SUMMARY
The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies in which hearing outcomes after primary stapes surgery have been reported. After the surgical procedure, the effectiveness of stapes surgery using nickel titanium (Nitinol) or other prostheses were systematically compared and evaluated using a meta-analytic method. A systematic search for articles before January 2017 in Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Only articles in English were included. Inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis consisted of a population of otosclerosis patients, intervention with primary stapes surgery using the Nitinol heat-crimping prosthesis compared with other type of stapes stapedotomy prostheses, and hearing outcome. Inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis consisted of application of audiometry guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium for evaluation of conductive hearing loss. A postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) ≤ 10 dB was considered effective. A bias assessment tool was developed according to Cochrane guidelines. To evaluate the mean age of the samples we used the chi-square test. Of the 4926 papers identified through the electronic database search (3695 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 1231 in Embase), 540 studies matched the selection criteria (436 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 104 in Embase) after application of filters and elimination of duplicate articles. After analysis of the title and abstract, 459 were excluded (396 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 63 in Embase). Of the remaining 81 papers, 74 were excluded according to the study selection criteria. A total of seven eligible studies with 1385 subjects, consisting of 637 in the Nitinol group and 748 in the non-Nitinol group, were included in our study. There were statistically significant differences in the effectiveness of stapes surgery between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol prostheses; the data showed a combined odds ratio (OR) of 2.56 (95% CI 1.38-4.76, p = 0.003). There were no statistically significant differences in the mean pre-operative age between Nitinol and non-Nitinol prostheses (p = 0.931). Our results suggest that the effectiveness of Nitinol was higher than non-Nitinol prostheses, with superiority of the number of patients with ABG ≤ 10 dB.
KEY WORDS: Stapedotomy, Stapedectomy, Stapes surgery, Otosclerosis, Prostheses
RIASSUNTO
Scopo di questo studio è stato quello di fare una revisione sistematica ed una meta-analisi di studi osservazionali in cui venivano riportati risultati audiologici dopo chirurgia stapediale. Dopo la procedura chirurgica, sono stati sistematicamente analizzati con metodo meta analitico i risultati di efficacia della chirurgia stapediale usando protesi Nitinol o altre protesi. È stata fatta una ricerca sistematica dei lavori sui database Embase, Medline e Cochrane Library prima del Gennaio 2017. Sono stati considerati solo articoli in lingua inglese. Il criterio di inclusione per una sintesi qualitativa era una popolazione di pazienti otosclerotici, sottoposti a chirurgia stapediale primitiva usando la protesi Nitinol, confrontati con altri tipi di protesi, paragonandone gli outcome funzionali. I criteri di inclusione per un’analisi quantitativa consistevano nell’ applicazione delle linee guida dell’American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium per la valutazione della perdita trasmissiva. Il gap post-operatorio aria-osso ≤ 10 Db è stato considerato efficace. Uno strumento di evidenza dei bias è stato sviluppato in accordo con le linee guida Cochrane. Per valutare l’età media del campione abbiamo usato il test chi-quadro. Dei 4926 lavori identificati attraverso la ricerca elettronica (3695 in Pubmed/Cochrane e 1231 in Embase), 540 lavori rispondevano ai criteri di selezione (436 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 104 in Embase) dopo l’applicazione dei filtri e l’eliminazione di articoli doppi. Dopo l’analisi di titolo ed abstract, 459 sono stati esclusi (396 in Pubmed/Cochrane e 63 in Embase). Dei rimanenti 81, 74 sono stati esclusi in base ai criteri di selezione dello studio. Un totale quindi di sette studi con 1385 pazienti, di cui 637 nel gruppo Nitinol e 748 nel gruppo non Nitinol, sono stati inclusi nel nostro lavoro. Vi erano differenze statisticamente significative sull’efficacia della chirurgia stapediale fra le protesi Nitinol e non Nitinol; i dati hanno dimostrato un odds ratio (OR) di 2,56 (95% IC 1,38-4,6, p = 0,003). Non vi sono state differenze statisticamente significative nell’età media preoperatoria fra le protesi Nitinol e non Nitinol (p = 0,931). I nostri risultati suggeriscono che l’ efficacia delle protesi Nitinol è maggiore di quelle non Nitinol.
PAROLE CHIAVE: Stapedotomia, Stapedectomia, Chirurgia stapediale, Otosclerosi, Protesi
Introduction
Rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss is one of the major challenges in ear surgery. Since the 1950s, when stapes surgery for otosclerosis was introduced, there have been many changes in prosthetic design and materials. The success of stapes surgery may depend on the characteristics of the prosthetic material.
