Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oil of Psidium caudatum McVaugh was investigated and thirty-two compounds were identified by HRGC-MS. The main constituents were terpinen-4-ol (47.72%), γ-terpinene (11.58%) and α-terpinene (6.70%).
Keywords: Chemical composition, essential oil, terpinen-4-ol, Psidium caudatum McVaugh.
Introduction
The Myrtaceae family consists of some 75 genera and nearly 3000 species of mainly tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. The main areas of distribution are the American and Asian tropics and Australia. The genus Psidium contains about 100 species mainly native to regions ranging from Mexico to Uruguay. In Colombia, Psidium caudatum McVaugh, syn. Calycolpus moritzianus (O.Berg) Burret and Psidiopsis moritziana (O. Berg), commonly known in the region as "arrayán", is a small tree of 5-7 m whose leaves are green, very narrow and opposite [1,2,3].
Similarly to Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil) of Australia, the main constituent of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of P. caudatum McVaugh is terpinen-4-ol, amounting to between 25-45% [1]. The essential oil of M. alternifolia consists largely of cyclic monoterpenes of which about 50% are oxygenated and about 50% are hydrocarbons. It exhibits a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity that can be principally attributed to the terpinen-4-ol content [4,5].
Results and Discussion
The average yield of essential oil obtained after hydrodistillation of the leaves of P. caudatum McVaugh was about 1%. Table 1 reports the chemical composition of the essential oil under study. The various compounds were identified by comparison of their Kováts retention indexes, determined utilizing a non-logarithmic scale on both polar (INNOWAX) and non-polar (HP-5) columns, and by comparison of the mass spectra of each GC component with those of standards and with reported data [6,7].
Table 1.
Chemical Composition of Colombian Psidium caudatum McVaugh oil extracted from the fresh leaves.
| PeakNumber | Compound | Experimentally determinedKováts Indexes | HRGC-MSPeak area [%] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HP-5 | INNOWAX | |||
| 1 | α-Tricyclene | 924 | - | 1.22 |
| 2 | α-Pinene | 930 | 1092 | 4.49 |
| 3 | β-Terpinene | 973 | - | 2.89 |
| 4 | β-Pinene | 975 | 1136 | 2.66 |
| 5 | β-Myrcene | 992 | 1166 | 0.77 |
| 6 | α-Phellandrene | 1002 | - | 0.88 |
| 7 | Δ3-Carene | 1008 | - | 0.11 |
| 8 | α-Terpinene | 1117 | - | 6.70 |
| 9 | p-Cymene | 1026 | - | 2.22 |
| 10 | Limonene | 1031 | 1217 | 5.20 |
| 11 | 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) | 1034 | 1230 | 3.95 |
| 12 | cis-β-Ocimene | 1043 | - | 0.13 |
| 13 | trans-β-Ocimene | 1053 | 1250 | 0.37 |
| 14 | γ-Terpinene | 1063 | - | 11.58 |
| 15 | α-Terpinolene | 1088 | - | 2.22 |
| 16 | Linalool | 1103 | 1517 | 0.43 |
| 17 | cis-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1124 | - | 0.92 |
| 18 | trans-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1145 | - | 0.60 |
| 19 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1185 | - | 47.72 |
| 20 | α-Terpineol | 1195 | 1661 | 3.05 |
| 21 | Methyl geranate | 1328 | - | 0.22 |
| 22 | β- Caryophyllene | 1422 | 1575 | 0.47 |
| 23 | α-Humulene | 1457 | 1641 | 0.19 |
| 24 | Germacrene D | 1485 | 1687 | 0.20 |
| 25 | γ-Cadinene | 1511 | 1759 | T |
| 26 | α-Cadinene | 1568 | - | T |
| 27 | δ-Cadinol | 1639 | 2122 | T |
| 28 | Muurolol T | 1645 | 2187 | T |
| 29 | (E,E)-Farnesol | 1664 | 2340 | 0.51 |
| 30 | Cedryl acetate | 1762 | - | T |
| 31 | γ-Eudesmol acetate | 1778 | - | T |
| 32 | (E,E)-Farnesyl acetate | 1812 | 2234 | 0.05 |
T= Trace
High resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (MRGC-MS) analysis and Kováts Index values showed that its principal components are the monoterpenes terpinen-4-ol (47.72%), γ-terpinene (11.58%), α-terpinene (6.70 %), limonene (5.20%), α-pinene (4.49%), 1,8-cineole (eucaliptol) (3.95%), α-terpineol (3.05%), β-terpinene (2.89%), β-pinene (2.66%), p-cymene (2.22%) and α-terpinolene (2.22%).
