Abstract
Objective
The aim was to perform exploratory research on the application of technetium phytate (99mTc-Phy) portal perfusion index (PPI) imaging in predicting the complications of hepatitis B cirrhosis and their severity.
Patients and methods
A total of 65 hepatitis B cirrhosis patients were stratified, respectively, into three groups from classes A to C according to Child–Pugh scores and five groups from stages 1 to 5 according to the five-stage prognostic system. PPIs were compared and analyzed, respectively, among the three and five groups. The correlations between PPIs and major biochemical indices of liver function were also analyzed. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the PPIs among the various groups and a nonparametric Spearman test was used to analyze the correlations between PPIs and various biochemical indices.
Results
PPIs of the five groups decreased gradually from stage 1 to stage 5 (73.03±8.49, 52.96±16.22, 46.24±15.25, 29.99±17.36, and 11.50±6.37, respectively); with the exception of the difference between stages 2 and 3 (P=0.252), the differences between the remaining groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The PPI showed positive correlations with serum total protein, serum albumin, and albumin/globulin results (r=0.292, 0.559, 0.520, respectively; P<0.05), and negative correlations with serum globulin (r=−0.366, P<0.05).
Conclusion
Technetium phytate PPI could be a promising noninvasive and effective method for predicting the complications of hepatitis B cirrhosis and their severity; a lower PPI value indicates a higher severity of complications for hepatitis B cirrhosis patients. PPI can provide very meaningful reference data for clinical practice.
Keywords: complications, hepatic portal perfusion index, hepatitis B cirrhosis, nuclide imaging
Introduction
China is a major country for chronic hepatitis B (hereafter referred to as hepatitis B). During the course of disease development, hepatitis B can progress to cirrhosis, with the proportion of cirrhosis that eventually progresses to liver cancer also being relatively high. Some studies have shown that in the development model for hepatitis B–cirrhosis–liver cancer, the probability of cirrhosis progressing to primary liver cancer is as high as 9.2–28.6% 1,2. Cirrhosis patients often have many complications. In particular, patients with decompensated cirrhosis have a rather high mortality rate 3. At present, the Child–Pugh (C-P) score, the model of end-stage liver disease score, and the five-stage prognostic system are the main risk-assessment methods for determining the disease severity and prognosis of cirrhosis patients. The first two methods cannot effectively predict the prognosis of cirrhosis patients because of the presence of considerable subjectivity, the fact that specific objective indices may be influenced by many factors, failure to assess the effects of the severe complications of portal hypertension on the prognosis, and other limitations 4,5. The five-stage prognostic system includes clinically closely related portal hypertension and its complications on the basis for staging, which is consistent with the disease progression of cirrhosis and the development of portal hypertension and complications reported by a relevant study 6. Although several of the aforementioned methods can reflect changes in the condition of the cirrhosis to a certain extent, they cannot provide assessments through specific numerical values. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore a method to quantitatively evaluate cirrhosis complications and their severity.
Technetium phytate (99mTc-Phy), chelated with the calcium ions in the blood to form 99mTc-calcium phytate colloids, is the imaging agent of portal perfusion index (PPI). Normally, ∼90% of the chelated complex is taken up as foreign bodies by liver Kupffer cells in phagocytosis and the rest is taken up by the mononuclear phagocytes of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Other 99mTc radiolabeled agents, which are hardly taken up by liver Kupffer cells, cannot accurately present the change of liver blood 7. The PPI provided by 99mTc-Phy portal perfusion index imaging (99mTc-Phy PPI) represents a quantitative index for the proportion of hepatic portal perfusion; changes in the ratio can intuitively reflect changes in the liver blood supply. Moreover, as the severity of the cirrhosis changes, the PPI value also changes gradually 8,9. On the basis of this, we carried out this retrospective study on the clinical data of 65 cirrhosis patients, whereby the patients were classified and categorized according to C-P scores and the five-stage prognostic system to compare changes in PPI values in various stages and to investigate the correlations of PPI with the main biochemical indices of liver function.
