Abstract
1,5 anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), is a nonmetabolized 1-deoxy form of glucose, originate mainly from the diet. 1,5-AG is a biomarker to detect and magnify hyperglycemic excursions (postprandial hyperglycemia) in diabetic patients. Concentrations of 1,5-AG has been applied as supporting biomarker to diagnosis of the major forms of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational). The serum 1,5-AG reference interval is relevant to the appropriate clinical application of this biomarker. This article contains data regards to serum concentration of the biomarker primarily for healthy subjects, capture from the literature, in different populations. Correlation analysis between 1,5-AG and markers associated with diabetes and its complication were presented. The data was complementary to the study “Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant women” (Welter et al., 2018). The data present in this article improve the comparisons for 1,5-AG in different conditions and methodologies.
Specifications Table
| Subject area | Clinical laboratory |
|---|---|
| More specific subject area | Biomarkers for clinical chemistry associated with diabetes |
| Type of data | Tables |
| How data was acquired | Capture from literature data for 1,5-AG concentration and methodology. Comparison reference interval data was obtained with enzymatic colorimetric assay (Glycomark) measured in automate system (LabMax 400, Labtest, Brazil) |
| Data format | Analyzed |
| Experimental factors | Blood samples (serum or plasma EDTA) measured with different methodologies |
| Experimental features | Compilation, calculations, analysis (descriptive statistics) and comparison of literature data |
| Data source location | Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil. |
| Data accessibility | Data is in published papers and in this article. |
| Related research article | M. Welter, K.C. Boritza, M.I. Anghebem-Oliveira, R. Henneberg, A.B. Hauser, F.G.M. Rego, G. Picheth, Reference intervals for serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol in children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant women, CCA (2018) [1]. |
Value of the data
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Data will facilitate the comparison of 1,5-AG in different studies.
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The data showed the correlation among 1,5-AG and relevant parameters associated with diabetes.
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The data provide comparison between 1,5-AG reference interval in different ethnicities, ages, gender and methodologies.
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These data provide information to researchers and clinical laboratory professionals to improve the 1,5-AG diagnostic use.
1. Data
In this article, we provide complementary data (urea, total protein and lipid profile) of the studied groups (Table 1), correlation analysis (Table 2) and comparisons from the literature for serum 1,5-anhydroglycitol (1,5-AG) concentration, to our study. We proposed a reference interval (Tables 3 and 4) for this biomarker in children, adolescent, adults and pregnant women [2].
Table 1.
Complementary laboratory characteristic of studied groups.
| Parameters | Children n = 580 | Adolescents n = 496 | Adults n = 922 | Pregnant women n = 305 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 242/338 | 192/304 | 460/462 | – |
| Urea, mmol/L | 3.8 (3.1–4.5) | 3.8 (3.2–4.3) | 4.3 (3.5–5.3) | 3.4 (2.8–4.3) |
| Total Protein, g/L | 81 (74–89) | 78 (71–85) | 71 (67–74) | 69 (64–74) |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.6–4.6) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 4.4 (4.0–5.4) | 5.2 (4.1–6.2) |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 2.1 (1.7–2.6) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 3.0 (2.5–4.1) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 (1.0–2.0) |
Values are median (25–75%; interquartile range); M, male and F, female
HDL-c, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; n, sample size.
Table 2.
Significative (P < 0.05) Spearman rank order correlation of 1,5 anhydroglucitol with glycemia, HbA1c, age, body mass index (BMI) and creatinine.
| Groups | Sex |
1,5-AG correlation (R) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemia | HbA1c | Age | BMI | Creatinine | ||
| Children (0–14 y) | Male | NS | NS | 0.133 | NS | NS |
| Female | NS | 0.128 | NS | NS | 0.163 | |
| Adolescents (14–18 y) | Male | NS | 0.221 | 0.153 | 0.151 | NS |
| Female | NS | NS | 0.221 | NS | NS | |
| Adults (≥18 y) | Male | NS | NS | −0.144 | NS | NS |
| Female | NS | NS | −0.102 | NS | NS | |
| Combining all | NS | NS | −0.310 | −0.187 | 0.112 | |
| Pregnant women | Gestation weeks | |||||
| n = 110 | <23 weeks | NS | – | NS | NS | NS |
| n = 106 | 24–28 weeks | NS | – | NS | NS | NS |
| n = 52 | 29–32 weeks | NS | – | NS | NS | 0.402 |
| n = 37 | >32 | NS | – | NS | NS | NS |
| Combining pregnant | 0.095 | – | −0.155 | NS | NS | |
NS, non-significant; –, data no available.
