The relationship between miR-302b and EphA2 and their clinical significance in gastric cancer

Abstract

Introduction: EphA2 is a crucial oncogene in gastric cancer (GC) development and metastasis, and miR-302b can target EphA2 in gastric cancer. This study plans to investigate their relationship and clinical significance in clinical samples.

Materials and Methods: We explored the correlation of the expression of EphA2 and miR-302b, and their clinical significance in the training (n=226) cohort of GC patients, and then validated the results in the validation (n=128) cohort.

Results: miR-302b was remarkably downregulated in GC tissues, while high EphA2 expression were detected, and they were inversely correlated both in mRNA and protein, (r=-0.4209, P<0.0001; r=-0.336, P <0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the pattern of high EphA2 and low miR-302b expression were found to be associated with poor overall survival in stage IV GC patients in both training and validation cohort.

Conclusions: The expression of miR-302b and EphA2 was inversely correlated, and had prognostic significance on GC in clinic.

Introduction

Gastric cancer is a malignant cancer with high incidence and mortality rate worldwide ¹. Although great achievements were made in the screening, most patients were diagnosed with inoperable advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. And the 5-year survival of advanced or metastatic gastric cancer is around 5-20% ². Thus, it's worthwhile to explore the mechanism of gastric cancer progression and metastasis.

As a member of Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) family, EphA2 functions in bi-directional signal transduction ^{3, 4}. In normal cells, EphA2 is usually expressed at a low level; however, it's overexpressed in malignant tumor cells including gastric cancer ^5-7. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that EphA2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro and has important prognostic value for gastric cancer patients ^{5, 8, 9}, which supported that EphA2 is a potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer. However, the detailed mechanism of the regulation of EphA2 is still unknown.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), are a class of non-coding RNAs with a small size of approximately 21-nt, and they mostly bind to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of their target mRNAs, it is estimated that 30% of all protein-coding genes are regulated by miRNAs ¹⁰. More and more studies showed that miRNAs play important roles in gastric cancer progression ^11-13. Through bioinformatic search, we identified miR-302b was one of the most significantly downregulated miRNAs in GC cells ¹⁴, which is consistent with a study conducted by Khalili et al ¹⁵. They also show that miR-302b is downregulated in high-grade gastric cancer. Further, we showed that miR-302b inhibits tumorigenesis by targeting EphA2 through Wnt/β-catenin/EMT pathway in gastric cancer cells and mice model ¹⁴.

In this study, we'd like to investigate the clinical significance of the mRNA and protein expression level of miR-302b and EphA2 in gastric cancer. We demonstrate that the expression of miR-302b was negatively correlated with the expression of EphA2, and was the dependent prognostic factor for GC patients. Thus, our results provide a potential epigenetic target for potential gastric cancer therapies that intervene with EphA2.

Materials and Methods

Antibodies and reagents

Primary antibodies for EphA2 (#6997, diluted 1: 1000), and GAPD-H (#2118, diluted 1:1000) were purchased from Cell Signaling technology MA, USA.

Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was synthesized using 1 µg of total RNA and TaqMan Reverse Transcription Reagents (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The primers for EphA2 were: forward: 5'-GAGAAGGATGGCGAGTTCAG-3'; reverse: 5'- TCAGACACCTTGCAGACCAG-3'. The relative levels of target genes' mRNA were expressed as the ratio of target to β-actin and calculated from the standard curve as directed. All reported results are the average ratios of three different independent experiments.

Western blot

Whole cell extracts were prepared using 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2 M triethanolamine, 0.2% sodium deoxycholate, 0.5% Nonidet P-40 and supplemented with a protease inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich). Fifty micrograms of protein lysate was loaded into each well lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE on 10% polyacrylamide gels, and then they were transferred to nitrocellulose or PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% milk, the transferred membranes were subsequently incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibody, followed by secondary antibody for 1h at routine temperature. Bands were visualized using an ECL Advance Detection System (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Human samples and preparation

In total, 125 GC tissues and the corresponding adjacent, non-tumorous gastric tissues were obtained from the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (Changsha,China), between January 2015 and December 2016. mRNAs were extracted from all tissues. Before surgical resection, GC was confirmed in all patients by a certified pathologist. No patient had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy before radical gastrectomy. Resected tissues were either 1) immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80℃ for RNA extraction, or 2) fixed in 37% formaldehyde solution for paraffin embedding.