An ideal stapes piston should have good biocompatibility and adequate sound transmission. A variety of materials have been used as a piston between the incus and the stapes such as Teflon (fluoroplastic), titanium, stainless steel, platinum, and Nitinol. The new Nitinol piston was first used in stapes surgery in 2004 1. It is reasonable to summarise all other traditional prostheses as the non-Nitinol group.
The unique characteristic of the Nitinol piston is the auto-crimping process of the loop placed over the long process of the incus, allowing firm attachment of the piston in contrast with manual-crimping of the non-Nitinol group 2-5. This technique may produce better functional results and reduce the risk of damage to the middle and inner ears during the crimping process 5-8.
The present study, using a meta-analytical method, is designed to examine whether the new Nitinol prosthesis for otosclerosis surgery is superior to other previously mentioned non-Nitinol prostheses in terms of rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss and stability.
Materials and methods
Search strategy
A systematic literature review was carried out using the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases. Using a combination of keywords including stapedotomy, stapedectomy and stapes surgery, a literature review was performed for studies in which the outcomes of stapedectomy and stapedotomy prostheses published from January 1970 to December 2016 were compared. All relevant papers or abstracts that were published in English were selected for the current investigation. The filters are shown in Table I.
Table I.
Filters activated.
| Filters | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Articles type | Books and Documents, Classical Article, Clinical Conference, Clinical Study, Clinical Trial, Comparative Study, Congresses, Consensus Development Conference, Controlled Clinical Trial, Evaluation Studies, Lectures, Meta-Analysis, Multicentre Study, Pragmatic Clinical Trial, Randomised Controlled Trial, Review, Scientific Integrity Review, Systematic Reviews |
| Text availability | Abstract |
| Publication dates | From 1970/01/01 to 2016/12/31 |
| Languages | English |
Articles and data were independently extracted and evaluated for quantitative analysis by two coauthors from the included trials. If there was disagreement, a third reviewer was included and the issue was resolved by discussion.
Study selection criteria
Studies that included randomised control trials, retrospective and/or prospective ones were acceptable, and there was no limitation in age, sex, or follow-up periods. A postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) ≤ 10 dB was considered effective. Depending on the available data, the postoperative gap of the ear that underwent surgery was calculated using pure tone audiometry (Table II) according to the guidelines of the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz) 9. Data on pre- and post-operative pure-tone average and ABG were compiled, and the mean thresholds were determined at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz. When the threshold at 3 kHz was not available, the average of the thresholds at 2 kHz and 4 kHz was estimated according to the new and revised reporting guidelines from the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium. Studies that followed other quantitative standards were excluded from the current study in addition to duplicate studies (determined by examining the author lists, patient institutions, sample sizes and results). Investigations that included revision surgery, residency training, animal trials, and those that were classified as comments, editorials, or reviews were also excluded.
Table II.
The average of the ABG was calculated on different respective frequency, from 500 to 4,000 Hz. We used the mean threshold of four frequencies at least within this range; and assumed that a better value is used if the authors did not supply their calculation.
| Frequencies (kHz) | ABG average |
|---|---|
| 0.5, 1, 2, 3 | 4ABG |
| 0.5, 1, 2, 4 | 4ABG |
| 0.5, 1, 2, (2 + 4):2 | 5ABG |
Only the articles comparing postoperative effectiveness between Nitinol and non-Nitinol prostheses in primary otosclerosis surgery were used in our analysis. Moreover, we used the maximum follow-up date in cases of different follow-up times within the same article. To assess the potential influence by different surgery types, prostheses materials, follow-up periods and surgery procedures, we compared the effectiveness of Nitinol and non-Nitinol prostheses in several subgroups: (1) Nitinol or non-Nitinol material; (2) short-term (≤ 3 months) follow-up period; (3) middle-term follow-up period (3 months to 3 years); or (4) long-term follow-up period (≥ 3 years).
The quantitative data covered the number of subjects and of those who had reached a postoperative ABG of ≤ 10 dB, mean of pre- and post-operative ABGs, mean of follow-up times and number of excluded prostheses.
Statistical analysis
We performed a DerSimonian and Laird 10 random-effects meta-analysis to pool effect sizes estimates across studies. The results were express in odds ratio (OR), with a 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated by Review Manager (RevMan), V.5.3 (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014) software. Evidence of heterogeneity was tested using p value (with a p ≤ 0.05 indicating statistically significant heterogeneity) and I2 statistic 11 (with an I2 ≤ 25% indicating slight heterogeneity, an I2 between 25% and 50% indicating moderate heterogeneity, and an I2 ≥ 50% indicating high heterogeneity) 12. We used a random-effects model when I2 ≥ 50 % and/or p ≤ 0.05 because moderate heterogeneity was chosen. In the forest plot, the proportions are depicted with 95% CIs according to Clopper and Pearson with the surface of the squares (point estimates) being proportional to the case number of the study. Funnel plots were tested for asymmetry. Egger’s test was performed to evaluate potential asymmetry and publication bias.
