Is echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness increased in patients with coronary artery disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

The relation of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) to coronary artery disease (CAD) has recently been reported in multiple studies. Echocardiography is a safe and relatively inexpensive and accessible approach to assess regional EFT, which can be performed easily in many centers.

Objective

To determine the association between echocardiographic EFT and the presence or the absence of CAD.

Methods

This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on literature available in electronic databases up to March 2018. The articles measuring EFT by echocardiography in the right ventricular (RV) free wall were included in the study. The quality of the enrolled items was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) checklist. The analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 software. Cochran’s Q test and I² index were used to evaluate heterogeneity.

Results

This meta-analysis was performed on 13 studies involving 2,436 patients (1,622 with CAD, and 814 without CAD). The maximum EFT reported by echocardiography was 12.9±2.7 mm in the CAD group and 8.4±2.5 mm in the non-CAD group. The minimum EFT reported by echocardiography was 2.2±1.8 mm in the CAD group and 1.8±1.4 mm in the non-CAD group. The heterogeneity was found among the researched studies (I²=91.8%, p=0.000, Q-value=146.43, df [Q] =12) using the random effect model. The patients with CAD had a significantly higher echocardiographic EFT than those without CAD (SMD=1.03, 95% CI= 0.70–1.37, p=0.000).

Conclusion

According to the findings of this meta-analysis, the echocardiographic EFT in the subjects with CAD was significantly higher than that of those without CAD. The measurement of echocardiographic EFT seems to be an acceptable strategy for risk stratification of heart diseases considering ease of use, cost-effectiveness and non-exposure characteristics, compared to other imaging interventions.

1. Introduction

Visceral fat is a significant risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease (CAD) (1). The anatomical and functional proximity of myocardium to its surrounding visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the metabolic activity of this tissue are some of the reasons for the increase in the importance of studying epicardial fat thickness (EFT) in recent years (2). EFT is a type of VAT that has recently been shown to be related to cardiovascular disease (3). EFT is a visceral fat deposited around the heart and under the visceral layer of the pericardium, and especially around the major epicardial coronary arteries. EFT seems to be associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis via inflammatory and secretory mechanisms of various cytokines (1–4). Echocardiography is a safe and relatively inexpensive and accessible approach to assess regional EFT, which can be performed easily in many centers (5). Typically, the echocardiographic EFT is defined based on the measurement of the low-isoechoic area thickness on the free wall of the right ventricle (RV) in the parasternal long- and short-axis views (6, 7). If one can detect the presence of CAD (more than 50% coronary artery stenosis in angiography) using epicardial and visceral fat status by the non-invasive method of echocardiography, it will be possible to prevent unnecessary invasive angiography in the future (8). Although several meta-analyses have been conducted over recent years on the relationship between EFT and CAD, there are still unanswered questions about the capability of echocardiography in determining the relationship between EFT and CAD (9, 10). Recent meta-analysis revealed the findings on the relationship between EFT assessed by computed tomography (CT) and CAD (11, 12). Further, a meta-analysis of Wu et al. reported the association between CAD and EFT regardless of measurement position and tools; however, after the publication of this article, many other studies have also been carried out that have not yet been included in any meta-analysis (10). This study aimed to investigate the association between echocardiographic EFT and the presence or the absence of CAD.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Protocol

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by the principles set in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement.

2.2. Eligibility criteria and Study selection

The observational studies evaluating the relationship between EFT and CAD were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were: 1) determination of EFT with tools other than echocardiography, 2) CAD diagnostic standard other than conventional angiography, CT angiography, or MRI angiography, 3) Failure to report EFT as mean and standard deviation between the two groups with and without CAD, 4) the reports of EFT in sites other than the right ventricular free wall, and 5) review articles or case reports. No date restriction was considered for the studies, but those with non-English abstracts and the articles lacking full text or published only as summary in abstract were excluded from the study. Eligible articles were independently checked by two reviewers (Mohammad Ali Ansari and Alireza Sepehri Shamloo) to ensure full compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and any disagreement was discussed, to be judged and revised.

