Post-chemotherapy serum anti-Müllerian hormone level predicts ovarian function recovery

Abstract

In the era of precision medicine, the prediction of ovarian function recovery from chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea using feasible biological markers may be helpful to optimise the treatment strategy for young patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of post-chemotherapy biological markers for predicting the recovery of ovarian function in breast cancer patients of the ASTRRA trial, with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea. Using data of 82 participants from a single institution in the ASTRRA trial, the post-chemotherapy serum levels of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), oestradiol, inhibin B and other clinical factors associated with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea were evaluated. Recovery of ovarian function was defined by the resumption of menstruation manifested by vaginal bleeding. Fifty-two patients regained menstruation within 55 months after enrolment. In univariate analysis, <40 years of age (P = 0.009), oestradiol ≥37 pg/mL (P = 0.003) or AMH ≥800 pg/mL (P = 0.026) were associated with recovery of menstruation. On multivariate analysis, oestradiol (hazard ratio: 3.171, 95% CI: 1.306–7.699, P = 0.011) and AMH (hazard ratio: 2.853, 95% CI: 1.011–8.046, P = 0.048) remained as significant independent predictors for resumption of menstruation. The diagnostic accuracy of age, oestradiol and AMH in predicting the resumption of menstruation was 38.3, 23.3 and 86.7%, respectively. In conclusion, post-chemotherapy AMH level might be a relatively accurate predictor of the recovery of ovarian function, presented by resumption of menstruation in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea.

Introduction

Management of young patients with endocrine-sensitive breast cancer is challenging, due to various treatment regimens that may cause menopausal symptoms or infertility, and most importantly, affect the prognosis of the disease. Occurrence of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea further complicates the management of this disease. Most high-risk hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients are treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, and 15–75% of these patients experience chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea. Despite this high incidence of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea, 27–75% of patients regain ovarian function (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The selection of optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for these patients is particularly difficult.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) demonstrate superior survival benefit over tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients (6). However, it should be prescribed with caution for patients with uncertain menopausal status, such as patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea, because AIs may cause a surge in gonadotropin-releasing hormone level and result in unwanted elevated serum oestradiol level (7). Although combining ovarian suppression and AI is a possible treatment option for some patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea, side effects such as aggravated menopausal symptoms and bone health issues pose a limitation (8, 9). Therefore, a reliable and feasible biomarker for predicting ovarian function recovery would help in deciding optimal endocrine therapy strategy for young hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea.

In the evaluation of infertility, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, oestradiol, follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone have been frequently studied as biomarkers of ovarian function in women treated by chemotherapy (10, 11). Furthermore, it has been suggested that these biomarkers may predict ovarian function recovery in patients preparing for adjuvant endocrine therapy after completion of chemotherapy. A number of studies have reported associations between pre-chemotherapy levels of these biomarkers and resumption of menstruation in breast cancer patients (1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16). However, data on measurable biomarkers after the completion of chemotherapy in this population have been rarely reported (17, 18, 19). Post-chemotherapy biomarker levels may reflect changes in the ovarian function differently than biomarker levels measured at the time of diagnosis before undergoing any local or systemic treatment. The biomarkers at the time of diagnosis show an individual’s innate follicle reservoir (20); however, post-chemotherapy levels may reflect the actual follicle reserve after gonadotoxic therapy (21, 22, 23). Therefore, we investigated the accuracy of post-chemotherapy biomarkers to predict ovarian function recovery in patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea.

Methods

Study design and patients

The serum level of post-chemotherapy AMH, inhibin B, FSH and oestradiol were evaluated in the 82 participants of the ASTRRA trial (Nbib912548-clinical trials.gov) who were enrolled at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital. The ASTRRA trial is a randomised, multicentre, phase III trial that evaluated the efficacy of combined ovarian function suppression and tamoxifen vs tamoxifen alone, in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients who remain premenopausal after chemotherapy. The trial enrolled premenopausal women ≤45 years of age with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated with definitive surgery and chemotherapy. Patients were assigned with one of the following chemotherapy regimens: four cycles of (doxorubicin 60 mg/m² and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m²) q3w or four cycles of (doxorubicin 60 mg/m² and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m²) q3w followed by four cycles of (docetaxel 100 mg/m²) q3w or six cycles of (doxorubicin 50 mg/m² and docetaxel 75 mg/m²) q3w. For adjuvant hormone therapy, all patients took tamoxifen regardless of their menstrual status during the study. The study design and enrolment criteria are precisely described in a previous report (24). However, in this study, unlike in the ASTRRA trial, only the presence of vaginal bleeding was accepted as criteria for resumption of ovarian function. Patients who were found to have resumed ovarian function based on FSH levels only without vaginal bleeding were censored at the time of randomisation, as adding ovarian function suppression to these patients could obscure menstruation return. Regaining vaginal bleeding, FSH and oestradiol levels were evaluated within every 6 months of each visit for 5 years and at least yearly thereafter. Blood samples for post-chemotherapy AMH and inhibin B were drawn within 2 months of the final dose of chemotherapy. Consent has been obtained from each patient or subject after full explanation of the purpose and nature of all procedures used. All obtained blood samples were stored in the Korean Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS) Radiation Biobank. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Korea Cancer Center Hospital (IRB No: K-1604-002-035).