Y, years old.
Table 3.
Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol reference intervals and concentrations in different healthy populations.
|
1,5-AG, µmol/L |
Studies/Methodology | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex |
Male |
Female |
||||
| Subjects | R.I. | n | R.I. | n | ||
| Children and adolescents (5–18 years) | (92–298) | 432 | (84–278) | 642 | Our study [2] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| US adolescents (12–18 years) | (95–178) | 6 | (140–172) | 5 | [3] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| [88–212] | [120–180] | |||||
| 150 ± 31 | 150 ± 15 | |||||
| (95–178) | ||||||
| [102–198] | ||||||
| 150 ± 24 | ||||||
| US young | 158 ± 40 | 82 | 143 ± 37 | 54 | [4] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| (54–227) | ||||||
| (10–29 years) | (63–271) | [69–217] | ||||
| [78–238] | ||||||
| Total (n = 136) 151 ± 39 (54–271); [73–229] | ||||||
| (<18 years)158 ± 35 [88–228] | ||||||
| (>18 years) 137 ± 42 [53–221] | ||||||
| Adults (19–79 years) | (80–260) | 460 | (62–241) | 462 | Our study [2] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| Finland adults (25–50 years) | 93 mean | 29 | 77 mean | 110 | [5] Gas chromatography (GC) | |
| 81 mean; 10–146 range (n = 139) | ||||||
| US adults (18–39 years) | (61–207) | 224 | (37–195) | 224 | [6] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| US adults (18–39 years) | (52−178) | 875 | (50−166) | 924 | [7] | |
| Australian adults (40 ± 13 years) | 125 ± 41 (n = 95) | [8] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | ||||
| [43–207] | ||||||
| German adults | 157 ± 44 (n = 116) | [9] Liquid chromatography–mass Spectrometric (LC–MS) | ||||
| [69–245] | ||||||
| Chinese Mauritians | 144 ± 51 (n = 82) | [10] Enzymatic pyranose oxidase | ||||
| [42–246] | ||||||
| (98–195) | ||||||
| Chinese adults (22–80 years) | 182 ± 39 | 159 ± 52 | [11] Enzymatic pyranose oxidase | |||
| [104–260] | [55–263] | |||||
| 92–294 (n = 57) | ||||||
| Chinese adults >20 and <40 years >50 years | 176 ± 46 [84–268] | 82 | 116 ± 35 [46–186] | 185 | [12] Liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) | |
| 166 ± 67 [32–300] | 9 | 122 ± 41 [40–204] | 14 | |||
| Chinese adults | (83.1–240.7) | [13] Enzymatic | ||||
| 161.9 ± 40.2 | ||||||
| [81.5–242.3] (n = 120) | ||||||
| Chinese adults (22–78 years) | 190 ± 54 | 254 | 160 ± 49 | 322 | [14] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM | |
| [82–298] | [62–258] | |||||
| (69–278) | ||||||
| [67–279] | ||||||
| 173 ± 53 | ||||||
| Chinese adults (20–79 years) | (107–367) | 226 | (79–306) | 232 | [15] Enzymatic Medical system, Ningbo, China | |
| 226.3 ± 60.7 | 175.2 ± 55.8 | |||||
| [104.9–347.7] | [63.6–286.8] | |||||
| Japanese (18–81 years) | 132 ± 36 (n = 45) | [16] Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) | ||||
| [60–204] | ||||||
| Japanese (mean 47 years) | 145 ± 44 (n = 229) | [17] Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) | ||||
| [57–233] | ||||||
| Japanese (27–68 years) | (114–215) | [18] Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) | ||||
| 158 ± 38 | ||||||
| [82–234] | ||||||
| Japanese adults (23–76 years) | 159.8 ± 9.8 (n = 20) | [19] Enzymatic Nippon–Kayaku | ||||
| [140–179] | ||||||
| Japanese adults (30–79 years) | 140 ± 56 | 991 | 122 ± 43 | 1104 | [20] Enzymatic Kyowa Medex Co. | |
| [28–252] | [36–208] | |||||
| Japanese adults | 137.1 ± 8.2 | 181 | 120.6 ± 39 | 203 | [21] Enzymatic Lana Nippon–Kayaku | |
| [120.7–153.5] | 231 | [42.6–198.6] | 519 | |||
| (50.5 ± 9.7 y) | (54.1 ± 10.3) | |||||
| 124.3 ± 45.1 | 115.1 ± 40.2 | |||||
| [34.1–214.5] | [34.7–195.5] | |||||
| (74.5 ± 5.8 y) | (75.3 ± 6.7 y) | |||||
US, Americans from United States; UK, English; n, sample size.
