counts in patients in the 4 groups were obviously decreased at 7 days after treatment (P<0.01; Table II).

Table II.

Comparisons of WBC count among the 4 groups of patients before and after treatment (×10⁹/l) (mean ± SD).

Time	Group A (n=50)	Group B (n=50)	Group C (n=50)	Group D (n=50)	F	P-value
1 day before treatment	15.35±4.39	16.23±5.34	15.63±4.34	16.63±5.33	0.703	0.551
1 day after treatment	12.96±3.69a	12.28±3.94a	12.85±4.01a	11.98±4.25a	0.686	0.561
4 days after treatment	9.13±2.54a,b	10.25±2.43a,b	9.25±2.25a,b	9.42±2.54a,b	2.144	0.096
7 days after treatment	7.51±2.13a–c	7.26±2.38a–c	7.36±2.16a–c	6.97±2.37a–c	0.506	0.678
F	58.060	50.980	61.040	58.240	–	–
P-value	P<0.001	P<0.001	P<0.001	P<0.001	–	–

Mean ± SD, mean ± standard deviation.

^aP<0.01 vs. 1 day before treatment.

^bP<0.01 vs. 1 day after treatment.

^cP<0.01 vs. 4 days after treatment.

CRP in the 4 groups of patients before and after treatment

There were no statistically significant differences in the CRP measured value in patients among the 4 groups at 1 day before treatment and at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment (P>0.05). Compared with those at 1 day before treatment, CRP measured values in patients in the 4 groups were obviously decreased at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment (P<0.01). Compared with those at 1 day after treatment, CRP measured values in patients in the 4 groups were obviously decreased at 4 and 7 days after treatment (P<0.01). Compared with those at 4 days after treatment, CRP measured values in patients in the 4 groups were significantly decreased at 7 days after treatment (P<0.01; Table III).

Table III.

Comparisons of CRP among the 4 groups of patients before and after treatment (mg/l) (mean ± SD).

Time	Group A (n=50)	Group B (n=50)	Group C (n=50)	Group D (n=50)	F	P-value
1 day before treatment	49.36±19.35	54.28±20.27	52.17±22.63	56.47±18.63	1.062	0.366
1 day after treatment	44.36±14.53a	39.85±13.74a	42.58±14.29a	41.83±14.09a	0.868	0.458
4 days after treatment	21.26±11.29a,b	19.67±10.37a,b	20.87±9.38a,b	22.42±8.13a,b	0.661	0.577
7 days after treatment	2.19±0.87a–c	2.23±0.93a–c	2.11±1.01a–c	2.35±0.96a–c	0.561	0.641
F	133.500	146.900	125.000	180.700	–	–
P-value	P<0.001	P<0.001	P<0.001	P<0.001	–	–

CRP, C-reactive protein mean ± SD, mean ± standard deviation.

^aP<0.01 vs. 1 day before treatment.

^bP<0.01 vs. 1 day after treatment.

^cP<0.01 vs. 4 days after treatment.

Therapeutic effects in the 4 groups of patients

No adverse reactions occurred in the 4 groups of patients during treatment. In Group A, there were 21 cured cases (42.00%), 26 effective cases (52.00%) and 3 ineffective cases (6.00%), with a total effective rate of 94.00%. In Group B, there were 19 cured cases (38.00%), 27 effective cases (54.00%) and 4 ineffective cases (8.00%), with a total effective rate of 92.00%. In Group C, there were 24 cured cases (48.00%), 24 effective cases (48.00%) and 2 ineffective case (4.00%), with a total effective rate of 96.00%. In Group D, there were 20 cured cases (40.00%), 25 effective cases (50.00%) and 5 ineffective cases (10.00%), with a total effective rate of 90.00%. The total effective rate indicated no statistically significant difference among the 4 groups of patients (P>0.05; Table IV).

Table IV.

Comparisons of therapeutic effects among the 4 groups of patients [n (%)].

Group	n	Cured	Effective	Ineffective	Total effective rate
Group A	50	21 (42.00)	26 (52.00)	3 (6.00)	47 (94.00)
Group B	50	19 (38.00)	27 (54.00)	4 (8.00)	46 (92.00)
Group C	50	24 (48.00)	24 (48.00)	2 (4.00)	48 (96.00)
Group D	50	20 (40.00)	25 (50.00)	5 (10.00)	45 (90.00)
χ2	–	–	–	–	1.536
P-value	–	–	–	–	0.664

Drug costs in the 4 groups of patients

The treatment cost was (1037.15±126.51) yuan in Group A treated with ceftriaxone sodium, (1451.38±134.55) yuan in Group B treated with ceftizoxime sodium, (983.67±86.37) yuan in Group C treated with levofloxacin and (1537.45±146.59) yuan in Group D treated with azithromycin. Compared with that in Group C, treatment costs of patients were significantly increased in Group A, Group B and Group D (P<0.01). Compared with that in Group A, treatment costs of patients were remarkably increased in Group B and Group D (P<0.01). Compared with that in Group B, the treatment cost of patients in Group D was increased obviously (P<0.01; Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Drug costs in the 4 groups of patients. Compared with that in group C, treatment costs of patients were significantly increased in group A, group B and D (P<0.01). Compared with that in group A, treatment costs of patients were significantly increased in group B and D (P<0.01). Compared with that in group D, the treatment cost of patients in group D was increased obviously (P<0.01). Compared with group C, *P<0.01; compared with group A, ^#P<0.01; compared with group B, ^&P<0.01.