Patients and methods
Patients
Eligible patients were selected from among those who had undergone 99mTc-Phy PPI imaging between April 2011 and August 2016. All of the examined patients provided their informed consent to the study. A total of 65 consecutive hepatitis B patients [50 males, 15 females; age 16–82 years (mean: 50±10 years)] were recruited retrospectively. Patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis had been diagnosed on the basis of the criteria set by the Clinical Practice Guidelines 10,11 and several laboratory parameters were measured within 2 weeks of the 99mTc-Phy PPI examination: blood routine, biochemical indices of liver function, renal function, and hepatitis B virus.
The diagnosis of hepatitis B cirrhosis and the values of the five-stage prognostic system on the basis of the criteria set by D’Amico and colleagues 6,7,12 are as follows: stage 1: compensated cirrhosis without varices; stage 2: compensated cirrhosis with varices; stage 3: bleeding without other disease complications; stage 4: first nonbleeding decompensating event; and stage 5: any second decompensating event. The characteristics of the included patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 65 patients
C-P score
Points were accumulated according to whether the patients had hepatic encephalopathy, the severity of ascites, the serum total bilirubin values, the serum albumin values, and the prothrombin time values, and the patients were divided into three classes – classes A, B, and C – according to the accumulated points.
The patients were then scored on the basis of the modified C-P scoring system and divided into classes A, B, or C on the basis of the score obtained (Table 2) 13.
Table 2.
Child–Pugh classification of cirrhosis patients
Table 1 shows the basic information on the hepatitis B cirrhosis patients. On classifying according to the C-P score, there were 38 patients in class A, 15 patients in class B, and 12 patients in class C; on staging according to the five-stage prognostic system, there were 12 patients in stage 1, 10 patients in stage 2, 18 patients in stage 3, 20 patients in stage 4, and five patients in stage 5. Table 3 details the basic information of staging for the 65 cirrhosis patients according to the five-stage prognostic system.
Table 3.
Characteristics of 65 patients in different stages on the basis of the five-stage prognostic system
Hepatic portal perfusion method and portal perfusion index calculation
(a) Image acquisition: a single-photon emission computed tomography instrument (Infinia GP3; GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) was used. The examinee lay supine on the examination table in a resting state. The acquisition range included the left ventricle, the liver, the kidneys, and other organs of the chest and abdomen. After a bolus injection of 185 MBq 99mTc-Phy (provided by Hangzhou Atomic Tech Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China), the instrument was started up immediately to acquire images with a 64×64 matrix, a 140 KeV energy peak, and a 10% energy window that collected one frame every second for a continuous collection of 60 frames 14,15. (b) Image processing: the acquired images were stacked and the ‘region of interest outline technology’ was used to separately draw the outlines of the left ventricle, the left kidney, and the liver, and then a time – radioactivity curve was constructed through computer processing. The slope method was used to calculate the PPI; that is, the peak value of the left ventricle curve was T0, the peak value of the left kidney curve was T1, the T0–T1 segment of the liver curve was the hepatic arterial perfusion segment, and the T1−(T1+7 s) segment was the hepatic portal venous perfusion segment. The slopes for the curves of the two segments were calculated separately, and G0 and G1 were obtained using the following formula (Fig. 1) 16,17.
 |
Fig. 1.
Representative portal perfusion index images of patients in different stages on the basis of the five-stage prognostic system. Stages 1(a), 2(b), 3(c), 4(d), 5(e).
Research methods
A prospective research method was used. The PPI and clinical data of 65 hepatitis B cirrhosis patients who underwent outpatient and hospitalized treatments between April 2011 and August 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were collected and analyzed. Demographic data (sex, age, contact telephone, address, and other demographics), clinical manifestations (symptoms and signs), laboratory tests (routine blood examination, liver function, electrolytes, coagulation function, and other tests), and ultrasound, computed tomography, and MRI examination results of all patients were registered in detail. The cirrhosis patients included in the study were staged and scored one by one in accordance with the five-stage prognostic system and C-P scoring (Table 1). The relevant factors that affected cirrhosis complications and their severity were analyzed, and the predictive value of the PPI with the five-stage prognostic system and the C-P scoring system in cirrhosis complications and their severity were compared.