Then more patients were included for further analysis. From January 2011 to December 2012, 898 patients with newly were diagnosed gastric cancer at Xiangya hospital. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) histologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma; (2) availability of clinical data of surgery, chemotherapy and survival; (3) All patients with stage IV who were treated with more than two lines platinum-based chemotherapy. Of the 898 patients screened, 226 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were recruited in the training cohort. The validation cohort of 128 patients with stage IV was recruited at Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Changsha, China) from February 2013 to January 2015. The inclusion criteria were the same as those previously described. The cancer tissues were excised and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, and then they were embedded in paraffin blocks.

All samples were collected and used after obtaining informed consent. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University.

In situ hybridization

A double-DIG-labeled, locked, nucleic acid, microRNA probe complementary to hsa-miR-302b (610016-360; Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) was designed for ISH conforming to the manufacturer's instructions. A scrambled miRNA probe was used as negative control. In addition, 4-μm-thick tissue sections were deparaffinized in xylene and ethanol, incubated with Proteinase-K (15 μg/ml, 10 min at 37°C), washed twice in PBS, dehydrated in ethanol, hybridized (1 h at 49°C) with hybridization mix (1:500 dilution of probe), washed in standard saline citrate buffer, and blocked. Subsequently, staining was developed with sheep anti-digoxin-horseradish peroxidase antibody and visualized with diaminobenzidine, followed by hematoxylin counter staining of the nuclei. The results were evaluated independently by two experienced pathologists. In brief, 10 random visual fields for each section of a sample were selected randomly. The expression intensity scores (0 points, 0-5%; 1 point, 6-25%; 2 points, 26-50%; 3 points more than 50%) and positive staining cell scores (1 point, weak intensity; 2 points, moderate intensity; 3 points, strong intensity) were added. Total scores ≥3 points indicated tissues with significant overexpression and noted as “positive” to simplify data analysis.

Immunohistochemistry

The paraffin-embedded tumors were cut into 0.25-μm-thick sections, and then they were de-paraffinizedand rehydrated. After proteolytic digestion, the slides were blocked with 2.5% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 30 min at room temperature, and then incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C. After washing, the slices were incubated with peroxidase-labeled polymer and substrate chromogen. Finally, sections were incubated in phosphate-buffered solution containing diaminobenzidine for 5 min at room temperature. Negative controls were prepared by substituting primary antibody with non-immune rabbit serum. Two independent pathologists evaluated and scored the sections in 10 randomly selected visual fields for each section (double-blinded). The evaluation of staining result was graded semi-quantitatively as described previously in in situ hybridization. The expression intensity scores (0 points, 0-5%; 1 point, 6-25%; 2 points, 26-50%; 3 points, more than 50%) and positive staining cell scores (1 point, weak intensity; 2 points, moderate intensity; 3 points, strong intensity) were added. Total scores ≥3 points indicated tissues with significant overexpression and were noted as “high” to simplify data analysis, and “low” refers to scores <3 points.

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as mean±SEM from at least three independent experiments. Using the GraphPad Prism statistical program, data were analyzed using Student's t-test, unless otherwise specified (Mann-Whitney test, ROC, Pearson correlation, etc.). Two-tailed P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS22.0 software (SPSS). The EphaA2 and miR-302b expression levels and clinicopathological parameters were compared by the Pearsonχ²-test or Fisher exact test. Bivariate correlations between study variables were calculated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Overall survival time was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences between groups were assessed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analyses were calculated by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

mRNA expression level of miR-302b is correlated inversely with EphA2 in GC patients

To investigate whether miR-302b and EphA2 have clinical significance, we first measured the mRNA level of miR-302b and EphA2 by real-time PCR analysis in cancer tissues and adjacent normal gastric mucosa of 125 patients with GC after radical resection surgery at Xiangya Hospital, Centre South University. miR-302b expression levels were clearly downregulated in GC tissues (Figure 1A), while EphA2 expression levels were upregulated in these tissues (Figure 1B). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between miR-302b and EphA2 expression levels, as shown in Figure 1C (r=-0.4209, P<0.0001).

