Abstract
Background
In Ethiopia, the trend of neonatal mortality showed slow pace of reduction from 2000–2016 compared to the reduction in infant and under-five mortality over the same period. This study aimed at unpacking the trends of admission, specific causes and rate of neonatal mortality as well as predictors of neonatal mortality at a general hospital in Somali region of Ethiopia.
Methods
A hospital based retrospective cohort study was conducted from 25th of May 2017to 10th of June, 2017. All the new-borns admitted in the neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the hospital were reviewed over three years period (Aug2014-May2017). Data were cleaned and exported to SPSS version 20 and both descriptive and analytical analysis were executed. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Binary logistic regression was used to produce summary of statistics including crude and adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals.
Results
This study reviewed a total of 792 new-borns below the age of 28 days admitted in the NICU of Karamara hospital over a period of three years (August, 2014 to May, 2017). The mean birth weight was 2733 ± 740 g and neonates with normal birth weight stood at 64%. Seven hundred forty seven new-borns (94.3%) were discharged alive while 45 (5.7%) new-borns died in the course of hospitalization making a Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) of 5.7% (57 per 1000 live births), and 96 percent of these deaths were early neonatal deaths that occurred in the first one week of life (i.e. <7 days).After all variables which had an association with neonatal mortality (P <0.05) were entered in to a multivariate logistic model to control the effect of confounders: prematurity (AOR = 0.492(0.253, 0.957), P = 0.037) and average length of stay below two days (AOR = 0.418(0.186, 0.936), P = 0.034) were independently associated with neonatal mortality showing protective effect.
Conclusion
The causes of neonatal death reported in this study are preventable, the neonatal mortality rate is high compared to the national and regional figures. Prematurity and shorter length of stay in the NICU of less than two days showed independent association with neonatal mortality. This calls for more work along the continuum of care, improving the quality of care, early transfer of sick neonates to the NICU along with scaling up establishment of the NICUs in other hospitals of the region.
Introduction
Substantial progress has been made in reducing child deaths globally including sub-Saharan Africa—the region with the highest under-five mortality rate in the world. Similarly, the global neonatal mortality rate fell from 36 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 19 in 2015. In absolute terms, the number of neonatal deaths declined from 5.1 million to 2.7 million over the same period. However, between 1990 and 2015, neonatal mortality showed a slower the decline than that of post-neonatal under-five mortality i.e. 47 percent compared to 58 percent globally [1, 2].
Ethiopia has a similar story. It has made considerable progress in reducing under-five mortality rate. According to the 2014 UN Inter- agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN-IGME) report, Ethiopia is one of the eight high-mortality countries where the under-five mortality declined by two thirds, thus achieving MDG4 three years ahead of the 2015 deadline [3].
Nonetheless, the mortality reduction is not uniform across the different childhood age groups as well as geographic and socio-demographic population groups [4]. There has been a steady decline in infant, child, and under-five mortality over the last 16 years (2000–2016). In particular, under-five mortality rates declined from 166 to 67 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2016. Similarly, infant mortality decreased from 97 to 48 deaths per 1,000 live births in the same period whilst the neonatal mortality decreased from 54 to 29 per 1000 live births [5]. This shows that the trend of neonatal mortality reduction in Ethiopia is moving at a slow pace compared to the reduction of infant and under-five mortality over the same period[3–7].
Currently, Ethiopia is one of the top five countries contributing more than half of the neonatal deaths globally [8]. Children are still dying of diseases which could have been prevented and/or treated easily with low cost and effective interventions [1]. Over two-third of childhood deaths in Ethiopia are mainly due to infections, neonatal conditions and malnutrition. The neonatal causes of death are prematurity, low-birth-weight, infections, asphyxia (lack of oxygen at birth) and birth trauma which together account for nearly 80% of deaths in this age group [6, 9].
About 44 percent of these childhood deaths occur within the first 28 days of life, thus increasingly accounting for a larger proportion of the under five deaths[2, 6, 10]. Moreover, 79 percent of neonatal deaths occur during early neonatal period (0–6days) of which 41 percent is in the first 24 hours of birth where as 21 percent happen in late neonatal period (7-27days). Mortality differences exist by place of residence, region, education of the mother, and household wealth with the Somali region having a perinatal mortality rate of 42 per 1000 births [7]. Additionally, disparities in coverage of high impact child survival interventions also remain high across Ethiopia’s administrative regions, and between residents of urban and rural areas. In two emerging administrative regions of Ethiopia (Afar and Somali), a significant majority of women and children receive 2 or less out of 8 essential RMNCH interventions [11].