Statistical analysis

The serum levels of post-chemotherapy AMH, oestradiol, inhibin B and other clinical factors were analysed in relation to ovarian function resumption. The level of serum AMH, oestradiol and inhibin B was evaluated using ELISA. AMH assays were performed using the kit from USCN Life Science, Inc. (Buckingham, UK). AMH values are presented in concentration of pg/mL. The lower limit of detection was less than 25.4 pg/mL. Inhibin B was quantified using an ELISA kit (BlueGene Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) and levels of oestradiol was measured using electro-chemiluminescence immunoassays (Roche Diagnostics). Details of assay procedures are well described in a previous study, in which we successfully estimated the post-chemotherapy levels of the same markers in 32 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The cut-off point of inhibin B (≥30 pg/mL) was determined based on our previous analysis (25). The cut-off value of AMH (≥800 pg/mL) used in this study, indicative of a functional ovarian reserve, was determined at the level of the lowest P value in the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. In the ROC analysis of AMH (≥800 pg/mL) for resumption of menstruation, the area under the curve was 0.59 (data not shown). For oestradiol, we used the reference value of ≥37 pg/mL at our institute as a cut-off value for premenopausal women.

The relationships between the levels of biomarkers and clinicopathological parameters were calculated using χ ² test and Student’s t-test. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed for each variable to assess the time to ovarian function recovery. Associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and resumption of menstruation were evaluated with Cox regression. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative predictive values were calculated for age, level of oestradiol or level of AMH. Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the SPSS version 23.0 statistical software package (IBM).

Results

Patient characteristics and resumption of menstruation

Median follow-up period was 61.8 months (range 9.1–71.5). Table 1 depicts clinic-pathologic characteristics of the 82 patients. Mean age of the patients at the time of enrolment was 40.8 ± 3.8 years (95 percentiles of age, 34–45). Among 82 patients, 24 patients presented with advanced disease. Node positivity was reported in 39 patients. Approximately half of the patients (42 patients) had been treated with 4 cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Thirteen patients received six cycles of doxorubicin and docetaxel combination without cyclophosphamide.

Table 1.

Clinicopathological characteristics of the study population.

Characteristics	Total number of patients (N = 82)
Stage
I	32
II	26
III	24
T stage
T1	50
T2	27
T3	2
T4	3
N stage
N0	43
N1	21
N2	10
N3	8
Histology
Invasive ductal carcinoma	79
Invasive lobular carcinoma	3
Histologic grade
G1	18
G2	42
G3	11
Unidentified	11
Chemotherapy regimen
Anthracycline + cyclophosphamide	42
Anthracycline + cyclophosphamide followed by taxane	27
Anthracycline + taxane (to be continued)	13
Operation
Total mastectomy	22
Breast conserving surgery	60
BMI
<27	69
≥27	13
ASTRRA trial group
Menopause for 2 years, tamoxifen only	6
Ovarian function resumption, tamoxifen only	37
Ovarian function resumption, tamoxifen combining ovarian function suppression by GnRH agonist	39

GnRH agonist, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.

Resumption of menstruation was detected in 44 patients within the first 2 years after enrolment. However, 52 patients resumed menstruation after 55 months of the follow-up period (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier curves of time to ovarian function recovery after chemotherapy. Within the first 2 years after enrolment, resumption of menstruation occurred in 44 patients. After 55 months, however, menstruation recovery was detected in 52 patients.

Predictive values for regaining vaginal bleeding

In univariate analysis, age <40 years (P = 0.009), oestradiol ≥37 pg/mL (P = 0.003) and AMH ≥800 pg/mL (P = 0.026) were statistically significant in predicting menstruation resumption. However, BMI ≥27 kg/m², inhibin B ≥30 pg/mL and types of chemotherapy regimen showed no association with the prediction of menstruation resumption (Table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate analysis of predictive values for resumption of menstruation.