Figure 1.

The expression and inverse correlation of miR-302b and EphA2 in gastric cancer tissues.A and B.qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-302b(A) and EphA2(B) in 125 gastric carcinoma tissues and the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. (C) Pearson's correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the correlation between the expression of miR-302b and EphA2. **P <0.01.

To determine the prognostic significance of miR-302b and/or EphA2 expression in GC patients, we choose 226 GC patients with complete clinicopathological and long-term follow-up data available at Xiangya hospital. ISH was performed to test the abundance of miR-302b, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze protein levels of EphA2. The patients' clinicopathological features are listed in Table 1. Representative samples showing expression levels of miR-302b by ISH and EphA2 by IHC in patients with GC and the surrounding, non-cancerous tissues (Figure 2).

Table 1.

The correction between the expression of miR-302b, EphA2 and the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients in the training cohort.

Variable	n	EphA2				miR302b
		High	Low	P		High	Low	P
Age (years)
<60	123	89	34	0.684		54	69	0.128
≧60	103	77	26			35	68
Gender
Male	113	86	27	0.366		45	68	0.892
Female	113	80	33			44	69
Primary tumor location
Fundus and cardia	110	85	25	0.205		37	73	0.085
Distal third	116	81	35			52	64
Lauren's
Diffuse	131	94	37	0.498		47	84	0.206
Intestinal	95	72	23			42	53
Depth of invasion
T1	22	12	10	0.036		15	7	0.003
T2	55	37	18			27	28
T3	118	90	28			39	79
T4	31	27	4			8	23
Lymph node metastasis
Positive	136	110	26	0.002		43	93	0.003
Negative	90	56	34			46	44
TNM stage
I	23	10	13	<0.001		16	7	<0.001
II	52	33	19			31	21
III	67	52	15			19	48
IV	84	71	13			23	61
Lymphatic invasion
Yes	97	77	20	0.002		32	65	0.001
No	81	47	34			46	35
Venous invasion
Yes	56	43	13	0.161		22	34	0.409
No	122	81	41			56	66

Figure 2.

Representative samples showing expression levels of miR-302b by in situ hybridization (ISH) and EphA2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in patients with stage I through IV GC and the surrounding, non-cancerous tissue. Scale bars=100μm.

In line with the mRNA expression levels of miR-302b and EphA2, the protein expression of them exhibited an inverse correlation in the cancer tissues of GC patients (Table 2, r=-0.336, P <0.001). As shown in Figure 1C (Fig 1C), miR-302b showed markedly low or negative expression in GC tissue from stage I to IV relative to adjacent, normal tissue, while the expression of EphA2 was higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues. As shown in Table 1, higher EphA2 expression and lower miR-302b expression were each correlated with increased depth of invasion (P =0.036, 0.003, respectively), lymph node metastasis (P =0.002, 0.003, respectively), higher clinical stage (P <0.001, <0.001, respectively), and lymphatic invasion (P =0.002, 0.001, respectively). These data support the hypothesis that inverse expression between miR-302b and EphA2 modulate the invasiveness of tumors in vivo, corroborating with our in vitro data ¹⁴.

Table 2.

The correlation between protein expression levels of EphA2 and miR-302b in the training and validation cohorts of gastric cancer tissues.

Sets	EphA2
	High	Low	r	P
Training set (Stage I-IV)
miR302b			-0.336	<0.001
High	49	40
Low	117	20
Training set (Stage IV)
miR302b			-0.328	0.005
High	15	8
Low	56	5
Validation set(Stage IV)
miR302b			-0.312	<0.001
High	31	19
Low	69	9

miR-302b and EphA2 expression level are dependent prognostic factors for GC patients