A facility based study in Ethiopia which reviewed 3,789 new-borns below the age of seven days reported that an early neonatal mortality rate of 23.3 percent and 96.6 percent of these deaths occurred during the first three days of life. First born, preterm and low-birth weight infants accounted for 20.5%, 52.5% and 59.3% of neonatal deaths respectively[12].
Generally, real progress in reducing deaths of new-born babies in a country with higher neonatal mortality like Ethiopia demands a higher coverage of optimally standard neonatal services with special focus on the poorest segment of the population and at the time of greatest risk, which is at birth and in the first few days of life [13]. Neonatal mortality is becoming increasingly important not only because of its share of under-five deaths has been increasing, but also the health interventions needed to address the major causes of neonatal deaths generally differ from those needed to address other under-five deaths and are closely linked to those that are necessary to protect maternal health[13].
It is very recently that new-borns received policy and programmatic attention from the health system. Following advocacy efforts, new-born health is now one of Ethiopia’s top priorities in the 2015–2020 Health Sector Transformation Plan and a new revised child survival and new-born strategy is issued[14] which puts New-born Intensive Care Unit (NICU) among the list of high impact child survival interventions being implemented to reduce neonatal deaths immediately after child birth–the most vulnerable period for neonates [4].
It is a national norm to ensure that there is a functional newborn corner in each health center, a well-spaced NICU with four to six nurses in each hospital. However, the coverage of these interventions remained generally very low in Ethiopia and particularly in Somali region [4, 13] whereby only one hospital is providing full-fledged NICU service despite an estimated 10–15% of newborn babies requiring the service [15]. Some of the common challenges for newborn health in Ethiopia and Somali region in particular include: poor health system governance, weak and uncoordinated referral system, widely prevailing and deeply-rooted cultural practices, and low skill among health extension workers in providing essential neonatal care services. Moreover, Other supply side challenges include ill-equipped health care facilities, shortage/lack of skilled health workers, sophisticated equipment, and expensive drugs needed to provide emergency obstetric and newborn care[11].
Hence, this study aims at unpacking the trends of admission, specific causes and rate of neonatal mortality as well as predictors of neonatal mortality at a general hospital in Somali region of Ethiopia. The findings of this study will be used for evidence based newborn health programming.
Materials and methods
Study area
This study was done at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Karamara General Hospital located in Jigjiga -Somali region of Ethiopia. The NICU has three rooms with 12 beds in total: one room for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, one for kangaroo mother care and another for septic neonates. It is the only hospital providing fully functioning NICU service in the region.
Study duration
The study was conducted from 25th of May to 10th of June, 2017.
Study design
Hospital based retrospective cohort was used to review 792 new-borns admitted in the NICU of Karamara hospital from August 2014 to May, 2017.
Study subjects
New-borns below the age of 28 days who were admitted in the NICU from August 2014 to May 2017 were considered in this study.
Exclusion criteria
Individual recordings in the register which were improperly filled were excluded.
Data collection technique
The source of data for this study was the NICU register at karamara hospital which consisted of new-born information recorded at admission such as date of admission, age, weight of the child, status at birth, diagnosis, treatments given, outcome status and records of maternal information like parity, ANC follow up, gestational age and mode of delivery. All these data were collected using a uniform extraction format developed by taking in to account all the relevant variables in the standard NICU registration book.
Method of data analysis
The raw data were entered in to excel and checked for incomplete and inconsistent data, then missing values were excluded before exporting to SPSS version 20. Cross tabulation of admission and death events and graphs were used to summarize and present the data. Neonatal mortality rate was calculated using the total neonatal deaths recorded at the NICU divided by the total number of new-borns admitted at the NICU in the three years reviewed. The causes of death were analysed by socio-demographic, maternal and new-born characteristics. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Binary logistic regression was used to produce a summary statistics of proportions including crude and adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. A bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, where appropriate, was performed to determine predictors of neonatal hospital mortality pertaining to neonatal characteristics for each variable one at time. Statistically significant (P<0.05) variables were then entered in to multiple logistic regression to eliminate possible confounders.
Data quality assurance
For data collection purposed, we recruited a nurse and trained him with daily supervision. Feedback and corrective actions were taken upon review of the daily submitted data. Cross-checking with the source registration book was applied for any observed incompleteness, error, and/ ambiguities in recording.