Discussion

LRTI is the most common infectious disease in clinic, which is often caused by bacterial, viral and chlamydia infections (7). LRTI often seriously threatens the physical health of patients, leading to low immune function and abnormal changes in the body's inflammatory indexes. Both WBC and CRP are indexes closely related to LRTI, and the effective detection indexes for the diagnosis of patients with respiratory tract infection (8,9). Antibiotics are dominated in the clinical treatment of LRTI, and there are a variety of different therapeutic regimens. Injection therapy of large-dose antibiotics lead to enhanced drug resistance of pathogens (10,11). During treatment, the increase in the drug costs often lays a heavy economic burden on patients. Therefore, selecting the appropriate drug therapeutic regimen and reducing the drug costs can greatly reduce the economic burden while improving the physical health of patients, which is of vital significance in clinic.

Ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin are often applied in the clinical treatment of LRTI (12). As the third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic drugs, ceftriaxone sodium and ceftizoxime sodium are characterized by strong therapeutic effects and broad antibacterial spectrum. Ceftriaxone sodium has always been a kind of safe and reliable antibacterial drug in the treatment of LRTI, but it has high drug resistance (13). Ceftizoxime sodium is too expensive to be accepted by most patients. As a quinolone antibacterial drug, levofloxacin is characterized by a potent antibacterial effect and broad antibacterial spectrum, which can inhibit the activity of DNA gyrase in bacteria with a good antibacterial efficacy (14). Azithromycin, as a macrolide antibiotic, can inhibit a variety of bacteria with a broad antibacterial spectrum, which can reduce the incidence rate of adverse reactions in patients, and has been widely applied in clinic (15). In the present study, the total effective rate was 94.00% in Group A in the treatment of LRTI with ceftriaxone sodium, 92.00% in Group B, 96.00% in Group C and 90.00% in Group D. There were no differences in the total effective rate of treatment among the 4 groups of patients, and there were no adverse reactions during treatment. The above results indicate that the 4 kinds of antibacterial drugs have good antibacterial efficacy, and their curative effects are well consistent in the treatment of LRTI. Di Marco et al (16), studied and showed that curative effects of ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin and azithromycin are satisfactory in the treatment of LRTI, which are similar to results in the present study. However, studies have revealed that azithromycin has a better therapeutic effect (12,15). Such a difference is possibly due to different objects and courses of disease in the present study, so the conclusion needs further verification.

The WBC count in the body is changed due to a variety of inflammatory responses and bacterial infections. WBC includes monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes, and changes in its count reflect the body's immune function and bacterial infection (17). CRP is a kind of globulin synthesized by the liver, as well as a reactive protein produced when there are concurrent inflammations or injuries in the body. When inflammation or infection occurs in the body, the synthesis of CRP will be rapidly increased and can reach the peak within 50 h. CRP is sensitive to, not only bacterial infection, but also chronic inflammatory response, acute trauma, burns and viral infection, whose level often has a positive correlation with the severity of disease (18,19). Results in the present study demonstrated that both WBC count and CRP measured values significantly declined in the 4 groups of patients at 1, 4 and 7 days after treatment compared with those at 1 day before treatment. Compared with those at 1 day after treatment, both WBC count and CRP measured values were significantly decreased in the 4 groups of patients at 4 and 7 days after treatment. Besides, both WBC count and CRP measured values were obviously decreased in the 4 groups of patients at 7 days after treatment compared with those at 4 d after treatment. The above findings indicate that WBC and CRP can be used to dynamically monitor the treatment of LRTI and accurately observe the disease evolution and treatment effect on patients. WBC and CRP can serve as monitoring indexes for LRTI, which is similar to the research conclusion of Ben Amar et al (20).

The growth of medical costs has always attracted social concern, which has an extremely important influence on the daily life of patients. According to results in the present study, compared with that in Group C, treatment costs of patients were significantly increased in Group A, Group B and Group D. Compared with that in Group A, treatment costs of patients were remarkably increased in Group B and Group D. Compared with that in Group B, the treatment cost of patients in Group D was increased obviously. The curative effects of the 4 kinds of antibiotics were well consistent in the treatment of LRTI. Under the premise of ensuring the therapeutic effect, the treatment cost of levofloxacin is the lowest in economic terms.

Subjects in the present study were screened in strict accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were no differences in general clinical data, such as sex, age, course of disease, RBC count, PLT count and Hb, among patients enrolled, thus ensuring the reliability of the study. However, etiological monitoring and drug susceptibility test were not performed for the 4 groups of patients in this study, and the drug resistance mechanisms of the 4 kinds of antibiotics were not investigated, so there were certain limitations. Therefore, it is expected that bacterial culture and drug susceptibility test can be performed for patients with LRTI in subsequent investigations to verify the results in the present study.

In conclusion, ceftriaxone sodium, ceftizoxime sodium, levofloxacin, and azithromycin have excellent antibacterial efficacy. WBC and CRP can be used to dynamically monitor the treatment of LRTI and accurately observe the disease evolution and treatment effect on patients. The treatment cost of levofloxacin is the lowest in economic terms; thus, it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LZ drafted the present study. LZ and BL collected the patient data. LZ, BL and CW analyzed the patient data. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying, China). Signed written informed consents were obtained from the patients and/or guardians.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.