Then, we conducted a patient survival analysis with available follow-up information on 84 patients with stage IV GC (a subset of the training cohort of 226 GC patients from Xiangya Hospital, Central South University) to determine the influence of miR-302b and EphA2 on metastatic advanced GC. The Cox univariate regression analysis indicated that peritoneal metastasis, miR-302b and EphA2 expression were prognostic indicators of overall survival (OS) (Table 3: P =0.001, P=0.002, P <0.001, respectively), whereas age, gender, liver metastasis, and Lauren's type had no prognostic significance for OS (Table 3, P =0.115, P =0.721, P =0.887, P=0.991, respectively). And these results were in accordance with Cox multivariate regression analysis, which showed that miR-302b expression (HR=1.86; 95%CI, 1.11-3.14; P=0.021), EphA2 expression (HR=2.84; 95%CI, 1.34-6.01; P=0.006) and peritoneal metastasis (HR=1.97; 95%CI, 1.21-3.22; P =0.006) were independent prognostic factors for OS, respectively (Table 4). Then we conducted a Kaplan-Meier analysis on patients based on the expression levels of miR-302b or EphA2. We observed that patients with low miR-302b expression had shorter OS than patients with high expression (Figure 3A, P =0.002). Conversely, high levels of EphA2 expression correlated with shorter OS (Figure 3B, P <0.001).

Table 3.

Univariate analyses of the expression of miR-302b, EphA2 with the clinicopathologic characteristics in the training and validation cohorts.

Variable	n	Training set			n	Validation set
		Median OS (months)	P			Median OS (months)	P
Age (years)
<60	42	11.4	0.115		55	11.3	0.131
≥60	42	10.0			73	11.3
Gender
Male	42	10.4	0.721		63	10.9	0.296
Female	42	10.4			65	11.5
Lauren's
Diffuse	46	10.4	0.991		76	10.5	0.055
Intestinal	38	10.4			52	12.5
Peritoneal metastasis
Yes	29	9.5	0.001		27	9.0	0.017
No	55	11.4			101	11.4
Liver metastasis
Yes	23	10.2	0.887		23	8.9	0.029
No	61	10.5			105	11.4
EphA2
High	71	10.0	<0.001		100	10.4	0.009
Low	13	13.2			28	12.5
miR302b			0.002				0.003
High	23	9.5			78	12.1
Low	61	12.5			50	10.4

Table 4.

Multiivariate Cox regression analyses of the expression of miR-302b, EphA2 with the clinicopathologic characteristics in the training and validation cohorts.

Variable	Comparison	Training set			Validation set
		HR (95%CI)	P		HR (95%CI)	P
Liver metastasis	Yes vs. No	1.11 (0.67 - 1.86)	0.679		1.38 (0.86 - 2.21)	0.185
Peritoneal metastasis	Yes vs. No	1.97 (1.21 - 3.22)	0.006		1.65 (1.07 - 2.54)	0.024
EphA2	High vs. Low	2.84 (1.34 - 6.01)	0.006		1.64 (1.06 - 2.54)	0.028
miR302b	Low vs. High	1.86 (1.11 - 3.14)	0.021		1.51 (1.04 - 2.20)	0.030

Figure 3.

The prognostic significance of miR-302b and EphA2 in stage IV GC patients. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival for patients with low and high expression of miR-302b and EphA2 groups in the training (A, B) and validation cohorts(C, D).

Validation of the clinical significance of miR-302b and EphA2 expression level for stage IV GC patients

To further validate the significance of miR-302b and EphA2 expression, we analyzed the expression of both by the same methods in an independent, validation cohort (n=128, from Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University) with stage IV gastric cancer patients. Compared with training cohort, Univariate analysis showed an additional factor, liver metastasis, had prognostic significance on OS (Table 3), P=0.029), while multivariate analysis displayed no statistical difference between the two groups (Table 4, P=0.185). In line with our previous results in the training cohort, miR-302b, EphA2 and peritoneal metastasis were independent prognostic factors for OS (P =0.028, P =0.030, P =0.024, respectively, Table 4) in Cox multivariate regression analysis. More importantly, patients with low miR-302b and high EphA2 levels had poor prognosis (Figure 3C and 3D). These results suggest that miR-302b and EphA2 levels are promising prognostic indicators for GC patients in clinical practice.

