Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of single-incision Eden-Lange procedure in trapezius muscle paralysis.
Methods
The medical records of 11 patients (3 females and 8 males); mean age: 41 (25–59) years with trapezius muscle paralysis who underwent Eden-Lange procedure in our Center, between February 2009 and April 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical outcomes were evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder (ASES) score and visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results
The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 10.18 months. The average duration of follow-up was 33.5 (24–48) months. The mean VAS score improved from 7.8 to 1.6 points (p < 0.05). The total ASES improved from 32.8 to 82.1 points (p < 0.05). The mean range of motion in forward elevation and abduction increased significantly from 121.80 to 154.40 (p < 0.05) and 80.00 to 148.18° (p < 0.05), respectively.
Conclusion
Single incision Eden-Lange procedure appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for the patients with trapezius muscle paralysis.
Level of evidence
Level IV, therapeutic study.
Keywords: Trapezius muscle, Paralysis, Eden-Lange procedure, Spinal accessory nerve
Introduction
Scapular winging is a well-known condition and a rare cause of shoulder girdle muscle weakness.1 Paralysis of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles due to long thoracic and spinal accessory nerve injury, respectively are the most common cause of this condition.2 In terms of prevalence, trapezius muscle paralysis, as the cause of scapular winging, is rare and as such, its diagnosis is difficult.3 The awareness about accessory nerve injury during cervical surgery and newer surgery technique have lowered the incidence of scapular winging.3, 4 The most common symptoms of the trapezius muscle paralysis are pain, weakness, inability to perform abduction, and eventual restrictions on all overhead activities. Electromyography (EMG) is the definitive study for the evaluation of scapular winging that originates from muscular or neurologic abnormalities.5, 6 There may also be cases of scapular winging, in which the EMG finding shows normal; therefore, clinical suspicion should remain high regardless of the test result.7 Efficient improvement of trapezius muscle caused by spinal accessory nerve injury does not always derive a benefit from conservative management.8 Conservative treatments known to have failed include transcutaneous nerve stimulation, NSAIDS, scapular brace, physical therapy, stretching and strengthening exercise.9 These treatments in patients have poor prognosis and as such, most surgeons usually suggest surgical treatment. Neurolysis, nerve graft, or repair may be attempted to the spinal accessory nerve if performed within 6–12 months.11 It has been reported that the choice of surgical procedure in patients with trapezius muscle paralysis is Eden-Lange,10 in which the surgeon transfers the tendon of the levator scapulae to the scapular spine and then, reattached the tendon of rhomboid minor and major to the scapular body.10, 11 The Eden-Lange surgery mainly results in good to excellent outcomes, with adequate relief of pain and functional overhead movements.4, 10 Therefore, this study aimed to review the causes and symptoms of scapular winging, and report the good experience in this field.
Materials and methods
In this study, 11 consecutive patients, who were referred to our center and operated for scapular winging due to spinal accessory nerve injury between February 2009 and April 2013, were reported. Accessory nerve injury, based on examination and electromyography, was documented within the records of all cases. All patients had been under physiotherapy before the surgery, for at least 6 months to strengthen the muscles around the shoulder. The senior author performed all the surgeries using the Eden-Lange technique. The inclusion criteria included accessory nerve injury with failed nonoperative treatment for more than 6 months, and obvious atrophy of trapezius muscle without any improvement in shoulder symptoms during the last 2 months (Fig. 1a–d). Exclusion criteria included the presence of previous shoulder pain or disease, report of malignancy of the cervical lymph node biopsy and patients above 60 years of age.
Fig. 1.
(a) Photograph shows previous site of biopsy from cervical lymph node, (b, c) atrophy of trapezius muscle, (d) Limited range of motion in abduction.
Pre-operative evaluation
All the relevant data were obtained from the patients' hospital records including demographic information, age, sex, dominant hand and involved limb. The patient's shoulder function was assessed using shoulder pain VAS and ASES score. The active ROM in forward elevation and abduction was measured using a goniometer.
Surgical technique
After general anesthesia, on prone positioning of the patient, prep and drape was done from the base of the neck and medial border of the opposite scapula to the entire affected upper limb. The hand was placed on the lumbar region to make a “chicken wing” position for the scapula to prevent any possible damage to the chest. The body of the scapula was marked and a longitudinal incision, 3 cm superior to the spine of the scapula toward its inferior angle, was done. Thereafter, trapezius was dissected from its attachment to the scapular. The supraspinatus and the infraspinatus muscles were identified and the scapula was peeled off 7 cm laterally. A longitudinal osteotomy was performed in order to detach the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles from the superomedial angle medial border of the scapula, respectively with a shell of bone (Fig. 2a). Multiple drill-holes were created in the infraspinatus fossa and on the scapular spine, all were approximately 5 cm lateral from the medial border of the scapula (Fig. 2b).
