Comorbidities in rheumatic arthritis

Abstract

Objectives

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common systemic inflammatory diseases, but its etiology is still not fully known. The aim of this preliminary study was to assess what particular comorbidities are involved in the progression of RA and determine the influence that the aforementioned diseases have on each other.

Material and methods

Forty patients with diagnosed RA according to EULAR/ACR criteria from 2010 were included in the study. The majority of the group was female (n = 35; 87.5%). Patients were tested using routine laboratory and imaging methods allowing diagnosis and assessment of disease activity. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was also evaluated for mineral density. The activity of the disease was assessed using the disease activity score DAS28 (ESR) and SDAI (Simplified Disease Activity Index).

Results

Among studied patients, based on the DAS28 index, 9 patients were in the remission phase (22.5%) and 12 (30%) had high disease activity. Increased values of CRP were observed in the majority of patients (65%). The group analysis demonstrated the most common comorbidities in patients with RA, as follows: hypertension (n = 14; 35%) and osteoporosis or osteopenia (n = 13; 32.6%).

Conclusions

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more susceptible to developing hypertension and osteoporosis. We did not observe a significant association between other comorbidities and activity of RA. The next study will assess a larger number of patients.

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects up to 1.5% of the worldwide population, women in particular. RA patients suffer from progressive joint inflammation, degeneration of joints and disability as a consequence of the above-mentioned changes [1]. Because emphasis is placed on RA treatment, management of other comorbidities is usually neglected in this group of patients [2–4].

The most common comorbidities reported in the literature include cardiovascular disorders [5, 6], gastrointestinal, renal and pulmonary diseases, infections [7], osteoporosis [8], tumors and depression.

There is a correlation between the occurrence of other diseases and activity, duration and treatment of RA (especially with glucocorticosteroids – GCs) [9]. It has also been observed that certain diseases have a strong influence on the course of RA, e.g. obesity. Comorbidities are more often perceived as an adverse result of a chronic inflammatory process in RA rather than as an element affecting the course of RA. The aim of this study was to assess what particular comorbidities are involved in the progression of RA and the influence that the aforementioned diseases may have on each other.

Material and methods

Forty patients with diagnosed RA according to EULAR/ACR criteria from 2010, recruited from the Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior in Warsaw, were included in the study. The clinical condition of the patients was evaluated on the basis of medical records and routine laboratory blood tests: white and red blood cell counts (WBC, RBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), total calcium concentration, rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), glucose, creatinine, and uric acid serum concentration. All laboratory tests were performed routinely at admission to the clinic.

Bone mineral density (BDM) was assessed by DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia were identified.

During the study, the activity of the disease was assessed using the disease activity score DAS28 (ESR) and SDAI (Simplified Disease Activity Index). The evaluation of the radiographic changes was based on Larsen’s assessment according to the modification by Larsen-Dale, which assesses both erosions and joint space narrowing as a single score, on a scale of 0 to 5 according to reference radiographs. All data were presented as descriptive statistics (mean ±standard deviation and percentages). The SAS 9.4 statistical software was used to compare the variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

All participants gave informed, written consent, and the study was approved by the bioethical commission.

Results

The mean age in the group was 55.5 ±9.5 years (from 31 to 68 years). 87.5% of subjects were female (n = 35). The clinical characteristics of patients are shown in Table I. Based on the DAS28 index, 9 patients were in remission (22.5%) and 12 (30%) had high disease activity (DAS28 score > 5.1). Increased values of CRP were observed in the majority of patients (65%).

Table I.

Clinical characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis population

Variable	Results
Age, years	55.5 ±9.5
Female n (%)	35 (87.5)
BMI	26.6 ±4.7
Disease duration, years	12.5 (6–17.5)
DAS28 (%)	3.91 ±1.7
≤ 2.6	9 (22.5)
> 2.6 and ≤ 3.2	2 (5)
> 3.2 and ≤ 5.1	17 (42.5)
> 5.1	12 (30)
SDAI	15.8 ±11.4
Larsen-Dale scale (%)
1	10 (25)
2	12 (30)
3	12 (30)
4	6 (15.0)
5	0 (0)
ESR (mm/h)	20.5 (10–39)
CRP (mg/l)	9.3 (2.6–16.7)
CRP > 5 (mg/l)	26 (65)
RF (IU/ml)	65.6 (16–212)
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.74 ±0.21
GFR	85.1 ±20.5

In the studied group we found that the most common comorbidities were hypertension (HT) (n = 14; 35%) and osteoporosis or osteopenia (n =13; 32.6%).