Conclusions
The high content of the oxygenated monoterpene terpinen-4-ol (47.72%) present in the essential oil from the leaves of P. caudatum shows that this plant has a commercial potential similar to that of the Australian species M. alternifolia.
Experimental
Plant Material
Fresh leaves of P. caudatum McVaugh were collected around El Naranjo, Pamplona, Norte de Santander (Colombia). The plant material was classified by Mr. Roberto Sánchez and a specimen has been deposited with the University Herbarium.
Isolation of the Essential Oil
The essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method, using a Clevenger apparatus. The temperature and pressure of hydrodistillation were 120°C and 560 mmHg respectively. The distillation time was three hours. The resulting pale yellow oil was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and 30 μL were solubilized in 1 mL of dichloromethane before the GC injection. 1 μL of this solution was directly used for analysis.
Essential Oil Analysis
The oil was investigated by capillary HRGC and HRGC-MS. HRGC analysis of the sample was performed on a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 5890A Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a split/splitless injector (250 °C, split ratio 1:30) and a FID operated at 250 °C. Chromatographic data were processed with an HP ChemStation 3365-II. Two columns of different polarities were used: a HP-5 fused silica capillary column (50 m x 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 μm) and an INNOWAX fused silica capillary column (50 m x 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 μm). The oven temperature was maintained at 50 °C for 5 min after injection, then programmed at 2.5 °/min to 250 °C for the HP-5 column or to 180 °C for the INNOWAX column. Helium was used as carrier gas, the inlet pressure was 152 kPa and the linear velocity was 19 cm/s for both columns. Air and hydrogen flow rates were 300 and 30 mL/min. Nitrogen was used as a make-up gas at a flow rate of 30 mL/min. 1.0μL of the solution of essential oil in dichloromethane was injected. The identity of the components was assigned by comparison of their retention indices, relative to C8-C24 n-alkanes, and mass spectra with corresponding data of components of reference oils [6,7].
A Hewlett-Packard (HP) 5890A Series II gas chromatograph interfaced to an HP 5972 mass selective detector (MSD) with an HP MS ChemStation data system was used for mass spectrometric identification of the GC components and quantitative composition. The percentage composition of the oils was computed, by the normalization method, from the HRGC peak areas without using correction factors. 1.0μL of the essential oil solubilized in dichloromethane was injected using the split flow technique. The column used was a 60 m x 0.25 mm i.d. fused silica capillary column coated with 0.25µm film of 5% phenylmethylsiloxane. The oven temperature was maintained at 50 °C for 5 min after injection and then programmed at 3°C minˉ 1 to 250 °C (25 min). Helium was used as carrier gas, the inlet pressure was 200 kPa, the linear velocity 1 mL/min (70 °C), split flow 10mL/min. The injector temperature was kept at 250 °C. The temperatures of the ionization chamber and transfer line were 180 and 285 °C, respectively. The electron energy was 70 eV. Mass spectra were obtained by automatic scanning of the mass range m/z 30-300 a.m.u. at 2.4 scan/s. Chromatographic peaks were checked for homogeneity with the aid of the mass chromatograms of the characteristic fragment ions reported in the NBS 75K and WILLEY 138 databases.
Acknowledgments
To Doctora Elena Stashenko of National School of Chromatography, at the Industrial of Santander University, Bucaramanga (Colombia).
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples are available from the authors.
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