2.3. Information sources and Search

The databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Thomson Reuters Web of Science, Cochrane Library, DARE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Google Scholar were searched from inception until March 31, 2018 using the keywords: “Epicardial adipose tissue, Epicardial fat, Subepicardial adipose tissue, Subepicardial fat, Coronary artery disease, Diagnostic techniques and procedures, Myocardial ischemia, Myocardial infarction, Coronary angiography; Acute coronary syndrome, Angina, Stable, Non-invasive methods (Elasticity Imaging Techniques), and Coronary stenosis”. The abstracts and titles of articles found in databases were reviewed by two different assessors to exclude non-content related articles. In cases where the excluded studies for each database were not the same, the differences were checked to obtain a similar judgement. Moreover, the references to all related articles were reviewed to be added to our review article if relevant. Gray literature was not assessed in the current study.

2.4. Data collection process

The required information was collected for the articles using a data extraction table, including title, name of first author, year of publication, place of study, sample size, retrospective or prospective status of study, diagnostic test method for detecting EFT and CAD, sample size based on the results of angiography, the mean age of the subjects, the frequency distribution of gender, and the mean EFT in the RV free wall in millimeters in both groups with and without CAD. This table was completed by the first reviewer (MAA), and checked and verified by the second one (ASSH).

2.5. Quality assessment

The Methodologic Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) checklist was used to assess the quality of the articles included in the study (13). MINORS is a valid checklist, with 12-items, considered to assess the quality of non-randomized observational studies. The items were scored 2 if reported and adequate, 1 in cases of inadequate reporting, and 0 when not reported. The global ideal score was 24 for studies. This checklist was completed separately for each study by two different assessors. In cases where the score calculated for each article by two raters was not the same, the differences were checked to obtain a consensus score.

2.6. Summary measures and Synthesis of results

The analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 software (Biostat, Englewood, New Jersey). The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for EFT between the two groups with and without CAD. The force plate was used to represent the findings of each study and the total findings. Cochran’s Q test was applied to evaluate heterogeneity. P <0.05 was considered as the statistical significance level. The I² index was used to quantify the heterogeneity. The fixed effects model was selected for I² less than 30% and the random effects model for I² more than 30%. Potential sources for heterogeneity were the echocardiographic view, the EFT measurement interval, the criteria used to define the CAD based on the percentage of coronary artery stenosis, and quality of studies based on MINORS. The probability of publication bias was evaluated through Classic Fail-safe N tests, and Orwin’s Failsafe-N, Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill.

3. Results

3.1. Study selection

A total of 175 articles were found in databases and search engines (Figure 1). However, 131 articles were omitted after reviewing their title and abstract, and the full text of the remaining 44 items were studied in detail.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of included studies in the meta-analysis based on PRISMA statement

3.2. Excluded studies

Thirty-one studies were excluded for various reasons after reviewing the original text. In 13 studies, the EFT had been measured using a tool other than echocardiography, or CAD had been detected by a non-angiographic method (14–26). In 8 studies, the parameters required to enter meta-analysis were not reported (27–34). In 2 studies, the findings related to epicardial thickness had been reported in groups other than CAD and non-CAD, such as coronary artery spasm (35) or carotid stenosis (36). In 8 studies, the numerical values of EFT had not been reported (31, 36–42).

3.3. Study characteristics

This meta-analysis was performed on 13 studies involving 2,436 patients (1,622 with CAD, and 814 without CAD). In the majority of studies (n=10), CAD was considered to be in the presence of stenosis in over 50% of each major coronary arteries; in 2 studies, stenosis was over 75%, and one study did not report the criteria. In all studies, the angiography had been considered as the diagnostic gold standard of CAD, and echocardiography had been employed to determine EFT. The smallest sample size was 40 patients (43), and the largest sample size was 549 patients (44). The first article had been published in 2006 (5) and the latest articles in 2016 (45–47). The majority of studies were conducted in Turkey (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis in relation to echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) between patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD)