Study variables:
Dependent variable:
Neonatal outcome (Survived, Died)
Independent variables:
- Socio-demography
-
○age of the mother/neonate;
-
○
- Maternal/Neonatal factors
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○ANC, parity, maternal HIV status, gestational age, multiple pregnancy, mode of delivery, status at birth, birth weight, respiratory distress, prematurity, sepsis, perinatal Asphyxia, anaemia, congenital malformation, Meconium aspiration syndrome, Jaundice, feeding.
-
○
Ethical clearance
This study was exempted from ethical clearance by Ethics Review Committee of College of Medicine and Health Sciences of Jigjiga University on the 24th of March 2017 based on a provision under the Ethiopian Research Ethics Review Guideline (5th edition September, 2014). Additionally, anonymity was kept to preserve personal identifiers and maintain confidentiality.
Results
This study reviewed a total of 792 new-borns below the age of 28 days who were admitted in the NICU at Karamara Hospital over a span of three years (August, 2014 to May, 2017). While all neonates were born in the hospital, 95 percent of them were below six days at the time of admission of which about three-fourth were first born. The mean birth weight was 2733 ± 740 g (range: Between 800 and 6000 g) and neonates with normal birth weight stood at 64%.
Seven hundred forty seven new-borns (94.3%) were discharged alive while 45 (5.7%) died in the course of hospitalization making a Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) of 5.7% (57 per 1000 live births). Ninety-six percent of these deaths were early neonatal that occurred in the first one week of life (<7 days) (Table 1).
Table 1. Frequency distribution of new-born factors in the NICU of Karamara Hospital, Somali region of Ethiopia from 2014 to 2017.
| Newborn variables |
Discharge | Total | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died (%), n = 45 | Survived (%), n = 747 | ||||
| Birth weight (grams) | < = 1500 | 10(18.5%) | 44(81.5%) | 54 | .998 |
| 1501–2499 | 11(5.7%) | 183(94.3%) | 194 | .998 | |
| 2500–3999 | 23(4.7%) | 467(95.3%) | 490 | .998 | |
| 4000+ | 0 | 24(100%) | 24 | 1 | |
| Age during admission | < = 6 | 43(5.7%) | 707(94.3%) | 750 | .792 |
| 7+ | 2(4.8%) | 40(95.2%) | 42 | 1 | |
| Prematurity | No | 31(4.9%) | 604(95.1%) | 635 | |
| Yes | 14(8.9%) | 143(91.1%) | 157 | .054 | |
| Suspected Sepsis | No | 34(5.5%) | 581(94.5%) | 615 | 1 |
| Yes | 11(6.2%) | 166(93.8%) | 177 | .728 | |
| Respiratory Distress | No | 36(5.7%) | 593(94.3%) | 629 | 1 |
| Yes | 9(5.5%) | 154(94.5%) | 163 | .921 | |
| Perinatal Asphyxia | No | 44(5.8%) | 721(94.2%) | 765 | 1 |
| Yes | 1(3.7%) | 26(96.3%) | 27 | .654 | |
| Congenital malformation | No | 45(5.8%) | 731(94.2%) | 776 | .999 |
| Yes | 0 | 16(100%) | 16 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration | No | 33(6.2%) | 503(93.8%) | 536 | 1 |
| Yes | 12(4.7%) | 244(95.3%) | 256 | .405 | |
| Clinical Jaundice | No | 44(5.6%) | 737(94.4%) | 781 | 1 |
| Yes | 1(9.1%) | 10(90.9%) | 11 | .627 | |
|
Feeding |
Human M | 42(5.4%) | 736(94.6%) | 778 | .326 |
| Mixed | 2(28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 7 | .522 | |
| Other M | 1(14.3%) | 6(85.7%) | 7 | 1 | |
|
ALS |
< = 2 | 22(9.5) | 209(90.5%) | 231 | .049 |
| 3–7 | 14(3.9%) | 347(96.1%) | 361 | .722 | |
| 8+ | 9(4.5%) | 191(95.5%) | 200 | 1 | |
The trend of admission has risen since the neonatal intensive care unit was established in December, 2014. This marked increment ranged from nine cases in late 2014 to 246 in the first five months of 2017. Early transfer of high risk and premature neonates from the hospital maternity contributed a lot in the admission (Fig 1). The leading causes of admission were: prematurity, sepsis, respiratory distress and meconium aspiration syndrome. Similarly, the causes of death were prematurity, suspected sepsis, meconium aspiration syndrome and respiratory distress/perinatal asphyxia which accounted for 31.1%, 24.4%, 24.4% and 20% respectively.