Statistical methods
The SPSS 17.0 software package was used to carry out a statistical analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the PPIs among various groups and a nonparametric Spearman’s test was used to analyze the correlations between PPIs and various biochemical indices. A difference of P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Correlations between portal perfusion index and the main biochemical indices
The PPI of the 65 cirrhosis patients showed positive correlations with serum total protein, serum albumin, and albumin/globulin results (respectively, r=0.292, P<0.05; r=0.559, 0.520, P<0.01) and negative correlations with serum globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and direct bilirubin results (respectively, r=−0.366, P<0.05; r=−0.197, −0.165, and −0.025, P>0.05; Table 4).
Table 4.
Correlations between portal perfusion index and the main biochemical indices (N=65)
Comparison of portal perfusion indexes between all staged groups in the five-stage prognostic system
According to the five-stage prognostic system, the 65 cirrhosis patients could be divided into five groups. Their PPI mean values were, respectively, 73.03±8.49, 52.96±16.22, 46.24±15.25, 29.99±17.36, and 11.50±6.37; as the staging level increased, the PPI mean value decreased significantly. The PPIs between all groups were compared separately, and there were significant differences between stages 1 and 2, stages 1 and 3, stages 1 and 4, stages 1 and 5, stages 2 and 4, stages 2 and 5, stages 3 and 4, stages 3 and 5, and stages 4 and 5, with P less than 0.05; there was no statistically significant difference between stages 2 and 3 (P=0.252; Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Portal perfusion index in different stages on the basis of the five-stage prognostic system; as the staging level increased, the portal perfusion index mean value decreased significantly. PPI, portal perfusion index.
Comparison of biochemical indices between all staged groups in the five-stage prognostic system
Serum total protein showed a significant difference between stages 2 and 3 (mean difference=6.31, P<0.05). Serum albumin showed significant differences between stages 2 and 3 (mean difference=8.11, P<0.05) and between stages 4 and 5 (mean difference=8.08, P<0.05). Albumin/globulin showed significant differences between stages 1 and 2 (mean difference=0.44, P<0.05) and between stages 4 and 5 (mean difference=0.50, P<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase showed a significant difference between stages 4 and 5 (mean difference=−50.65, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the comparisons of all adjacent stages for all the remaining indices (Table 5).
Table 5.
Characteristics of the main biochemical indices in different stages on the basis of the five-stage prognostic system
Comparison of portal perfusion indexes between all groups classified by C-P scores
According to the C-P scoring criteria, the 65 cirrhosis patients could be divided as follows: 39 patients in class A, 15 patients in class B, and 11 patients in class C. Their PPI mean values were, respectively (%), 52.26±20.48, 36.77±20.88, and 27.80±22.03. As the classification level increased, the PPI mean value decreased significantly. The PPIs between all groups were compared separately, and there were significant differences between classes A and B and between classes A and C, with P less than 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference between classes B and C (P=0.282; Fig. 3).
Fig. 3.
Portal perfusion index in different groups on the basis of the Child–Pugh classification; as the classification level increased, the portal perfusion index mean value decreased significantly. PPI, portal perfusion index.
Discussion
Hepatitis B cirrhosis is often complicated with hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular damage. These pathological changes generally affect hepatic hemodynamic changes 17,18, among which changes in portal venous and hepatic arterial hemodynamics are most able to reflect changes in liver function 19,20; the hepatic PPI can intuitively reflect the proportion of liver blood supply. Therefore, in this paper, hepatitis B cirrhosis patients were categorized according to the C-P classification and the five-stage prognostic system staging to compare PPI changes between all classes and all stages, and to analyze the correlations between the patients’ PPIs and their main biochemical indices.
