Abstract
Effect of interference with chromatin remodeling and spacing factor-1 (RSF-1) on proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells was investigated. MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells were cultured in vitro and were divided into 3 groups: control group, negative siRNA control group (NC) and RSF-1 siRNA group. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of RSF protein after interference. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell proliferation. Plate cloning assay was used to detect the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell clone formation ability. Annexin V/PI double staining method was used to detect the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell apoptosis. Effect of RSF-1 siRNA on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and its downstream signaling pathway were detected by western blot analysis. Western blot analysis showed that RSF-1 siRNA significantly downregulated the expression of RSF-1 protein in MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells at 72 h after transfection (P<0.01). Cell proliferation assay showed that RSF-1 siRNA significantly reduced the proliferation ability and clone formation ability of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells compared with the control group (P<0.01). Annexin V/PI double staining assay results showed that compared with the control group, RSF-1 siRNA significantly increased the apoptosis rate of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells (P<0.01). Helenalin and Rsf-1 siRNA significantly reduced the expression levels of p-p65, Bcl-2, and XIAP proteins (P<0.01). Interfering with the expression of RSF-1, gene can effectively inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells and promote their apoptosis. RSF-1 can be used as a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
Keywords: RSF-1, MCF-7, SKBR-3, proliferation, apoptosis, NF-κB
Introduction
Breast cancer is a common malignancy with high morbidity rate (1). Incidence of breast cancer shows an increasing trend and ~1,400,000 breast cancer patients are diagnosed each year and the mortality rate is as high as 36% (2). In China, onset age of breast cancer is becoming icreasingly younger (3). The survival rate of breast cancer is closely related to the time of diagnosis; the deterioration of breast cancer, migration of breast cancer cells and drug resistance of cancer cells are still key factors for increase in mortality rate of breast cancer (4).
Progression of breast cancer is related to the imbalance between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (5,6). Remodeling and spacing factor-1 (RSF-1) is a recently identified tumor biomarker that is highly expressed in a variety of human cancer cells, and many studies have shown that its expression level is raised continuously in ovarian cancer (7), gastric cancer (8), colorectal carcinoma (9,10), liver cancer (11,12) and malignancies. Overexpression of RSF-1 is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer cells. Overexpression of Rsf-1 can promote the growth and invasion of tumor cells, which can regulate the activity of NF-κB pathway and the expression of MMP-2, Bcl-2, p65 and ERK protein (13). This study investigated the effects of RSF-1 expression interference on proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells to provide a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
Materials and methods
Materials and reagents
Michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) and SKBR-3 breast cancer cells purchased from (Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China); Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) kits, and Giemsa dye solution (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); interferences RSF-1 small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), scrambled control siRNA and DharmaFECT 1 kits (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), RSF-1 human primary antibodies, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); apoptosis kits, TRIzol kits (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). Rabbit monoclonal RSF-1 antibody (dilution 1:500; cat. no. ab109002), rabbit polyclonal GAPDH antibody (dilution 1:500; cat. no. ab37168) and secondary goat anti-rabbit (HRP) IgG antibody (dilution 1:2,000; cat. no. ab6721) were all purchased from Abcam. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University (Liaoning, China).
Transfection with RSF-1 siRNA
MCF-7 cells were cultured in DMEM containing double antibodies under standard condition and collected during logarithmic phase. After treatment, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were divided into two groups to be transfected with RSF-1 siRNA (RSF-1 siRNA) and negative control siRNA (NC), respectively. RSF-1 specific interference sequence: 5′-GGAAAGACAUCUCUACUAUUU-3′, and sequence of scrambled control siRNA in NC, 5′-GAAGCAACGUAUCUUGA-3′. Transient transfection was performed according to DharmaFECT 1 manual.
Verification of the interference effect of RSF-1 siRNA on messenger RNA (mRNA) via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cells in each group using TRIzol kits, and qualified total RNA samples were subjected to reverse transcription. Total RNA was taken to synthesize complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) using the RT Revert Aid First Strand cDNA synthesis kit. The specific reaction conditions were 42°C for 15 min and 95°C for 3 min. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the ABI 7500 fluorescence PCR amplification instrument (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). PCR amplification was performed using primers listed in Table I. β-catenin was used as an endogenous control, Ct values were processed using 2−ΔΔCq method (14).
Table I.