Fig. 2.
(a) Levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major muscles (from left to right respectively) were detached of the scapula with a small fragment of bones, (b) Drill holes in scapula for reattaching rhomboid muscles, (c) reattached all three muscles.
The levator scapula muscle advanced laterally and attached to the scapular spine with two Krackow suture using heavy non-absorbable sutures. Similarly, both rhomboid muscles were attached to the infraspinatus fossa (Fig. 2c). Caution was made to keep bone-to-bone contact between the fragment and the scapular bone for better healing. The wound was closed in layers and dressed.
Rehabilitation
Postoperatively, the limb was immobilized in a sling for two weeks. Then pendulum movement occurred intermittently. After 7 weeks, the sling was removed completely. Thereafter, in addition to prescribing physiotherapy, the patients were asked to perform all active and passive range of motions with home exercises three times in a day, each time for at least 1 h. This rehabilitation program was continued in order to get to the plateau state in shoulder symptoms, ROM and forces.
Assessments and statistical analysis
All patients were followed up post-operatively at the 2nd and 7th weeks, 3rd, 6th and 12th months, and then annually for an unlimited time. An antero-posterior view x-ray of the scapula was obtained at the 2nd and 7th weeks and then at 3rd months post-operatively, in order to determine any muscle detachment with its bone fragment. After 3 months post-operatively, throughout all follow-ups, the patient's shoulder function was assessed using shoulder pain VAS and ASES score and active ROM in forward elevation and abduction was measured. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, V.19.
Results
In this study, 11 patients (3 females and 8 males) were operated following diagnosis with an injury of the spinal accessory nerve. The dominant limb was found in 4 (36%) patients. The most common mechanism (9 of 11) of spinal accessory nerve injury among these patients was biopsy of the lymph node of the neck. The mean age of the patients was 41 years (range: 25 to 59). The mean follow-up period was 33.5 months (range: 24–48 months) (Table 1). The mean interval between the nerve injury and surgery was 10.18 months (range: 7–18 months). The mean pre-operative VAS score was 7, while it was 1.6 after surgery (p-value < 0.05). The baseline pre-operative mean ASES score was 32.8, which improved to mean ASES score of 82.1 at the final visit (p-value < 0.05). The mean preoperative range of motion in forward elevation and abduction were 121.80 and 80.00° and increased significantly to 154.40 and 148.18°, respectively (p-value < 0.05) (Table 2) (Fig. 3a–c).
Table 1.
Patient's demographics data.
| Case no | Sex | Age (years) | Dominant hand | Involved limb | mechanism | Follow-up period (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Female | 52 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 40 |
| 2 | Male | 37 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 28 |
| 3 | Male | 26 | Right | Right | Stab wound | 26 |
| 4 | Male | 36 | Left | Right | Blunt trauma | 36 |
| 5 | Female | 45 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 48 |
| 6 | Male | 25 | Right | Right | Biopsy | 30 |
| 7 | Male | 33 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 24 |
| 8 | Female | 57 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 34 |
| 9 | Male | 51 | Right | Right | Biopsy | 42 |
| 10 | Male | 30 | Right | Left | Biopsy | 31 |
| 11 | Male | 59 | Right | Right | Biopsy | 27 |
Table 2.
Shoulder scores and range of motions.