Characteristics	Subgroups	Event	Total	Menstruation return mean ± s.d. (months)	P Value
Age	<40	16	22	13.2 ± 3.2
	≥40	36	60	23.4 ± 2.9	0.009
BMI	<27	44	69	22.0 ± 2.6
	≥27	8	13	12.6 ± 3.7	0.104
Chemotherapy regimen	Anthracycline + cyclophosphamide	30	42	16.6 ± 2.9	–
	Anthracycline + cyclophosphamide followed by taxane	14	27	21.7 ± 3.8	0.092
	Anthracycline + taxane	8	13	31.1 ± 6.7	0.205
Oestradiol	Ovarian failure (<37 pg/mL)	46	74	22.1 ± 2.5
	Functional ovarian reserve (≥37 pg/mL)	6	8	6.9 ± 1.7	0.003
Anti-Müllerian hormone	Ovarian failure (<800 pg/mL)	4	9	34.1 ± 7.7
	Functional ovarian reserve (≥800 pg/mL)	48	73	18.5 ± 2.3	0.026
Inhibin B	Ovarian failure (<30 pg/mL)	19	32	14.4 ± 2.4
	Functional ovarian reserve (≥30 pg/mL)	33	50	23.4 ± 3.1	0.263

For the multivariate analysis, only those factors that were significant in the univariate analysis were included. Oestradiol (HR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.306–7.699, P = 0.011) and AMH (HR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.011–8.406, P = 0.048) were regarded as independent predictive markers for menstruation resumption (Table 3).

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis for predictive values for resumption of menstruation.

Characteristics	Subgroups	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P Value
Age (years)	<40 vs ≥40	1.702	0.883–3.280	0.112
Oestradiol (pg/mL)	≥37 vs <37	3.171	1.306–7.699	0.011
Anti-Müllerian hormone (pg/mL)	≥800 vs <800	2.853	1.011–8.046	0.048

Diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers for regaining vaginal bleeding

Table 4 summarises the diagnostic ability of age, oestradiol, and AMH in predicting the recovery of ovarian function. Among 82 patients initially eligible for the study, 22 patients were censored who had been randomised based on FSH levels only and did not have vaginal bleeding. Therefore, 60 patients were analysed in this study. Age dichotomised at 40 years had a sensitivity of 30.8%, a specificity of 87.5% and an accuracy of 38.3% (P = 0.420) in predicting menstrual recovery. Oestradiol had a sensitivity of 11.5%, specificity and positive predictive value of 100%, yet an accuracy of 23.3% (P = 0.585). AMH had a sensitivity of 92.3%, a specificity of 50.0%, positive predictive value of 92.3% and an accuracy of 86.7%. Overall, AMH was significantly more accurate than age and oestradiol in predicting restoration of ovarian function (P = 0.008).

Table 4.

Diagnostic accuracy of predictive measures for resumption of menstruation (N = 60).

Characteristics	Subgroups	Menstruation return for 5 years		P value	Diagnostic accuracy
		Yes	No
Age (years)	<40	16	1	0.420	Sensitivity = 30.8%Specificity = 87.5%Positive predictive value = 94.1%Negative predictive value = 16.2%Diagnostic accuracy = 38.3%
	≥40	36	7
Oestradiol (pg/mL)	≥37	6	0	0.585	Sensitivity = 11.5%Specificity = 100.0%Positive predictive value = 100.0%Negative predictive value = 14.8%Diagnostic accuracy = 23.3%
	<37	46	8
Anti-Müllerian hormone (pg/mL)	≥800	48	4	0.008	Sensitivity = 92.3%Specificity = 50.0%Positive predictive value = 92.3%Negative predictive value = 50.0%Diagnostic accuracy = 86.7%
	<800	4	4

Discussion

In this study, we investigated the accuracy of post-chemotherapy biological markers for predicting the recovery of ovarian function in breast cancer patients. Post-chemotherapy AMH level was identified as an independent predictive marker for ovarian function recovery in patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea; the accuracy, sensitivity and positive predictive value at 5 years were 86.7, 92.3 and 92.3%, respectively. Our results add to the existing studies supporting the value of post-chemotherapy AMH level in predicting ovarian function resumption. The strength of our study is that the findings provide a prognostic value of late ovarian function recovery. Repeated prospective and regular evaluation of ovarian function was done through a relatively long follow-up period of 55 months. This is especially important for selecting optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy in hormone-sensitive premenopausal breast cancer patients, as the therapy may be administered for more than 5 years. In addition, according to the results of our study, AMH proved to be more accurate than the conventional markers in these patients. The level of FSH and E2 may vary depending on the use of adjuvant tamoxifen through a mechanism not clearly understood (26, 27, 28). Nevertheless, FSH and oestradiol are the only authorised biomarkers currently utilised in the clinic.