Results
Literature search and characteristics
Of the 4926 papers identified through the electronic database search (3695 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 1231 in Embase), 540 investigations matched the selection criteria search (436 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 104 in Embase) after application of filters and elimination of duplicate articles (Fig. 1). However, 459 were excluded after analysis of the title and abstract (396 in Pubmed/Cochrane and 63 in Embase). Of the remaining 81 papers, 74 were excluded according to the study selection criteria. There was unanimity between the researchers regarding the selection of the relevant papers.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram showing the methodology of the study.
The seven trials covered 1385 subjects; 637 were sub-classified as the Nitinol group and 748 as the non-Nitinol grou 8,13-19. Of the seven investigations, two were found to be prospective reports, four were retrospective reports, and one was both a retrospective and prospective report. The post-operative hearing results were measured based on different frequencies. One study used 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz, four studies used 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz, and two studies used 0.5, 1 and 2, and the average of the thresholds at 2 kHz and 4 kHz. The characteristics of all the included trials are summarised in Table III.
Table III.
Characteristics of the trials included in the meta-analysis.
| Reference | Year | Study type | N | Mean age (years) | Prosthesis type | Pre-op. ABG (dB) | Post-op. ABG (dB) | ABG improvement | ABG ≤ 10 dB (%) | Follow-up (months) | Complications (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rajan et al. 13 | 2007 | prospective | 90 270 |
45.3 42.5 |
Nitinol titanium | 38.24 37.15 |
5.15 12,37 |
32.4 dB 31.1 dB |
90 75 |
24 | 0.01 |
| Huber AM et al. 8 | 2008 | prospective retrospective |
75 75 |
44 46 |
Nitinol conventional |
- - |
8 11.6 |
- - |
71 43 |
12.8 13.1 |
1 |
| Fayad JN et al. 14 | 2009 | retrospective | 306 110 |
47.9 48.3 |
Smart (Nitinol) non-smart (other) |
26.1 25.7 |
7.6 6.0 |
18.7 dB 19.9 dB |
9.6 11.3 |
5.6 6.9 |
7.15 10.1 |
| Kuo CL et al. 15 | 2010 | retrospective | 16 21 |
42.8 45.5 |
Nitinol manual-crimping |
26.79 26.19 |
7.92 13.09 |
14.53 dB 9.04 dB |
75.0 33.3 |
2.98 3.27 |
- |
| Cho JJ et al. 16 | 2011 | retrospective | 80 21 |
46 45 |
Nitinol titanium (Fisch-type) |
25.1 28.1 |
8.2 9.0 |
- | 92.5 95.2 |
12 | - |
| Brar T et al. 17 | 2012 | prospective | 20 20 |
(range 18-45) | Nitinol teflon |
36.1 34,3 |
7.6 8.1 |
78.95% 76.3% |
100 90 |
6 | 12.5 |
| Canu G et al. 19 | 2016 | retrospective | 50 50 131 50 |
45 43 45 46 |
Nitinol teflon first titanium last titanium |
22 22 25 21 |
6 10 10 5 |
16 dB 12 dB 15 dB 16 dB |
84 36 44 92 |
1 3 3 1 |
- |
Meta-analysis
The comparisons of prosthetic effectiveness and effectiveness with mean follow-up time between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups were performed using a meta-analysis (Fig. 2). For the analysis, subgroups were formed according to the follow-up periods (Figs. 3, 4).
Fig. 2.
Forest plot of the odds ratio (OR) for the number of patients achieving a postoperative ABG ≤ 10 in the Nitinol group vs non-Nitinol group.
Fig. 3.
Forest plot of the risk ratio (RR) for the number of patients achieving a short-term postoperative ABG ≤ 10 in the Nitinol group vs non-Nitinol group.
Fig. 4.
Forest plot of the risk ratio (RR) for the number of patients achieving a middle-term postoperative ABG ≤ 10 in the Nitinol group vs Non-nitinol group.
In terms of the effectiveness of the prostheses, the test of heterogeneity was high (I2 = 60%, p = 0.02), thus leading to a random-effects model. It was found that there were significant differences in the post-operative effectiveness of the prostheses between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups with a combined OR of 2.56 (95% CI 1.38-4.76, p = 0.003).