Ref. no.	Location	n	CAD group, EFT Thickness (mm)		Non-CAD group, EFT Thickness (mm)		Stenosis* %	Echocardiographic view	Time of EFT measurement	Quality Score (24)
			n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)
5	U.S.A	139	85	2.22 (1.86)	54	2.16 (1.77)	50	Parasternal long- and short axis	End-diastolic	14
6	South Korea	153	85	3.8 (1.9)	68	1.8 (1.4)	50	Parasternal long-axis	End-diastolic	22
7	Turkey	150	100	6.9 (1.5)	50	4.4 (0.8)	50	Parasternal long- and short axis	End-diastolic	20
8	Cuba	250	185	6.6 (2.8)	65	4.7 (2.3)	50	Parasternal long- and short axis	End-systolic	21
47	Iran	292	171	5.4 (1.9)	121	4.4 (1.8)	75	Parasternal long- and short axis	End- systolic	18
49	Canada	40	20	12.9 (2.7)	20	8.4 (2.5)	NA	Parasternal long- and short axis	End- systolic	15
45	Turkey	64	34	6.43 (0.9)	30	5.35 (0.75)	50	Long-axis and apical four-chamber	End- diastolic	22
46	Mexico	153	119	5.39 (1.75)	34	4 (1.67)	50	Parasternal long- and short axis	End- systolic	22
48	Japan	311	166	5 (2.1)	145	4.4 (2.3)	75	Parasternal long- and short axis	End- systolic	21
43	India	549	464	5.1 (1.06)	85	4.63 (1.01)	50	Parasternal long-axis	End- systolic	16
4	Iran	100	59	6.9 (3)	41	3.6 (1.2)	50	Parasternal long-axis	End- systolic	22
50	India	100	50	6.9 (1.9)	50	4.4 (1.2)	50	Parasternal long- and short axis	End- systolic	22
51	Turkey	135	84	7.5 (1.9)	51	4.3 (0.9)	50	Parasternal long-axis	End- systolic	22

^*Defined percent of stenosis based on angiography for diagnosis of CAD

3.4. Epicardial fat thickness

The maximum EFT reported by echocardiography was 12.9±2.7 mm in the CAD group and 8.4±2.5 mm in the non-CAD group (49). The minimum EFT reported by echocardiography was 2.2±1.8 mm in the CAD group and 1.8±1.4 mm in the non-CAD group (6). The EFT was evaluated at the end-systolic stage in 10 studies and the end-diastolic phase in three studies (Table 1). Also, the EFT was achieved by the long- and short-axis approach in eight studies, while by the long-axis approach in four studies and by long-axis and apical four-chamber alone in one study (Table 1).

3.5. Meta-analysis

The heterogeneity was found among the researched studies (I²=91.8%, p=0.000, Q-value=146.43, df [Q] =12) using the random effect model. The patients with CAD had a significantly higher echocardiographic EFT than those without CAD (SMD=1.03, 95% CI=0.70–1.37, p=0.000, Figure 2). Sub-group meta-analysis was used to find possible sources of heterogeneity. However, the homogeneity was observed in none of the subgroups of the studies based on the echocardiographic view, the EFT measurement interval, the criteria used to define the CAD based on the percentage of coronary artery stenosis, and quality of studies based on MINORS (Table 2).

Figure 2.

Forest plot showing standard mean difference (SMD) in means and 95% CI of echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) between patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) for each study and for the overall analysis.

Table 2.