From all studied patients (N = 40), 16 (40%) patients were also treated with GCs. Between patients treated with GCs, 5 (which is 31.25% of the group treated with GCs) had osteoporosis.

Amongst studied RA patients gastrointestinal diseases (n = 9; 22.5%) such as cholelithiasis, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, diverticular disease, and hemorrhoidal disease were reported less frequently. Lung diseases occurred in 17.5% of patients; among them were diseases as interstitial lung disease, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and infection, e.g. tuberculosis. Cardiovascular diseases were diagnosed in 12.5% of studied patients (atrial fibrillation, sinus tachycardia with right bundle branch block, infective endocarditis or myocardial infarction). Four patients were diagnosed with cancer (10%) and 2 with depression. Table II summarizes the incidence of comorbidities in the examined group of patients.

Table II.

Incidence of comorbidities in the examined group of patients

Comorbidities	n (%)
Hypertension	14 (35)
Osteoporosis/osteopenia	13 (32.6)
Gastrointestinal disease	9 (22.5)
Lung diseases	7 (17.5)
Cardiovascular diseases	5 (12.5)
Malignancies	4 (10)
Depression	2 (5)

It was found that patients with diagnosed HT were characterized by a higher degree of disease activity assessed by DAS28 (p = 0.0036) and presented higher ESR (p = 0.0223) than those without HT (Table III). In addition, the mean glucose (p = 0.0242) and uric acid (p = 0.0019) serum concentration were significantly higher in these patients. Patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia confirmed by DEXA were older (p = 0.028), with longer duration of the disease (p = 0.0017) and had a lower RBC level (p = 0.0256) compared to patients without osteoporosis Table IV.

Table III.

Group of patients with/without hypertension and with/without osteoporosis/osteopenia

Parameters	Hypertension –	Hypertension +	p-value
Age	54.3 ±9.8	57.6 ±9.8	0.3117
BMI	25.7 ±3.5	28.2 ±6.1	0.0974
Duration of RA/years	13 (9–15)	7 (4–24)	0.3338
DAS28	3.43 ±1.77	4.81 ±1.01	0.0036
SDAI	13.7 ±12.4	19.6 ±9.4	0.1244
WBC (× 109/l)	7.6 ±2.6	9.4 ±3.2	0.0515
ESR (mm/h)	16.5 (9–37)	36 (21–56)	0.0223
CRP (mg/l)	8.35 (2.16–14.4)	10.9 (5.3–30.8)	0.1603
RF (IU/ml)	48.8 (11.4–172)	118 (29.1–414.1)	0.0957
Calcium total (mmol/l)	2.35 (2.31–2.37)	2.35 (2.29–2.43)	0.6398
Glucose (mg/dl)	90.5 ±13.8	112.7 ±31.8	0.0242
Uric acid (mg/dl)	3.84 ±1.17	5.14 ±1.11	0.0019
SBP (mm Hg)	127 ±9.3	135 ±13.7	0.0284
DBP (mm Hg)	76 ±9.7	80.7 ±9.5	0.1523

BMI – body mass index; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure

Table IV.