Fig 1. Trends of neonatal admissions and deaths in NICU of Karamara hospital from August 2014 to May 2017.
With regard to maternal factors shown in (Table 2), the majority (71%) were Primi-paras who had ANC (89%) during their pregnancy and 91% of them delivered spontaneously while their pregnancy was at term.
Table 2. Frequency distribution of maternal factors in the NICU of Karamara hospital, Somali region of Ethiopia from 2014 to2017.
| Maternal variables | Discharge | Total | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died (%) n = 45 | Survived (%), n = 747 | ||||
| Mode of delivery | Assisted vaginal | 0 | 12 (100%) | 12 | 1 |
| C/S | 4 (6.9%) | 54 (93.1%) | 58 | .999 | |
| SVD | 41(5.7%) | 681(94.3%) | 722 | .999 | |
| ANC visit | No | 8 (9%) | 81 (91%) | 89 | |
| Yes | 37 (5.3%) | 666 (94.7%) | 703 | .158 | |
| Maternal HIV status | - ve | 45(5.7%) | 744 (94.3%) | 789 | .999 |
| unknown | 0 | 3 (100%) | 3 | 1 | |
| Multiple birth | No | 45(5.7%) | 740 (94.3%) | 785 | 1 |
| Yes | 0 | 7 (100%) | 7 | .999 | |
| Gestational age | < = 32 | 18(5.7%) | 296 (94.3%) | 314 | .999 |
| 33–37 | 12(10.2%) | 106 (89.8%) | 118 | .999 | |
| 37–42 | 15(4.2%) | 342 (95.8%) | 357 | .999 | |
| >42 | 0 | 3 (100%) | 3 | .999 | |
| Parity | 1 | 31(5.5%) | 533 (94.5%) | 564 | .741 |
| 2 | 5(6%) | 78 (94%) | 83 | .956 | |
| 3+ | 9(6.2%) | 136 (93.8%) | 145 | 1 | |
The association between maternal and new-born variables with neonatal mortality using binary logistic regression one at a time indicates that neonates with an average length of stay of less than two days had less odds of death (COR = 0.448(0.201, 0.996), P = 0.049) as compared to those with longer length of stay. Prematurity (P = 0.054) was at the border-line of significance thus considered to go for the next step of adjustment not to miss any association (Table 3).
Table 3. Bivariate logistic regression of maternal and new-born factors in the NICU of karamara hospital in Somali region of Ethiopia from 2014 to 2017.
| Variables | Discharge | P-value | COR | 95% C.I. for COR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died (%) n = 45 |
Survived (%), n = 747 | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Prematurity | No | 31 (4.9%) | 604 (95.1%) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 14 (8.9%) | 143 (91.1%) | .054 | .524 | .272 | 1.011 | |
| ANC visit | No | 8 (9%) | 81 (91%) | ||||
| Yes | 37 (5.3%) | 666 (94.7%) | .158 | 1.778 | .800 | 3.950 | |
| Average Length of Stay (ALS) | < = 2 | 22 (9.5) | 209 (90.5%) | .049 | .448 | .201 | .996 |
| 3–7 | 14 (3.9%) | 347 (96.1%) | .722 | 1.168 | .496 | 2.748 | |
| 8+ | 9 (4.5%) | 191 (95.5%) | 1 | ||||
As can be seen in (Table 4), after variables which had an association with neonatal nortality (P <0.05) were entered in to a multivariate logistic model to control the effect of confounders, prematurity (AOR = 0.492(0.253, 0.957), P = 0.037) and average length of stay below two days (AOR = 0.418(0.186, 0.936), P = 0.034) were independently associated with neonatal mortality and showed a protective effect on neonatal death in the NICU.
Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression of maternal and new-born factors in the NICU of Karamara hospital in Somali region of Ethiopia from 2014 -to2017.
| Variables | P-Value | AOR | 95% C.I. for AOR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||
| Prematurity | Yes | .037 | .492 | .253 | .957 |
| No | .000 | 26.443 | |||
| Average length of stay | < = 2 | .034 | .418 | .186 | .936 |
| 317 days | .800 | 1.117 | .473 | 2.638 | |
| > = 8+ | .010 | ||||
Discussion
This study found a neonatal mortality rate of 5.7% (57 per 1000 live births) in NICU of the study hospital. This is comparable to other facility based studies done in Portugal and Burkina- Faso which reported a rate of 5.7% [16] and 5.3% [17] respectively. In contrast, the 2016 EMONC assessment reported the presence of a lower rate in Somali region of Ethiopia [18] while studies in South Africa reported 3.1% and 3.8% in 2007 and 2008 respectively[19]. Additionally, reports of higher mortality rate were found from Qatar (6.5% between 2002 and 2006 [20], England (8.1% between 2008 and 2010) [21], Nigeria (14.2% between June 2012 and May 2013) [22], Uganda (26–29% in 2012) [23], Rwanda (50% between 2012 and 2014) [24] and Cameroon (15.7%) [25]. The above variations in mortality rates could be explained by the differences in sample size, study settings, timing of the study and causes of death which vary between developed and developing nations. While new-borns typically die from unpreventable causes such as congenital abnormalities in developed countries, majority of infants in developing countries die from preventable conditions, including infections, birth asphyxia, and prematurity[10].
This study also found a higher percentage (96%) of early neonatal death which is in turn related to the very high percentage of new-borns that were below six days of life at the time of admission in the NICU. This is in agreement with studies that show the burden of neonatal deaths occur in the first one week particularly the first 24 hours of life [7, 12, 26, 27] which highlight conditions related to labour, intra-partum and immediate new-born care practices.
The leading causes of admissions and subsequent deaths in the NICU were found to be prematurity, sepsis, meconium aspiration syndrome and respiratory distress/perinatal asphyxia. Although this is consistent with studies done in Ethiopia and abroad [18, 25, 26, 28–30], yet none of the above causes was statistically significant on bivariate analysis level except prematurity (P = 0.054) which was very close to significance threshold and thus exceptionally considered to go for adjustment not to miss any association. After adjustment, prematurity was independently associated with less probability of death in the NICU. It is very unique finding that contradicts the existing fact shown by studies done in Ethiopia [12], Burkina Faso [17], and Cameroon [25]. It is also in objection with another study conducted in Jordan which revealed a higher rate of neonatal mortality among the preterm neonates (123/1000 live births) compared to full term neonates (4/1000 live births) [30]. However, this finding needs to be carefully interpreted and can be partly explained by the fact that there is an improved survival of preterm neonates due to the availability of NICU—which is among the list of high impact child survival interventions implemented to reduce neonatal deaths immediately after birth–the most vulnerable period for neonates [4].
Another study in Canada argues that very preterm infants have a longer life span than all NICU patients. This delayed mortality in premature infants suggests that a greater percentage of preterm neonates are surviving from the immediate conditions of prematurity, only to contract lethal complications later[28]. A shorter duration of stay of below two days in the NICU also showed protection against neonatal mortality. This is in line with the established fact that most of the neonatal deaths occur in the first 24 hours following birth, and any intervention at this critical time has significant contribution to saving neonates [7, 12] as this period is the transition from foetal to neonatal physiology which needs appropriate support [12, 15, 29, 31].
A merit of this study is that it reviewed all neonates admitted in the NICU of the hospital ever since its establishment without sampling, hence eliminating any possible sampling error. However, as this study used secondary data, the findings are subjected to issues related to incomplete recording for which mitigation measures were taken during data collection and analysis phase. Another limitation is the relatively small number of deaths reported which have affected some of the statistical tests.
Conclusion
The causes of neonatal death reported in this study are preventable. The neonatal mortality rate is high compared to the national and subnational figures, a prematurity and shorter length of stay in the NICU of less than two days showed protective effect against neonatal death. This calls for more work along the continuum of care by improving the quality of care, early transfer of sick neonates to the NICU along with scaling up establishment of NICUs to in other hospitals of the region.
Supporting information
(XLSX)
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the Somali Regional Health Bureau for facilitating and giving support letter for this study. Our appreciation goes to the data collectors for participating in the data collection process. Our special gratitude also goes to Karamara Hospital particularly the Intensive Care Unit staff for giving facilitation and warm accommodation to the data collectors and investigators.
Abbreviations
- CI
Confidence Interval
- AOR
Adjusted Odds Ratio
- COR
Crude Odds Ratio
- EMONC
Emergency Obstetric New-born Care
- EDHS
Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey
- MDG
Millennium Development Goal
- NMR
Neonatal Mortality Rate
- NICU
New-born Intensive Care Unit
- RMNCH
Reproductive Maternal New-born and Child Health
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
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