| Case no | Pre-op ASES | Post-op ASES | Pre-op VAS score | Post-op VAS score | Pre-op active FE | Post-op active FE | Pre-op active Abd | Post-op active Abd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30.80 | 75.00 | 8 | 3 | 120 | 150 | 40 | 140 |
| 2 | 30.60 | 83.20 | 9 | 2 | 110 | 160 | 80 | 160 |
| 3 | 34.00 | 81.60 | 8 | 2 | 130 | 160 | 90 | 150 |
| 4 | 37.4 | 93.20 | 7 | 0 | 140 | 160 | 80 | 150 |
| 5 | 30.80 | 85.00 | 8 | 1 | 130 | 150 | 80 | 140 |
| 6 | 16.20 | 72.00 | 9 | 2 | 120 | 160 | 90 | 160 |
| 7 | 37.20 | 78.40 | 8 | 2 | 110 | 150 | 90 | 160 |
| 8 | 24.40 | 85.00 | 8 | 1 | 120 | 150 | 80 | 140 |
| 9 | 37.40 | 86.80 | 7 | 0 | 130 | 160 | 60 | 150 |
| 10 | 47.20 | 81.60 | 6 | 2 | 120 | 160 | 100 | 140 |
| 11 | 35.60 | 81.40 | 8 | 3 | 110 | 140 | 90 | 140 |
| Mean | 32.87 | 82.10 | 7.8 | 1.6 | 121.80 | 154.40 | 80.00 | 148.18 |
| SD | 7.98 | 5.74 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 9.8 | 6.8 | 16.73 | 8.73 |
ASES = American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder; VAS = visual analogue scale; op = operative; FE = Forward Elevation; ER = External Rotation; Abd = Abduction.
Fig. 3.
(a) Improvement of neck- shoulder appearance, (b) shoulder ROM in abduction, (c) surgical scar 6 months after surgery in the patient presented in figure 1.
Discussion
By definition, scapular winging is a condition in which the medial border of the scapula is prominent.12 Among the most common causes, paralysis of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles are more important. According to clinical examination, in serratus anterior muscle paralysis, pain is more felt on the shoulder region and, scapular winging decreases in the resting position and increases in the forward elevation. However, in trapezius muscle paralysis, usually pain is in the posterior area of the sternocleidomastoid and scapular wingings increases during abduction.13 As reported by previous studies, spinal accessory nerve injury usually is seen due to neck surgery such as biopsy of the lymph node.14, 15 In the present study, 80% of the spinal accessory nerve injury was caused by biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes. The Eden-Lange procedure, which is used for the treatment of trapezius muscle palsy, was first described in 1951 by Lange, and has been shown to be accompanied with good outcomes.16, 17
In a study by Romero et al (2003), 12 patients were operated due to paralysis of the trapezius muscle. In their study, the most common cause of spinal accessory nerve injury was biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes. Overall, 9 patients were satisfied with the surgery, and all patients returned to work. The mean constant score of the affected limb as compared with healthy limb was 73–83, postoperatively and had no significant difference.10
In a study by Galano et al,18 6 patients were treated as a result of trapezius muscle paralysis using the modified Eden-Lange procedure. The mean ASES score was improved from 33.3 to 64.6, forward elevation from 141.7 to 151 and VAS score from 7 to 2.3. The mean follow-up period was 47 months, while in the present study it was 33.5 months. In 2004, Teboul et al published the results of their study on spinal accessory nerve injury. 20 patients were treated by nerve repair and 7 patients using the Lange method. The results were satisfactory in both groups. Finally, the nerve repair method was recommended for cases of nerve damage of less than 20 months.19
As reported by Elhassan et al, 22 patients were treated as a result of persistent trapezius paralysis due to spinal accessory nerve injury using an Eden-Lange variant procedure. After a mean follow-up of 35 months, all patients had significant improvement of pain (p < 0.01) and range of motion such as active shoulder abduction which improved from an average of 71° preoperatively to 118° postoperatively, and shoulder flexion from an average of 102°–150°. In addition, significant improvements occurred in aggregate Constant Shoulder Score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score.20 Ozalp T et al showed good result using the modified Eden-Lange procedure for paralysis of the trapezius muscle.21
In this study, after a mean follow-up period of 33.5 months, the mean range of motion in forward elevation and abduction improved significantly from 121.80 to 154.40 and from 80.00 to 148.18°, respectively. The mean VAS and total ASES scores improved significantly from 7.8 to 1.6 and from 32.8 to 82.1 points, respectively. The results of this study are similar to those of Elhassan et al except that the final ROM in active abduction in the present study is better (148.18° as compared with 118°).
Conclusion
The results of the Eden-Lange procedure with one incision in the treatment of the trapezius muscle palsy after 6 months of injury are acceptable. Therefore, appropriate technique and good postoperative care may play important roles in the treatment of the mentioned condition.
Financial support
None.
Conflicts of interest
No conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Location of research: Shafa Orthopedic Hospital.
Peer review under responsibility of Turkish Association of Orthopaedics and Traumatology.
Contributor Information
Morteza Nakhaei Amroodi, Email: drmna@yahoo.com.
Mostafa Salariyeh, Email: mostafa.salariye@gmail.com.
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