FIG 5 .

TNF-α-mediated reactivation is correlated with activation of NF-κB and ATM signaling. Latently infected cells (14 dpi) were treated for 3 days with or without TNF-α at 5 ng/ml. (A to D) Flow cytometry analysis was performed to assess the activation of NF-κB (p65) and DDR (ATM, KAP-1, and γ-H2AX). The activation of p65, ATM, and KAP-1 was expressed as the ratio of phosphoprotein to total protein in comparison with untreated cells (p-p65-S536/p65, pATM-S1981/ATM, and p-Kap-S824/Kap1). γ-H2AX is expressed as the ratio of mean fluorescence intensity compared to untreated cells. The error bars represent the standard errors of the means calculated from 3 independent experiments (*, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001).