The PPI value can be determined using the 99mTc-Phy PPI method. The quantitative determination of the two components of hepatic blood flow is based on the following assumption: the time in which a substance injected intravenously through a ‘bolus’ injection reaches the liver is not the same 7,12,13. Before portal venous perfusion appears, the 99mTc-calcium phytate colloids that went through the hepatic artery have already arrived at the liver. Before hepatic artery recirculation appears, all 99mTc-calcium phytate colloids that went through the portal vein have already arrived at the liver 8. Previous published work has used the method of mathematical modeling to verify the aforementioned hypothesis, and its results were close to the true hepatic blood flow shunt changes 17. Other work reported on the use of PPI to study the relationship between hepatic perfusion and ascites in cirrhosis patients; as the hepatic portal vein perfusion decreased, the severity of ascites increased gradually 18. However, in hepatic perfusion with multislice spiral computed tomography, PPI of patients with cirrhosis were significantly lower compared with the control group 21. Similarly, noncontrast MRI techniques showed that the portal vein blood volume that flows into the intrahepatic volume in one and two cardiac cycles is significantly lower in portal hypertension patients than in healthy volunteers 22.
This study is the first to use PPI to detect changes in the proportion of liver blood supply in hepatitis B cirrhosis, which is an innovative use of a repeatable and quantitative nuclear medical imaging method and is useful for the intuitive assessment and prediction of hepatitis B cirrhosis complications and their severity.
Major biochemical indices of liver function, such as serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, albumin/globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and direct bilirubin, can all well reflect the states of liver protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, bilirubin metabolism, and other functions 23. In this experiment, the PPI showed positive correlations with serum total protein, serum albumin, and albumin/globulin and negative correlations with aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and direct bilirubin, indicating that PPI is closely related to changes in liver function. As the PPI decreases gradually, liver function would also worsen, and vice versa. On comparing the PPI values of all stages with each other in the five-stage prognostic system, with the exception of no significant difference between stages 2 and 3, the PPIs between all other stages showed significant differences. The exception of no significant difference between stages 2 and 3 needs to be confirmed in a future study. This finding indicates that PPI also has a relatively good correlation with the five-stage prognostic system. As the staging level increased, the PPI showed a gradually decreasing trend. In addition, PPI is useful for separate assessments of changes in cirrhosis severity in the compensated period (stage 1 vs. stage 2) and the decompensated period (stages 3, 4, and 5). On comparing the main biochemical indices of all stages in the five-stage prognostic system, serum total protein and serum albumin showed significant differences between stages 2 and 3, which just so occur to be the boundary between the compensated period and the decompensated period for cirrhosis. The two indices of serum total protein and serum albumin may help distinguish compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Whether the determination of these two indices is complementary with the PPI examination still requires thorough research with large amounts of sample data.
For the comparison of the PPIs between all groups in the C-P classification, significant differences were found between classes A and B and between classes A and C, suggesting that there is a relatively good correlation between PPI and C-P classification; as the classification level increased, the PPI showed a decreasing trend. This study found that there was no significant difference in the PPIs between classes B and C (P=0.282). This interesting phenomenon requires further thorough research with a large sample size. With increases in the C-P classification level and the five-stage prognostic system staging level, cirrhosis complications and the severity also increase gradually 24. This study included only 65 hepatitis B cirrhosis patients; thus, the inadequate sample size can be considered a limitation. In addition, the literature has reported that serum hyaluronic acid, laminin, type III procollagen, and type IV collagen may have better applications in the assessment of hepatic fibrosis severity 9. We will perform in-depth comparisons of those indices in our future study.
In summary, 99mTc-Phy PPI can function as a noninvasive nuclear medical examination method to noninvasively and effectively predict the complications of hepatitis B cirrhosis and their severity. A lower PPI indicates a higher severity of complications for hepatitis B cirrhosis patients.
Acknowledgements
Ning-Hu Liu wrote the main manuscript text; Meng-Jie Dong and Jun-Hui Sun amended the manuscript; Hao Liu performed the statistical analysis; Xi-Li Lu, Dan Tian, Jun Zhang, Jun Yang, Li-Hua Wu, Jian-Li Bi, and Bo Zhang collected data.