In earlier studies, there were inconsistent findings regarding the predictive value of post-chemotherapy AMH level. Discordant with our study is a study that reported post-chemotherapy AMH as not useful for predicting ovarian function recovery in 59 patients on AI (4). However, in our opinion, the major contribution to this difference between findings was low, undetectable levels of AMH caused by inclusion of older patients (median age 50.3 years) in the previously mentioned study, as AMH levels naturally decline with the ageing process (29, 30). In contrast, by using more sensitive assays, recent studies were successful in providing the predictive value of AMH level. In a study by Chai et al., levels of AMH measured at 2 years after diagnosis had a sensitivity of 96% in predicting menstruation for the subsequent 3 years (31). In another study by Anderson et al., a sensitivity of 84% was reported for AMH level at the end of chemotherapy to predict premature ovarian insufficiency at 2 years (32). However, only a few studies have measured ovarian function at 5 years after diagnosis (33); most studies have less than 2 years of follow-up (15, 18, 34, 35, 36), but ovarian function can be recovered 3 years after treatment (37).

The ovarian recovery rate in this study was relatively higher than those reported previously (1, 4). Patient homogeneity conferred by the strict enrolment criteria of the ASTRRA trial may have substantially contributed to this result. Participants were relatively younger (<45 years) and those who used CMF regimens were excluded.

In our study, high BMI, levels of inhibin B and types of chemotherapy were not associated with menstruation resumption. Age cut-off at 40 years has been a classical predictor in many studies (11, 38). However, in our study, the age at prediction of menstruation resumption was validated in univariate analysis only (P = 0.009). This might be explained by the requirement for all patients enrolled at ASTRRA to be ≤45 years. According to a recent meta-analysis, younger age (<40 years) was significant for menstrual recovery, while the use of taxanes resulted in reduced recovery (OR: 0.488, 95% CI: 0.299–0.796) (39). Controversies exist regarding the role of obesity. It has been shown that obesity was more likely to predict earlier recovery of ovarian function (11); however, other studies, including ours, did not find this in their results (3). This might be caused by the relatively slender statures of Asian patients. Severely obese patients rarely report to the clinic, and this may have influenced statistics.

The cut-off value of 800 pg/mL (0.8 ng/mL) for AMH level at 2 months post-chemotherapy in our study seems somewhat higher than those in recent studies, which ranged between 0.07 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL depending on the post-treatment time of evaluation (17, 18, 19). As there are no international standards guiding numerous assay tools and serum AMH levels, careful interpretation is required (40). Post-chemotherapy AMH, in particular, is an area under active research and no optimal cut-off value has been established; thus, further validation is required. As levels of AMH may vary depending on the time of sampling, types of chemotherapy regimen, and age of the study group, there is a possibility for higher cut-off values. In our previous study, post-chemotherapy AMH levels at 2 months after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with a median age of 41.5 years ranged between 0.8 and 2.8 ng/mL (median, 1.0 ng/mL), and the cut-off value of ≥1000 pg/mL significantly predicted poorer outcomes in these patients (25). In addition, patients included in the aforementioned studies (17, 18, 19) had received three cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by three cycles of docetaxel, some with additional gemcitabine; this adds up to more than six cycles of gonadotoxic therapy. In contrast, more than half of the patients in our study received four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Six cycles of doxorubicin and docetaxel (without cyclophosphamide, which is highly ovary-toxic) were given to approximately one sixth (13 of 82) of the patients. Thus, less intense treatment regimens for the patients in this study may have contributed to the higher levels of AMH. We hope that the results of our study may help to provide a basis for establishing a generally accepted level for post-chemotherapy AMH.

The limitation of this study is that the entire cohort of the ASTRRA trial was not analysed. This study focused on one institute among the 36 ASTRRA trial institutes. Additionally, we could not obtain pre-treatment levels of AMH, which may have been useful for comparison.

In conclusion, post-chemotherapy AMH level in patients with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea could be an accurate predictive marker for the recovery of ovarian function, manifested by resumption of menstruation. This may have implications for the treatment of young breast cancer patients and decision for further adjuvant endocrine therapy. In future studies, after the survival analysis of ASTRRA trial is announced, we anticipate exploring the relationships between the survival outcome and level of AMH.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (KIRAMS), funded by Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Republic of Korea (No. 50472-2018).