Differences between patients with or without confirmed osteoporosis

Parameters	Osteoporosis/osteopenia –	Osteoporosis/osteopenia +	p-value
Age	52.5 ±9.6	61.7 ±5.8	0.0028
BMI	27.4 ±5.1	25.1 ±3.2	0.1579
Duration of RA/years	9 (5–13)	18 (13–25)	0.0017
DAS28	3.43 ±1.77	4.81 ±1.01	0.9425
SDAI	13.7 ±12.4	19.6 ±9.4	0.3909
RBC (× 1012/l)	4.48 ±0.37	4.2 ±0.32	0.0256
ESR (mm/h)	21 (7–44)	20 (16–36)	0.8737
CRP (mg/l)	9.1 (1.56–17.3)	10.4 (4.5–16.1)	0.4793
RF (IU/ml)	72 (18.4–259)	17 (10–172)	0.0920
Calcium total (mmol/l)	2.35 (2.32–2.42)	2.34 (2.29–2.36)	0.6398
Glucose (mg/dl)	100.9 ±26.4	92.9 ±17.6	0.3332
Uric acid (mg/dl)	4.69 ±1.36	3.59 ±0.81	0.0113

Discussion

Current management of RA may result in a decrease in disease activity and improvement of overall function of the patient. Nonetheless, comorbidities such as cardiovascular, kidney, lung and gastrointestinal diseases, infections, malignancies, osteoporosis and depression remain an important issue. These comorbidities are more frequently observed in patients with RA compared to the general population [9]. This is usually explained by either activity of the disease and the metabolic changes that follow or by its treatment – especially with GCs. Secondly, patients with RA do not receive sufficient medical prevention. The reason for that may be either focusing mostly on the underlying disease or paying too little attention to accompanying clinical problems. It is well illustrated by the fact that screening for breast cancer in women with RA is less frequently performed than in the overall population [2, 3].

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are some of the most relevant causes of death among patients with RA. Most of these patients have signs of CVD such as myocardial, pericardial or valvular diseases on autopsy. The ongoing process of inflammation predisposes to early atherosclerosis. Acute cardiovascular incidents cause a higher mortality rate among patients suffering from RA. It has been shown that traditional risk factors such as high BMI, diabetes mellitus (DM), increased blood pressure and smoking, as well as nontraditional ones such as RA disease duration, activity and seropositivity, increase the risk of CVD among RA patients. In this group, however, decreased lipid concentrations are associated with an increased risk of occurrence of CV events as opposed to the overall population [10]. Insulin resistance also seems to play a role among our group of patients since it has been shown to be an independent risk factor for developing CVD. The incidence of DM in patients with RA, however, is not increased. Another independent risk factor for CVD is smoking, which is also associated with an increase in activity of RA [10]. Aviña-Zubieta et al. [11] searched the databases Medline, Embase, LILACS and Cochrane to determine the risk of incident CVD compared to the general population and analyzed observational studies that included 41,490 patients. The authors showed that there is a 48% increased risk of CVD in RA patients compared to the general population. In our research we found that 35% of patients have HT and 12.5% of them have other CVDs.

In the studied population there were several patients with HT, which is known to be a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor [12]. It has been shown that HT prevalence in the overall RA patient population is comparable or higher than in the population of elderly patients (above 65 years of age) in England [13]. What is more, metabolic changes that occur in the course of RA (especially inflammation), their consequences (physical inactivity) and drugs administered to patients as treatment seem to have an influence on the development and progression of HT [13, 14].

Drugs commonly used in patients with CVD – statins – have an influence on the course of RA, reducing the inflammatory marker levels (e.g. CRP). Moreover, this group of drugs have both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that may affect the inflammatory process in rheumatoid disorders. It seems crucial to diagnose CVDs and manage them properly as soon as possible among patients with RA as CVD risk is higher in early stages of RA. It has been shown that the CVD risk increases with the activity and duration of the underlying disease [10].

Due to their powerful anti-inflammatory and pain relief effects, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently included in the treatment of RA patients. They should be, however, given carefully to patients with a history of prior myocardial events as there is a risk of recurrence of the cardiovascular event. Steroids, on the other hand, in spite of their important role in the treatment of RA, influence the traditional CVD risk factors in a dose-dependent manner.