RT-qPCR primer sequences.
| Gene | Primer sequences | |
|---|---|---|
| β-catenin | F: | 5′-GCTTGGAATGAGACTGCTGA-3′ |
| R: | 5′-CTGGCCATATCCACCAGAGT-3′ | |
| RSF-1 | F: | 5′-GATACTATGCGTCTCCAGCCAA-3′ |
| R: | 5′-CAACTCGTTTCGATTTCTGACAA-3′ | |
RSF-1, remodeling and spacing factor-1; F, forward; R, reverse.
Detection of RSF-1 protein expression by western blot analysis
Cultured cells were seeded in a 6-well plate at a density of 104/well. After 24 h, supernatant was discarded. After transfection with RSF-1 siRNA and negative control siRNA, cells were cultured for 72 h and total protein was extracted. Protein concentration was measured and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis was performed with 50 µg protein per lane. After gel transfer, PVDF membranes were blocked at room temperature for 1 h, followed by incubation with rabbit monoclonal RSF-1 antibody (dilution 1:500; cat. no. ab109002) overnight at 4°C. Membranes were washed with Tween/Tris-buffered salt solution (TBST) and incubated with secondary goat anti-rabbit (HRP) IgG antibody (dilution 1:2,000; cat. no. ab6721) at room temperature for 1 h. After washing with TTBS, color development with chromo-genic solution and photography were performed.
Detection of cellular proliferation inhibition rate via CCK-8 assay
Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay, 100 µl of cell suspension containing 104 transfected MCF-7 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate, 20 µl of CCK-8 was added into each well 24, 48 and 72 h later. Absorbance value (A) at 450 nm was measured using an enzyme microplate reader. Cell proliferation inhibition rate was calculated according to the following formula: Cellular proliferation inhibition rate (%) = (1 - Atest/Acontrol) × 100%.
Plate cloning formation experiment
Cells were digested and 100 cells of each group were inoculated into a culture dish. After 24 h, cells were transfected with RSF-1 siRNA and scrambled sequence siRNA, respectively. Culture medium was changed every 2 days. Cell culture was performed for 2 weeks and was terminated when macroscopic apophyses were found in culture dishes. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fixation with 20% methanol for 15 min was performed. Then, an appropriate amount of Giemsa solution was added and staining was performed for 40 min. After washing and air drying, clones were counted using a cloning counter. Cloning formation rate (%) = (number of clones/number of inoculated cells) × 100%, and the inhibition rate was calculated.
Detection of cell proliferation activity via BrdU
MCF-7 cells were transfected with RSF-1 siRNA and negative control siRNA according to instructions of BrdU stain kit. Cells were cultured for 72 h and BrdU solution was added, followed by addition of stationary solution for fixation, and addition of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate. Absorbance at 450 nm was measured using the enzyme microplate reader. Results were expressed as relative light unit (RLU).
Detection of apoptosis of MCF-7 cells through Annexin V (AV)/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method
MCF-7 cells were transfected with RSF-1 and negative control siRNAs. Cells were cultured for 72 h and digested with trypsin. After centrifugation at 2,500 × g for 5 min at 4°C, cells were washed twice with PBS, followed by addition of 5 µl AV and 5 µl PI. After incubation at room temperature for 15 min, flow cytometer (Becton-Dickinson; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used to detect apoptosis rate.
DAPI staining
MCF-7 cells were transfected with RSF-1 and negative control siRNAs. Cells were cultured for 72 h and washed with precooled PBS three times. DAPI solution (1 µg/ml) was added to each well, followed by incubation at 37°C for 5 min in a 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) incubator. After rinsing with precooled PBS, a fluorescence microscope was used to observe and record the results in the dark.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 19.0 software (International Business Machines Corporation, New York, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of multiple groups and the post hoc test was Dunnett test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Detection of the interference effect of RSF-1 siRNA on RSF-1 mRNA via protein expression
Compared with control group, RSF-1 protein expression level was significantly reduced in RSF-1 siRNA transfected MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells (P<0.01) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Western blot analysis of effect of RSF-1 siRNA interference on RSF-1 protein expression. (A) Expression of RSF-1 protein in MCF-7 cells. (B) Expression of RSF-1 protein in SKBR-3 cells. **P<0.01, compared with control group; ##P<0.01, compared with negative control group.
Effect of RSF-1 siRNA on the proliferation of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells
CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cell proliferation of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells at 48 h after transfection. The results showed that compared with the control group, cell proliferation rate of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells was significantly reduced after RSF-1 siRNA transfection (P<0.01) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Cell proliferation detected by CCK-8. (A) Proliferation rate of MCF-7 cells. (B) Proliferation rate of SKBR-3 cells. **P<0.01, compared with control group; ##P<0.01, compared with negative control group.