Subgroup analysis on studies included in the meta-analysis in relation to echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) between patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD)

Subgroup	Condition	Studies (n)	SMD	95% Confidence interval	p-value	I2	Q-value
Stenosis % (angiographic CAD)	50%	10	1.11	0.71–1.51	0.001	91.7	108.49
	75%	2	1.40	0.14–0.66	0.002	60.49	2.54
Echocardiographic view	Parasternal long- and short axis	8	0.66	0.55–0.78	0.001	91.98	87.29
	Parasternal long axis	4	0.96	0.89–1.31	0.001	93.58	46.73
Time of EFT measurement	End-diastolic	4	1.09	0.26–1.92	0.001	94.3	52.63
	End-systolic	9	1.00	0.64–1.36	0.001	90.88	87.8
Quality score (MINOR)	≥20	9	1.22	0.79–1.64	0.001	91.79	97.49
	<20	4	0.56	0.16–0.96	0.001	83.44	18.18

3.6. Publication bias

The findings of the classic-fail-safe N analysis showed that the number of missing studies resulting in a higher P-value was 1,162. According to Orwin’s fail-safe N analysis, 3,436 other studies were needed to observe no longer significant difference in the mean EFT between the two groups with and without CAD. Based on the Duval and Tweedie’s trim-and-fill method, no missing studies were seen on the left and right sides of mean effect.

4. Discussion

4.1. Summary of main results

The current meta-analysis showed that the echocardiographic EFT was significantly higher in the CAD patients compared to non-CAD ones. The findings of this study demonstrated that the echocardiography could also show higher EFT in relation to CAD, like other imaging interventions.

4.2. Comparison with other Meta-analysis

Our study was the first meta-analysis to evaluate EFT measured by echocardiography in association with CAD. To date, three other meta-analyses have examined the relationship between EFT and CAD, although there are two critical differences between them and our study (9–11). First, the relationship between the CAD and the EFT measured by various methods such as CT scan, echocardiography and MRI was examined in the first and second meta-analyses, while we believed that the diagnostic accuracy of CT scan and MRI differs from echocardiography, and therefore their findings cannot necessarily match what was achieved through echocardiography (9, 10). Apart from the high cost of using CT scan and MRI, and receiving massive amounts of radiation in CT scans, these images should sometimes be produced with contrast media whose application is limited in patients with renal dysfunction or with a history of allergic reactions (52, 53). On the other hand, it is impossible to perform CT scan and MRI in many developing countries and echocardiography is the only possible cardiac imaging modality; therefore, we believe that performing a meta-analysis on echocardiographic findings alone will be more valuable and more practical, especially in areas with limited facilities. The third meta-analysis (11) performed on the relationship between EFT and CAD containing articles up to 2016 carried out only those studies that examined the EFT measured by CT scans regarding CAD, and there was no evidence on the echocardiographic EFT. However, the common point among the meta-analyses conducted over the past years with our study was that EFT had been reported higher in CAD patients compared to non-CAD patients in all studies. Although, other meta-analyses evaluating EFT in relation to metabolic syndrome have also been performed, and their findings suggest a higher EFT in patients with metabolic syndrome (54). On the other hand, our meta-analysis was done on thirteen studies, while previous works on EFT and CAD were reported on eight (9) and ten (10) studies, respectively, with the sample size of 1,383 and 1,525, whereas our study included thirteen studies with a total sample size of 2,436, about 1,000 more than previous meta-analyses. However, only one of the two similar meta-analyses in this field evaluated a subgroup of analyses on studies computing EFT by echocardiography, and the results among the six studies showed that the SMD value was 0.98 (95% CI= 0.43–1.53, p=0.002), approximately equal to our study (10). However, it should be noted that 95% confidence interval in our study estimated a much smaller range compared to the findings from the Wu et al. study (10), due to the statistical sample size in our study being almost more than twice as high. Therefore, in contrast to the study of Wu et al., who reported an uncertain association between echocardiographic EFT in the right ventricular free wall and CAD, our findings showed a nearly definite association between echocardiographic EFT and CAD, with higher generalizability.