Discussion

In this study, we investigate the clinical significance of the expression level of miR-302b and EphA2 in gastric cancer. We demonstrate that the expression of miR-302b was negatively correlated with the expression of EphA2, and miR-302b and EphA2 expression level are dependent prognostic factors for GC patients, which were also validated in a validation cohort.

Expression of EphA2 protein has been reported to increase in various tumors, including breast, prostate, lung, colon, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian, esophageal, as well as gastric cancer, and this overexpression is correlated with poor survival, which suggests that it's very promising to target EphA2 for further treatment development ^{5, 7, 16-21}. In this study, the expression of EphA2 also was higher in gastric cancer tissues than in para-carcinoma tissues, which validated previous researches. The mechanism of the antitumor effects of EphA2 exhibits in cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and EMT of gastric cancer and other cancer types ^{5, 22-25}. However, the regulation of EphA2 and the cause of its overexpression in GC are still largely unknown.

Several studies have reported that miRNAs can regulate EphA2 in cancer cells ^26-28. Overexpressing miR-200c is reported to inhibit invasion, migration, and vascular tube formation of malignant glioma, breast cancer, and lung carcinoma cells. And these phenotypic changes are associated with EphA2 downregulation ²⁶, furthermore, miR-200a is demonstrated to direct repress EphA2 oncogene in triple-negative breast cancer cells²⁷. MiR-26b can also inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting EphA2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells ²⁸. All the miRNAs mentioned above can influence the tumor behavior through regulating EphA2 in different tumors.

The miR-302 cluster consist of six members: miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c, miR-302d, and miR-367, and they are the abundantly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and functions in the self-renewal and pluripotency processes^{29, 30}, which made them also played important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression ^{15, 31, 32}.

miR-302b can inhibite cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells through targeting Mcl-1³³. Our previous study has showed that miR-302b was one of the most significant downregulating miRNA of targeting EphA2 in GC cells ¹⁴. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-302b serves as a critical suppressor of GC cell tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting the EphA2/Wnt/β-catenin/EMT pathway ¹⁴. So we'd like to investigate the clinical significance of the expression level of miR-302b and EphA2 in gastric cancer.

First, real-time PCR results from 125 patients who underwent radical resection surgery demonstrated that mRNA expression of miR-302b in cancer tissue was significantly lower than that of adjacent normal gastric mucosa. The expression characteristics of miR-302b were in line with previous studies, miR-302b was reported to be downregulated in gastric cancer ^{15, 31, 32}. However, there were only about 30 patients in those 3 researches, our study apparently has a larger sample number, and the results will be more convincing. As we mentioned above, many studies showed that EphA2 is overexpressed in many tumors, and we confirmed that EphA2 increased in gastric cancer ^{5, 7, 18-20}. Next, based on the fact that miR-302b suppressed GC cell tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting EphA2 ¹⁴, we analyzed whether miR302b/EphA2 expression have any clinical significance by performing a correlation analysis between expression levels of these genes and clinicopathological features in the tumor tissues of 226 GC patients. These results indicated that miR-302b levels had an inverse relationship with those of EphA2 in GC samples. The inverse expression between miR-302b and EphA2 were correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and lymphatic invasion, all of which indicated tumor invasiveness and progression. Importantly, low expression of miR-302b and high expression of EphA2 were predictors of poor OS in stage IV GC patients in both tested cohorts, suggesting that miR-302 and EphA2 are promising predictors for GC prognosis clinically. Importantly, our study has training cohort and independent validation cohort, combination of which made our results more solid and conclusion more reliable.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that miR-302b and EphA2 expression were negatively correlated, and they had prognostic significance on GC in clinic. These data provide novel insights into GC progression and offer miR-302b and EphA2 as potential prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for this disease.

Abbreviations

GC

Gastric cancer

RTKs

Receptor tyrosine kinases

miRNA

MicroRNAs;

H&E

Hematoxylin and eosin

OS

Overall survival

HR

Hazard ratio

ESC

embryonic stem cell

EMT

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

3'-UTR

3'-untranslated region

IHC

immunohistochemistry

ISH

In situ hybridization

hESCs

human embryonic stem cells.