Effect of RSF-1 siRNA on the clone formation ability of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells
Effect of RSF-1 siRNA on clonal formation of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells was detected by cell clone formation assay. Compared with control group, the number of colonies formed in transfection group was significantly reduced (P<0.01) (Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Cell clone formation assay results. (A) Representative results of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cell clone formation. (B) Normalized MCF-7 cell clone formation data. (C) Normalized SKBR-3 cell clone formation data. **P<0.01, compared with control group; ##P<0.01, compared with negative control group.
Annexin V/PI staining to detect the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell apoptosis
AV/PI staining was used to examine the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell apoptosis. As shown in Fig. 4, compared with control group, RSF-1 siRNA transfection significantly increased apoptosis rate of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells (P<0.01).
Figure 4.
Annexin V/PI staining to detect the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on cell apoptosis. (A) Representative results of MCF-7 cells; (B) normalized data of MCF-7 cells; (C) representative results of SKBR-3 cells; (D) normalized data of SKBR-3 cells. **P<0.01, compared with control group; ##P<0.01, compared with negative control group.
Western blot analysis of the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and its downstream signaling pathways
As shown in Fig. 5, compared with control group, Helenalin and Rsf-1 siRNA transfection significantly reduced the expression levels of p65, Bcl-2 and XIAP proteins, but showed no significant effects on expression of p65.
Figure 5.
Western blot analysis of the effect of RSF-1 siRNA on p65 and its downstream signaling pathways. (A) Representative results of MCF-7 cells; (B) normalized data of MCF-7 cells; (C) representative results of SKBR-3 cells; (D) normalized data of SKBR-3 cells.
Discussion
Breast cancer seriously affects women's health. Onset age of breast cancer is becoming increasingly younger, and its incidence rate ranks first among all malignancies in urban women (15). Therefore, identification of novel targets for the treatment of breast cancer is needed.
RSF-1 can bind to hSNF2H to form RSF. When RSF-1 binds to hSNF2H, RSF-1 assumes the role of a histone chaperone, and the RSF complex alters chromosome structure through ATPase-dependent chromatin remodeling processes (16). This process can influence gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA replication. The above changes in biochemical processes play a very important role in maintaining the normal cell cycle, cell death, cell apoptosis, cell senescence, and other cellular processes (17). RSF-1 is a protein with cancer promoting function. It was found that RSF-1 can promote the proliferation of tumor cells through interaction with cyclin. It has been reported that RSF-1 plays a key role in the recombination repair and non-homologous recombination repair of ovarian cancer cells (7). Chromosomal breakage may lead to apoptosis, but repair induced by RSF-1 can maintain the survival and proliferation of damaged cells, but this repair can only improve the survival and proliferation of mutant cells and does not restore cells to normal condition (18). RSF-1 can improve tumor cell viability by repairing abnormal chromosomes, and it can also influence tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway (19).
In this study, endogenous RSF-1 expression was interfered by siRNA interference. MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into blank control group, negative siRNA control group (NC) and RSF-1 siRNA group. The expression of RSF protein after interference was detected by western blot analysis. Results showed that expression level of RSF-1 protein in RSF-1 siRNA transfected cells was significantly reduced. Cell proliferation assays showed that RSF-1 siRNA significantly reduced the proliferation ability and clone formation ability of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells compared to the blank control group. AV/PI double staining results showed that compared with the blank control group, RSF-1 siRNA significantly increased the apoptosis rate of MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells. Helenalin and Rsf-1 siRNA significantly reduced the expression levels of p-p65, Bcl-2 and XIAP proteins, indicating that Rsf-1 can regulate the expression of NF-κB and its downstream signaling pathway related genes. It has been reported that breast cancer tissues with high expression level of RSF-1 are usually derived from young patients (20,21).
In conclusion, this study showed that endogenous RSF-1 expression interference can significantly inhibit proliferation of human breast cancer cells and induce their apoptosis. RSF-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YL helped with transfection with RSF-1 siRNA. YL and JG performed PCR. LF and XZ were responsible for western blot analysis and CCK-8 assay. EW and QL contributed to plate cloning formation experiment. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Medical University (Liaoning, China) and informed consents were signed by the patients or the guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.