This article was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81471704, 81771884), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LY15H180007), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.LZ18H180001).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
- 1.Liang Z, Chen Z, Li W. The value of MR diffusion weighted imaging in differential diagnosis between ovarian cystadenocarcinoma and cystadenoma. Chin J CT MRI 2015; 3:83–86. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Zou B, Meng L, Wu Q. Value of MR diffusion weighted imaging and CT perfusion imaging in diagnosis and classification of liver cirrhosis. J Pract Radio 2013; 29:933–936. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Zeng B, Chen L, Zhang N. Comparative study on liver specific multiple organ failure score in predicting short-term mortality for HBV related cirrhosis patients with acute decompensation. Chin J Gastroenterol 2015; 20:261–266. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Li Q, Wang B, Jia J. The evolution and characteristics of liver function classification: from Child to MELD. Chin J Hepatol 2004; 12:319–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Li J, Lu L. Progress of model for end-stage liver disease in the value of prognostic evaluation in patients with cirrhosis. J Clini Hepatol 2011; 27:768–771. [Google Scholar]
- 6.D’Amico G. Groszmann RJ, Bosch J. Esophageal varices: from appearance to rupture; natural history and prognostic indicators. Portal hypertension in the 21st century. Dordrecht: Kluwer; 2004. 147–154. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Garcia-Tsao G, D’Amico G, Abraldes JG. de Franchis R. Predictive models in portal hypertension. Portal hypertension Proceedings of the fourth international consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and treatment. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. 47–100. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Xiang R, Zhang H, Gu Z. The significance of the portal perfusion index of patients with cirrhosis to Child-Pugh classification. Chin J Nuclear Med 1996; 16:269. [Google Scholar]
- 9.Zhang J, Zhu Y. Combined serum fibrosis index and portal perfusion index to evaluate chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Chin J Infect Dis 2012; 30:374–377. [Google Scholar]
- 10.European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2017; 67:370–398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association, Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Hepatitis B, 2015. Chin J Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine on Liver Diseases 2015;25:384–386. [Google Scholar]
- 12.D’Amico G. Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25-year inception cohort study of 494 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:1180–1193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagusfor bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60:646–646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Tan T. Clinic of nuclear medicine. Beijing, China: People’s Medical Publishing House; 1993. 653–656. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bi G, Li Z. Construction of hepatic blood flow model and measurement of ITS shunt index. Chin J Biomed Engg 2000; 19:241–246. [Google Scholar]
- 16.El-Khalily H, Hoeffken H. Hepatic perfusion scintigraphy: relationshop of liver perfusion and astices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21:132–135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Gao Z, Wang Y, Yu D. Hepatic function and hemodynamics in cirrhosis: a 3.0T dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI study. Radiol Pract 2012; 27:885–888. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Qi Z, Lv C, Hao D. Diagnostic value of the changing of kidney blood flow detected by color doppler ultrasonography in preclinical HRS. Chin Gene Prac 2010; 13:4164–4166. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Meng Q, Lv L, Yang B, Fu N, Lu G. Fluctuating portal velocity tracing with rhythmicity: ultrasonic differential diagnosis and clinical significance. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:198–206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Robles C, Marin H, Fernandez H, Sanchez Bueno F, Ramirez Romero P, Pastor PP, Parrilla PP. Delayed righthepatic artery haemorrhage after iatrogenic gallbladder bylaparoscopic cholecystectomy that required a liver transplant due to acute liver failure: clinical case and review of the literature. Cir Esp 2011; 89:670–676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Shi LJ, Tian JM, Wang PJ, Bi YM, Tian J, Li SP, Li YL. Pilot study on clinical application of hepatic perfusion with multi-slice spiral CT. Chin J Hepatol 2003; 11:522–525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Aguirre-Reyes DF, Sotelo JA, Arab JP, Arrese M, Tejos R, Irarrazavai P, et al. Intrahepatic portal vein blood volume estimated by non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of portal hypertension. Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 33:970–977. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Song G. Liver function-clinical significance of serumenzyme testing. J Clin Hepatol 2003; 19:195–197. [Google Scholar]
- 24.Tian Y, Hu N. Value of five-stage prognostic system in predicting short-term outcome of patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Hepatol 2015; 31:387–391. [Google Scholar]