Values were reference interval (2.5th–97.5th); [95% calculated as mean±2–SD]; mean±SD or median (IQR, interquartile range, 25–75%).
Table 4.
Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol reference intervals and concentrations in pregnancy in different populations.
| Pregnant | 1,5-AG, μmol/L R.I. | n | Studies/Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant Women <23 weeks of gestation | (56–298) | 110 | Our study [2] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM |
| Pregnant Women >24 weeks of gestation | (33–181) | 195 | Our study [2] Enzymatic colorimetric GlycoMarkTM |
| Japanese healthy non-pregnant women | 113 ± 32 | 25 | [22] Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) |
| [49–197] | |||
| Japan pregnant women at 36 weeks gestation | 62 ± 28 | 543 | |
| [6–118] | |||
| Japan women on 5th day of puerperium | 66 ± 23 | 543 | |
| [20–112] | |||
| Japan women on 30th day of puerperium | 87 ± 21 | 543 | |
| [45–129] | |||
| Japan pregnant Women at >24 weeks of gestation | 128 (IQR 102–160) | ||
| UK Normoglycemic women with glycosuric pregnancy (~31 weeks) | 46 | 16 | [23] High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
| (IQR 30–56) | |||
| UK Normoglycemic women without glucosuric pregnancy (~31 weeks) | 72 | 16 | |
| (IQR 55–79) | |||
| UK Normoglycemic women (~31 weeks) | 55 (IQR 31–72) | 32 | |
| Chinese pregnant women (16–45 years) at 26–28 weeks of gestation | 133.0 ± 52.9 | 44 | [24] Enzymatic pyranose oxidase |
| [27.2–238.8] |
US, Americans from United States; UK, English; n, sample size.
Values were reference interval (2.5th–97.5th); [95% calculated as mean±2−SD]; mean±SD or median (IQR, interquartile range, 25–75%).
We studied healthy Euro-Brazilian subjects, classified as children (0–14 years old), adolescent (>14 and <18 years old) and adults (≥18 years old). Additionally, we analyzed pregnant women in four gestational periods, <23 weeks; 24–28 weeks, 29–32 weeks and >32 weeks of gestation. 1,5-AG was measure by enzymatic colorimetric method (GlycomarkTM; Tomen America, New York, NY, USA) in automated system Labmax 400 analyzer (Labtest Diagnostic).
The laboratory parameters, markers for kidney function (urea), nourishment (total protein) and lipid profile were compatible with healthy subjects (Table 1).
The correlation in healthy subjects between 1,5-AG and glycemia, HbA1c, age, BMI and creatinine were weak or none (Table 2).
2. Experimental design, materials and methods
2.1. Study population
The population comprises 2303 unrelated Euro-Brazilian healthy subjects from Curitiba, State of Parana, South of Brazil [1]. All samples were obtained with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Parana.
Adult samples (n = 922) were collected from blood bank donors. Children (n = 580) and adolescent samples (n = 496) were obtained from Public Schools. Healthy pregnant women (n = 305) samples were obtained from the Curitiba Government Laboratory.
The normoglycemic criteria applied for selected subjects in the study were fasting glycemia <5.5 mmol/L with an HbA1c range of 20.2–36.6 mmol/mol (4.0–5.7%) for children, adolescents, and adults. For pregnant women a fasting blood glucose <5.1 mmol/L was applied to exclude gestational diabetes.
All subjects declared that were not using any medications or drugs.
2.2. Samples
Samples were serum obtained in non-fasting state for adults, children and adolescents, and fasting for those who were pregnant. Blood were collected in BD vacutainers SST II advance vacutainer with silica clot activator/gel (Becton Dickinson Co.). Bloods were separated in less than two hours from venipuncture and the serum stored in an ultrafreezer (−80 °C).
2.3. Analytical methods
Concentrations of 1,5-AG were measured enzymatically with the Glycomark reagent (GlycoMark, Tomen America, New York, NY Inc.) in an automated system (Labmax 400 analyzer; Labtest. Diagnostics). The reaction details and methodology performance were described in Nowatzkea et al. [6].
2.4. Clinical and laboratory parameters
Clinical data acquisition and analytical procedures, for laboratory data, have been reported previously [2].
2.5. Data analysis
Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and reference intervals were calculated with MedCalc MedCalc version 17.6 (MedCalc Statistical Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). Probability values (p-values) less than 5% (p < 0.05) were considered significant for all tests.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by CNPq and the Araucaria Foundation.
Footnotes
Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.165.
Transparency document. Supplementary material
Supplementary material
.
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