Table 3.
MMPs regulating EMT
| MMPs | Functions | Signalling pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MMP1 | Promotes metastasis | – | [51] |
| MMP2 | Promotes angiogenesis, gastric cancer cell survivability and invasiveness; degrades the basement membrane; facilitates permeation into lymphatics | PI3K/Akt/Sp1 | [44, 53, 54, 235–237] |
| MMP7 | Unknown. Associated with invasion of the gastric wall, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal metastasis and poor survival of gastric cancer patients | AP-1/STAT3 | [46, 59, 60] |
| MMP9 | Promotes cell migration, invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and lymphangiogenesis; degrades the basement membrane; facilitates permeation into lymphatics | Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)/Akt | [27, 44, 45, 47–49, 55, 188, 235, 238] |
| MMP11 | Decreases cancer cell death through apoptosis and necrosis; increases proliferation and invasion. | IGF1 pathway | [67, 239, 240] |
| MMP14 | Unknown. Associated with high clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis | – | [68–70] |
| MT3-MMP | Increases invasiveness | WNT/β-Catenin | [241] |