Different results were found when the follow-up period was considered. Of the two studies with short-term results (≤ 3 months), the postoperative effectiveness between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups had a combined OR of 4.97 (95% CI: 2.47-10.00, p = 0.00001), with a slight heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 0.77). In the five studies with middle-term results (3 months to 3 years), the postoperative effectiveness between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups had a combined OR of 1.91 (95% CI: 0.91-3.99, p = 0.08) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 60%, p = 0.04). There were no studies with long-term results (≥ 3 years).
There were no statistically significant differences in the mean age between the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups with the adjusted chi-square test [χ2 (11) = 5,000; p = 0.931].
Sensitivity analysis and publication bias
The visual assessment of the funnel plot revealed no evidence of obvious publication bias (Fig. 5), nor did the formal evaluation using Egger test (intercept was 0.25, 95% CI -3.82 to 4.33, p = 0.879).
Fig. 5.
Funnel plot for the included trials.
Discussion
Teflon was the first material to be used in a stapedectomy by John Shea in 1956 20. Since then there have been many changes in the design and materials used for stapes surgery. Nowadays, Teflon and Titanium (introduced by Kurz Medical Inc. in 1996) are probably the two most common prosthetic materials in use. We chose to study the Nitinol prosthesis because of the ongoing debate about its usefulness and superiority.
Nitinol is an alloy composed of titanium and nickel that has the properties of a shape-memory metal. By heating this metal above a certain temperature, its shape transforms into a predefined form 21. Thereby, the loop closes on its own, and manual crimping is avoided. It has been proposed that this technique may produce better functional results because of improved sound transmission between the incus and the prosthesis with less variability and a diminished risk for the middle and inner ears during the crimping process 13.
Van Rompaey et al. estimated that a sample size of at least 413 patients is needed in both the intervention and the control groups, in order to detect the smallest difference that is clinically important 22. In our study, we used data from 1385 patients. To collect the meta-analysis data, we analysed the literature that compared the differences between Nitinol and non-Nitinol prostheses. The value of an ossicular prosthesis depends mainly on rehabilitation of conductive hearing loss and rate of prosthesis exclusion. Thus, we compared the number of patients achieving post-operative ABGs of ≤ 10 dB in the Nitinol and non-Nitinol groups. We found that there were significant differences between the two groups in conductive hearing loss rehabilitation.
When we divided our data into short-and middle-term follow-up periods, we found significant differences in short-term period between these two groups, but we did not find the same significant differences in middle-term follow-up periods. We cannot make a clear judgment about the influence of the follow-up periods and hearing results.
The major concern in using Nitinol prosthesis is the long-term stability of the incus. The pathogenesis of incus erosion and necrosis appears to be controversial and may be affected by having the wire tightly wrapped around it and the heat applied to the prosthesis for the crimping 23,24. All of the studies in our review mentioned the use of the surgical technique without exclusion. However, other studies refer lateral displacement of the prosthesis out of the vestibule and/or incus, between 8.7 to 11% 25,26. Long-term data are presently lacking, both concerning hearing outcomes and risks of necrosis to the long process of the incus.
No major complications were reported. Three of the studies did not even mention complications 15,16,19. Some transient and minor complications (tinnitus, vomiting, and vertigo) were described 14,17. Three cases of fixation of the malleus underwent revision surgery 13,27. No evidence of incus erosion due to the prosthesis was reported.
As to assessment of prostheses efficacy for sound transmission, the heterogeneity test of I2 demonstrated that there was significant heterogeneity among the enrolled studies, which probably could be ascribed to the different types of studies, follow-up periods, measurement frequencies, pre-operative hearing conditions, participating surgeons, prostheses and surgical techniques. From the additional sensitivity analysis, we found no evidence of obvious publication bias.
Meta-analysis is the pooling of data from several different investigations and objectively re-analysing the resulting data set to provide a more reliable reference for a clinical decision. Limitations regarding the surgical technique, various types of prostheses used and different follow-up periods were found. In view of the limitations of the current study, future studies should be based on prospective cohort or randomised studies with standardised unbiased methods, larger sample sizes, and longer follow-up periods in order to pursue more reliable implications.
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis indicated that the Nitinol prosthesis showed significant superiority to the non-Nitinol prostheses in terms of effectiveness and stability. Even though the user-friendliness of non-Nitinol prostheses has been confirmed, the disadvantage of expense should also be considered. Therefore, we recommend that a Nitinol prosthesis be chosen for the patient with otosclerosis with consideration of the budget, surgical difficulty and surgeon’s proficiency in handling different prostheses.
Acknowledgements
We thank Joao Carmo for the statistical analyses included in this study.
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