4.3. Causes of heterogeneity

The Chi-square test result in our study was about 146 with the P-value less than 0.05, meaning that the differences in the results are non-randomized and statistically significant. Also, the I² index in our study was found to be 92%, indicating the presence of sources for study heterogeneity. Given the obtained heterogeneity, we used the random effect model in this study. However, we conducted a subgroup analysis to find the possible source of heterogeneity among various factors such as the echocardiographic view, the EFT measurement interval, and the criteria used to define the CAD based on the percentage of coronary artery stenosis and the quality of studies based on MINORS. Before the subgroup analysis, we found that one of the leading causes of heterogeneity between studies was the difference in the echocardiographic view and the end-systolic or end-diastolic time used to calculate EFT, because this difference in these parameters could lead to different measurements of the EFT values. The subgroup analysis results showed that I² index was over 50% in all end-systolic or end-diastolic subgroups, as well as in the parasternal long axis view, long- and short-axis, long-axis, and apical four-chamber subgroups. Additionally, operator-dependent echocardiographic EFT measurement was another potential factor related to heterogeneity that could not be evaluated in the current study. Moreover, one of the possible sources that could not be considered in our study was the status of the patient’s race. The studies included in our meta-analysis were conducted in nine different countries, but the effect of race on heterogeneity was not measurable due to failing to report the racial status of the subjects under study. In addition, the body mass index and age were also other possible sources of heterogeneity whose role was impossible to examine as the sources of heterogeneity due to the lack of reference to them in the majority of studies.

4.4. Publication bias and quality of evidence

The sensitivity analysis in our meta-analysis indicated that no study had a significant influential effect on overall estimates. Also, our tests revealed that there was no publication bias among the studies, and no missing study was found; therefore, it can be claimed that recent meta-analysis findings have high generalizability. On the other hand, we evaluated the articles qualitatively using a valid checklist. In most studies, the assessment score was reported to be higher than 20, indicating the desirability of quality in the studies.

4.5. Why Epicardial fat thickness is important

EFT has a higher ability to absorb and secrete free fatty acids, compared with other visceral fat deposits, and is known to be a source for adipokines and other signaling molecules that are important for cardiac development but can also play a role in inflammation and atherosclerosis (2). Although there is still no definitive mechanism for the cause of higher EFT in CAD patients, it seems that one of the involved mechanisms can be attributed to reduce the production of adiponectin in the EFT of CAD patients (55, 56). On the other hand, the release of constrictor factors such as chemerin, resistin, and angiotensin II also increases in adipocytes (56, 57). Additionally, increased epicardial fat deposits can be associated with the expression of a broad range of inflammatory factors such as CCL2, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a (2). Moreover, the elevation in EFT can be followed by an increase in the number of cells positive for CD11c, which is associated with CAD (48). Also, patients with heart diseases have shown that EFT releases high levels of type II secretory phospholipase A2, thus contributing to the production of inflammatory lipid mediators (2, 54, 55). Meanwhile, high level of type II secretory phospholipase A2, in turn, is known as an independent factor in increasing CAD risk (2).

4.6. Limitations

There were multiple limitations in our meta-analysis. Due to numerous inclusion and exclusion criteria and also insufficient information in eight studies, many studies were excluded from our final analysis, resulting in further limitation of the examined samples. Considering these criteria, we tried to control, as far as possible, the sources of known heterogeneity. All studies had an observational design, which has no good position in the value pyramid of studies. Several factors such as age and anthropometric status of individuals can be effective on EFT, but we could not take their effects into account because of the inadequate reporting of these variables in all studies.

5. Conclusions

According to the findings of the current meta-analysis, echocardiographic EFT measurement seems to be an acceptable strategy for risk stratification of heart diseases regarding ease of use, cost-effectiveness and non-radiation exposure characteristics compared to other imaging interventions. We believe that conducting future studies aimed at comparing echocardiographic EFT between the two groups with and without CAD alone would be no longer valuable; because increased EFT can be clearly seen in the CAD individuals. Achievement of a certain cut-off point from echocardiographic EFT is likely to be a challenging issue for future diagnosis of CAD, and this could be good grounds for future research. Interestingly, the majority of studies included in our meta-analysis were carried out in Asian and Middle Eastern countries, and few studies are available in European countries to examine the relationship between echocardiographic EFT and CAD. Therefore, it seems that this study design in European countries can effectively help to obtain the association of echocardiographic EFT with CAD. Also, the role of EFT as a prognostic factor has not been well addressed, which could be good grounds for future research.