Another important comorbidity that occurs among RA patients is depression. Its prevalence in the group of patients whose physical health is handicapped is two- to threefold higher than in the population of physically healthy people. A combination of a psychiatric disorder and rheumatoid disease may cause severe problems and worsen the symptoms of both conditions [15]. Current views and research results show the relationship between the development of depression and inflammatory activity and the production of a number of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-6, and TNF [16]. As well as the development of a chronic disease with pain and disability, it has an impact on the behavior and development of symptoms of depression

Almost one third of the patients in the studied population suffered from osteoporosis and osteopenia. In the group of RA patients bone mineral density (BMD) loss may increase in the early stage of the disease, regardless of use of GCs, and it is associated with the levels of inflammatory markers [17], among them RANK-L, a strong osteoclast-stimulating factor. In the study by Bilgici et al. [18] on 304 of patients with RA, osteoporosis was present in 91 patients (29.9%). In our research we obtained comparable results: 30.7% of patients with osteoporosis, and 69.3% with osteopenia.

Glucocorticosteroids are used commonly in treatment of RA. In medium and high doses they significantly increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. It seems obvious that asymptomatic vertebral fractures increase with age, but also the adjusted prevalence in RA was quite high, 33.78% for rheumatoid arthritis in the study by Angeli et al. [19]. What was interesting, the authors did not find a significant association with GCs cumulative dose and duration of therapy. However, as shown in other studies, GC-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) may occur with asymptomatic fractures [20]. Prevention of GIOP using active calcium, vitamin D and bisphosphonates is indicated.

As for internal diseases that occur as comorbidities in RA patients, gastric and duodenal ulcers seem to be a prevalent complication. In the present group 22% of patients had some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract as mentioned above: cholelithiasis, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, diverticular disease, hemorrhoidal disease. However, they cannot be clearly associated only with the occurrence of RA, as age, NSAID treatment or other risk factors may have influenced their development. It is undoubtedly related to the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of pain and rheumatoid diseases [21]. Moreover, the use of biological drugs such as tocilizumab and tofacitinib is associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal perforation, which was not shown in our study.

Kidney function in patients with RA also deteriorates over time, which may be linked with CVDs – a comorbidity that has already been mentioned. On the other hand, abnormalities in kidney physiology may lead to an increase in morbidity from CVDs [22]. Other internal diseases that may develop in the course of RA include intestinal lung diseases [23], whose occurrence correlates with increased morbidity and mortality in RA. In the study group, 17.5% of patients had confirmed lung involvement, which prevails in comparison with cardiovascular symptoms indicated in 12.5% of subjects. In the Bilgici et al. [18] study of 52 patients with RA as many as 40% of the patients had symptoms of lung disease.

We did not find any correlation between the activity or duration of RA and the incidence of malignancies in our group of patients. Yet there are some studies showing such links in larger populations. There have been speculations that drugs used in rheumatoid diseases’ treatment (especially GCs and biologic drugs) may increase the long-term risk of developing a tumor due to their suppressive effect on the immune system [24]. Indeed, it seems that patients with RA are more prone to developing lung and lymphoma malignancies than the overall population [25]. It has also been shown that treatment with certain groups of drugs (e.g. cyclophosphamide, methotrexate) results in an increased risk of developing specific malignancies [26, 27]. Undoubtedly, screening for malignancies should be an important part of follow-up in the case of patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Since drugs affecting the immune system, as well as synthetic and biological agents, are used in the treatment of RA, it is important to take into consideration the potential risk of infections in this group of patients [28]. The symptoms and consequences of the underlying disease, such as restricted mobility, joint damage and skin lesions, may result in a higher risk of developing infections in this group of patients. Moreover, GCs have been proved to increase the prevalence of infections in RA patients. The same effect has also been shown for certain risk factors such as age ≥ 70, class III or IV of RA, DAS28–ESR ≥ 3.8 and use of biological drugs, the last three factors being related to the disease activity [29]. In the present group no active infections were found. Further studies on bigger groups of patients are required.

Conclusions

To sum up our preliminary study, patients with rheumatoid arthritis are primarily susceptible to developing HT, osteoporosis and osteopenia. Therefore we believe that screening for detection of the selected comorbidities should be a part of the standard diagnostic procedure for patients with rheumatic arthritis. In clinical practice there should be more specific identification of patients with risk factors for comorbidities.